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<title>stesiam</title>
<link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/</link>
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<description>Μία συλλογή ελληνικών άρθρων για τη Στατιστική και την R. Σε αυτή την ενότητα θα βρούμε μία διαφορετική λίστα άρθρων από την αντίστοιχη αγγλική, μιας και υπάρχουν άρθρα που δεν έχει νόημα να μεταφραστούν και έχουν ενδιαφέρον μόνο για το ελληνόφωνο κοινό. Μελλοντικά, σκοπεύω να δημιουργήσω μία ελληνική μετάφραση - περίληψη για κάθε αγγλικό άρθρο.</description>
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<item>
  <title>Διακρίσεις στην εργασία</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/workplace-discrimination/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<p>Η αναζήτηση εργασίας είναι το επόμενο βήμα στη ζωή ενός πρόσφατου απόφοιτου. Έτσι και εγώ έχω ξεκινήσει εδώ και κάμποσο καιρό να αναζητώ μία εργασία. Αυτό το διάστημα που έμπαινα σε σχετικές πλατφόρμες σε καθημερινή βάση παρατηρούσα έναν σημαντικό αριθμό αγγελιών οι οποίες έθεταν αρκετά αμφιλεγόμενους όρους. Από τη μία μεριά μπορεί κάποιος να ισχυριστεί ότι μπορεί ο εκάστοτε εργοδότης να θέτει τις δικές του προϋποθέσεις για το προσωπικό που θα απαρτίζει την επιχείρησή του. Αυτό είναι απολύτως λογικό. Το πρόβλημα ξεκινάει όταν υπάρχουν όροι το προσωπικό μας να έχει κάποιο συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά τα οποία είναι έμφυτα, γεννιόμαστε με αυτά και (ως επί το πλείστον) δεν μπροούμε να τα αλλάξουμε. Φύλο, εθνικότητα, ηλικία ή ακόμα και γονίδια «ομορφιάς» είνα μερικές σχετικές απαιτήσεις που θα διαβάσουμε σε αρκετές αγγελίες. Προφανώς τα παραπάνω αποτελούν σοβαρές μορφές διακρίσεων οι οποίες κυριαρχούν ακόμα και σήμερα.</p>
<p>Αυτή η αρχική εντύπωση υποστηρίζεται και από τα στατιστικά στοιχεία. Ας ερευνήσουμε το φαινόμενο διακρίσεων φύλου το οποίο είναι και ιδιαίτερα εκτεταμένο. Για αυτό το σκοπό θα αναζητήσουμε τα ποσοστά ανεργίας μεταξύ των φύλων και θα διαπιστώσουμε μία διαχρονική και συνεχιζόμενη μέχρι και σήμερα υψηλότερη ανεργία των γυναικών έναντι των ανδρών. Από το 1998 ποτέ ο δείκτης ανεργίας του εργατικού δυναμικού των γυναικών δεν ήταν σε ίδια επίπεδα. Παρά την αρνητική εικόνα του δείκτη παρατηρείται ότι από το 1998, όπου η διαφορά στην ανεργία μεταξύ των φύλων ήταν στο 10% σταδιακά αυτό το χάσμα αρχίζει να μειώνεται. Πλέον, το 2025 αυτή η διαφορά έχει πέσει στο 4% όπου είναι ενα αισιόδοξο σημάδι αλλά συνάμα μία υπενθύμιση για την ύπαρξη ενός δυσάρεστου φαινομένου προκαταλήψεων και μη ισότιμης ευκαιρίας και στα δύο φύλα.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
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<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
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font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
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font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unempl_gender_eu_grc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org/reference/read_delim.html">read_csv</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"unempl_gender_eu_grc.csv"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sex</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">geo</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME_PERIOD</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">OBS_VALUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">geo</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"EL"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>TIME_PERIOD <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lubridate</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/reference/ymd.html">ym</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME_PERIOD</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>year <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/reference/year.html">year</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME_PERIOD</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sex</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>mean <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/mean.html">mean</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">OBS_VALUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>mean <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mean</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    sex <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/recode.html">recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sex</span>,</span>
<span>                 <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άνδρες"</span>,</span>
<span>                 <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"F"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Γυναίκες"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Custom colors (professional palette)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f77b4"</span>,<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e15759"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Data</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unempl_gender_eu_grc</span>,</span>
<span>    type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">year</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mean</span>, group <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sex</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>      radius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Titles</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό ανεργίας ανά φύλο"</span>,</span>
<span>    style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"18px"</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διαχρονική σύγκριση ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα (1998 - 2025)"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Axes</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Year"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    tickLength <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>    gridLineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ανεργία (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    gridLineDashStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Dash"</span>,</span>
<span>    gridLineColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e6e6e6"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Tooltip styling</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>    crosshairs <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>    valueDecimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>    backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(255,255,255,0.95)"</span>,</span>
<span>    borderRadius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">8</span>,</span>
<span>    valueSuffix <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" %"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Legend styling</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>    verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span>,</span>
<span>    layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>,</span>
<span>    itemStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Smooth animation</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    series <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      animation <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>duration <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">800</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      states <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        hover <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>          lineWidthPlus <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-834ae323602d7617ad47" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή R πακέτων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">readr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">dplyr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/">forcats</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org">stringr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringi.gagolewski.com/">stringi</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org">lubridate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">highcharter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή δεδομένων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">readr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org/reference/read_delim.html">read_csv</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://github.com/stesiam/scraping-job-postings-xe/releases/download/v1.2/job-posts.csv"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">spc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">wage</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">loc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">descr</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p_date</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">months_gr</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ιανουαριου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"January"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Φεβρουαριου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"February"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μαρτιου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"March"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Απριλιου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"April"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μαιου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"May"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μαΐου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"May"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ιουνιου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"June"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ιουλιου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"July"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αυγουστου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"August"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σεπτεμβριου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"September"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Οκτωβριου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"October"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Νοεμβριου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"November"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δεκεμβριου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"December"</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/chartr.html">tolower</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>workingHours <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/case_when.html">case_when</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"πλήρης"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πλήρης"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"μερική"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μερική"</span>,</span>
<span>      .default <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αδιευκρίνιστο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>presence <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/case_when.html">case_when</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"φυσική"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Φυσική"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"υβριδική"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υβριδική"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"αποστάσεως"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εξ' αποστάσεως"</span>,</span>
<span>      .default <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αδιευκρίνιστο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>     <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>contractType <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/case_when.html">case_when</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"αορίστου"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αορίστου χρόνου"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ορισμένου"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ορισμένου χρόνου"</span>,</span>
<span>      .default <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αδιευκρίνιστο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">type</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/relocate.html">relocate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">workingHours</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">presence</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">contractType</span>, .after <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">spc</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>   <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>exp <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/case_when.html">case_when</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δεν απαιτείται"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-1"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Λιγότερο από 1 έτος"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-1"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1-2 έτη"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1-2"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2-3 έτη"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2-3"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"3-5 έτη"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"3-5"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5-10 έτη"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5-10"</span>,</span>
<span>      .default <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NA</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/relocate.html">relocate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>, .after <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">contractType</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        date <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p_date</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_remove.html">str_remove</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"^[^ ]+\\s+"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>     <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># remove weekday</span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/case.html">str_to_lower</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>               <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># lowercase</span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stringi</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/stringi/man/stri_trans_general.html">stri_trans_general</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"NFD; [:Nonspacing Mark:] Remove; NFC"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_replace.html">str_replace_all</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">months_gr</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># translate months</span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_trim.html">str_squish</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/reference/ymd.html">dmy</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p_date</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>Warning: There was 1 warning in `mutate()`.
ℹ In argument: `date = `%&gt;%`(...)`.
Caused by warning:
! All formats failed to parse. No formats found.</code></pre>
</div>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    exp <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_relevel.html">fct_relevel</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-1"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1-2"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2-3"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"3-5"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5-10"</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="περιγραφικά-στοιχεία" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="περιγραφικά-στοιχεία">Περιγραφικά στοιχεία</h2>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/rstudio/htmltools">htmltools</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/table.html">table</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">v</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/as.data.frame.html">as.data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Freq</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Freq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span> pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_points</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/list_parse.html">list_parse</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">v</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct</span>,            <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># y-axis value</span></span>
<span>    category <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">v</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Var1</span>,     <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># optional, but explicit</span></span>
<span>    freq <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">v</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Freq</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chart</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"column"</span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Απαιτούμενη προϋπηρεσία"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"18px"</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εργασιακή εμπειρία (σε έτη)"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#666666"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">v</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Var1</span>,</span>
<span>        tickLength <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>        lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Παρατηρήσεις"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        gridLineColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πλήθος"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_points</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        column <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            borderWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">00</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>    headerFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">""</span>,</span>
<span>    pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;Έτη εμπειρίας:&lt;/b&gt; {point.category}&lt;br&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;Ποσοστό θέσεων:&lt;/b&gt; {point.y} %&lt;br&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;Πλήθος θέσεων:&lt;/b&gt; {point.freq}"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rstudio.github.io/htmltools/reference/builder.html">div</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  class <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"lazy-highchart"</span>,</span>
<span>  `data-widget` <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/character.html">as.character</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chart</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-r" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-r-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="lazy-highchart" data-widget="list(hc_opts = list(chart = list(reflow = TRUE, type = &quot;column&quot;), title = list(text = &quot;Απαιτούμενη προϋπηρεσία&quot;, style = list(fontSize = &quot;18px&quot;, fontWeight = &quot;bold&quot;)), yAxis = list(title = list(text = &quot;Παρατηρήσεις&quot;), gridLineColor = &quot;none&quot;), credits = list(enabled = FALSE), exporting = list(enabled = FALSE), boost = list(enabled = FALSE), plotOptions = list(series = list(label = list(enabled = FALSE), turboThreshold = 0), treemap = list(layoutAlgorithm = &quot;squarified&quot;), 
    column = list(borderWidth = 0)), subtitle = list(text = &quot;Εργασιακή εμπειρία (σε έτη)&quot;, style = list(color = &quot;#666666&quot;)), xAxis = list(categories = 1:5, tickLength = 0, lineWidth = 0), series = list(list(name = &quot;Πλήθος&quot;, data = list(list(y = 38.3, category = &quot;0-1&quot;, freq = 783), list(y = 31.8, category = &quot;1-2&quot;, freq = 650), list(y = 18.2, category = &quot;2-3&quot;, freq = 371), list(y = 7.7, category = &quot;3-5&quot;, freq = 158), list(y = 4, category = &quot;5-10&quot;, freq = 81)))), tooltip = list(
    useHTML = TRUE, headerFormat = &quot;&quot;, pointFormat = &quot;<b>Έτη εμπειρίας:</b> {point.category}<br><b>Ποσοστό θέσεων:</b> {point.y} %<br><b>Πλήθος θέσεων:</b> {point.freq}&quot;), legend = list(enabled = FALSE)), theme = list(chart = list(backgroundColor = &quot;transparent&quot;), colors = c(&quot;#7cb5ec&quot;, &quot;#434348&quot;, &quot;#90ed7d&quot;, &quot;#f7a35c&quot;, &quot;#8085e9&quot;, &quot;#f15c80&quot;, &quot;#e4d354&quot;, &quot;#2b908f&quot;, &quot;#f45b5b&quot;, &quot;#91e8e1&quot;)), conf_opts = list(global = list(Date = NULL, VMLRadialGradientURL = &quot;http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png&quot;, 
    canvasToolsURL = &quot;http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js&quot;, getTimezoneOffset = NULL, timezoneOffset = 0, useUTC = TRUE), lang = list(months = c(&quot;Ιανουάριος&quot;, &quot;Φεβρουάριος&quot;, &quot;Μάρτιος&quot;, &quot;Απρίλιος&quot;, &quot;Μάιος&quot;, &quot;Ιούνιος&quot;, &quot;Ιούλιος&quot;, &quot;Αύγουστος&quot;, &quot;Σεπτέμβριος&quot;, &quot;Οκτώβριος&quot;, &quot;Νοέμβριος&quot;, &quot;Δεκέμβριος&quot;), shortMonths = c(&quot;Ιαν&quot;, &quot;Φεβ&quot;, &quot;Μαρ&quot;, &quot;Απρ&quot;, &quot;Μάι&quot;, &quot;Ιουν&quot;, 
&quot;Ιουλ&quot;, &quot;Αυγ&quot;, &quot;Σεπ&quot;, &quot;Οκτ&quot;, &quot;Νοε&quot;, &quot;Δεκ&quot;), weekdays = c(&quot;Κυριακή&quot;, &quot;Δευτέρα&quot;, &quot;Τρίτη&quot;, &quot;Τετάρτη&quot;, &quot;Πέμπτη&quot;, &quot;Παρασκευή&quot;, &quot;Σάββατο&quot;))), type = &quot;chart&quot;, fonts = character(0), debug = FALSE) NULL NULL list(defaultWidth = &quot;100%&quot;, defaultHeight = NULL, padding = 0, fill = NULL, viewer = list(defaultWidth = NULL, defaultHeight = NULL, padding = NULL, fill = TRUE, suppress = FALSE, paneHeight = NULL), browser = list(defaultWidth = NULL, defaultHeight = NULL, padding = NULL, fill = TRUE, external = FALSE), knitr = list(defaultWidth = NULL, defaultHeight = NULL, figure = TRUE)) NULL NULL NULL list()"></div>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-r-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;1: SSW
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb8" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freqWorkingHours</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/table.html">table</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">workingHours</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/as.data.frame.html">as.data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chart2</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span>,</span>
<span>        backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατανομή θέσεων ανά ωράριο εργασίας"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"18px"</span>,</span>
<span>            fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός πρατηρήσεων και ποσοστό (%) επί του συνόλου των αγγελιών"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Percentage"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freqWorkingHours</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Freq</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Var1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/list_parse.html">list_parse</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80%"</span>,</span>
<span>        innerSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># donut style (remove if you want classic pie)</span></span>
<span>        dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>            format <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;{point.name}&lt;/b&gt;: {point.percentage:.1f} %"</span>,</span>
<span>            style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"11px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;{point.y}&lt;/b&gt; θέσεις εργασίας &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ποσοστό:&lt;/b&gt; {point.percentage:.1f}%"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        pie <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            allowPointSelect <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>            cursor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pointer"</span>,</span>
<span>            borderWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>            showInLegend <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>        verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span>,</span>
<span>        layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#2E86AB"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#A23B72"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#F18F01"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#C73E1D"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_credits.html">hc_credits</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rstudio.github.io/htmltools/reference/builder.html">div</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  class <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"lazy-highchart"</span>,</span>
<span>  `data-widget` <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/character.html">as.character</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chart2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="lazy-highchart" data-widget="list(hc_opts = list(chart = list(reflow = TRUE, type = &quot;pie&quot;, backgroundColor = &quot;transparent&quot;), title = list(text = &quot;Κατανομή θέσεων ανά ωράριο εργασίας&quot;, style = list(fontSize = &quot;18px&quot;, fontWeight = &quot;bold&quot;)), yAxis = list(title = list(text = NULL)), credits = list(enabled = FALSE), exporting = list(enabled = FALSE), boost = list(enabled = FALSE), plotOptions = list(series = list(label = list(enabled = FALSE), turboThreshold = 0), treemap = list(layoutAlgorithm = &quot;squarified&quot;), 
    pie = list(allowPointSelect = TRUE, cursor = &quot;pointer&quot;, borderWidth = 0, showInLegend = TRUE)), subtitle = list(text = &quot;Αριθμός πρατηρήσεων και ποσοστό (%) επί του συνόλου των αγγελιών&quot;, style = list(fontSize = &quot;12px&quot;)), series = list(list(name = &quot;Percentage&quot;, data = list(list(name = &quot;Αδιευκρίνιστο&quot;, y = 197), list(name = &quot;Μερική&quot;, y = 410), list(name = &quot;Πλήρης&quot;, y = 4486)), size = &quot;80%&quot;, innerSize = &quot;50%&quot;, dataLabels = list(
    enabled = TRUE, format = &quot;<b>{point.name}</b>: {point.percentage:.1f} %&quot;, style = list(fontSize = &quot;11px&quot;)))), tooltip = list(pointFormat = &quot;<b>{point.y}</b> θέσεις εργασίας <br><b>Ποσοστό:</b> {point.percentage:.1f}%&quot;), legend = list(align = &quot;center&quot;, verticalAlign = &quot;bottom&quot;, layout = &quot;horizontal&quot;), colors = c(&quot;#2E86AB&quot;, &quot;#A23B72&quot;, &quot;#F18F01&quot;, &quot;#C73E1D&quot;)), theme = list(chart = list(backgroundColor = &quot;transparent&quot;), colors = c(&quot;#7cb5ec&quot;, &quot;#434348&quot;, &quot;#90ed7d&quot;, &quot;#f7a35c&quot;, &quot;#8085e9&quot;, 
&quot;#f15c80&quot;, &quot;#e4d354&quot;, &quot;#2b908f&quot;, &quot;#f45b5b&quot;, &quot;#91e8e1&quot;)), conf_opts = list(global = list(Date = NULL, VMLRadialGradientURL = &quot;http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png&quot;, canvasToolsURL = &quot;http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js&quot;, getTimezoneOffset = NULL, timezoneOffset = 0, useUTC = TRUE), lang = list(months = c(&quot;Ιανουάριος&quot;, &quot;Φεβρουάριος&quot;, &quot;Μάρτιος&quot;, &quot;Απρίλιος&quot;, &quot;Μάιος&quot;, &quot;Ιούνιος&quot;, &quot;Ιούλιος&quot;, 
&quot;Αύγουστος&quot;, &quot;Σεπτέμβριος&quot;, &quot;Οκτώβριος&quot;, &quot;Νοέμβριος&quot;, &quot;Δεκέμβριος&quot;), shortMonths = c(&quot;Ιαν&quot;, &quot;Φεβ&quot;, &quot;Μαρ&quot;, &quot;Απρ&quot;, &quot;Μάι&quot;, &quot;Ιουν&quot;, &quot;Ιουλ&quot;, &quot;Αυγ&quot;, &quot;Σεπ&quot;, &quot;Οκτ&quot;, &quot;Νοε&quot;, &quot;Δεκ&quot;), weekdays = c(&quot;Κυριακή&quot;, &quot;Δευτέρα&quot;, &quot;Τρίτη&quot;, &quot;Τετάρτη&quot;, &quot;Πέμπτη&quot;, &quot;Παρασκευή&quot;, &quot;Σάββατο&quot;))), type = &quot;chart&quot;, fonts = character(0), debug = FALSE) NULL NULL list(defaultWidth = &quot;100%&quot;, defaultHeight = NULL, padding = 0, fill = NULL, viewer = list(defaultWidth = NULL, defaultHeight = NULL, padding = NULL, fill = TRUE, suppress = FALSE, paneHeight = NULL), browser = list(defaultWidth = NULL, defaultHeight = NULL, padding = NULL, fill = TRUE, external = FALSE), knitr = list(defaultWidth = NULL, defaultHeight = NULL, figure = TRUE)) NULL NULL NULL list()"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb9" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freqWorkingHours</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/table.html">table</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">contractType</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/as.data.frame.html">as.data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span>,</span>
<span>        backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατανομή θέσεων ανά ωράριο εργασίας"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"18px"</span>,</span>
<span>            fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός πρατηρήσεων και ποσοστό (%) επί του συνόλου των αγγελιών"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Percentage"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freqWorkingHours</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Freq</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Var1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/list_parse.html">list_parse</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80%"</span>,</span>
<span>        innerSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># donut style (remove if you want classic pie)</span></span>
<span>        dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>            format <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;{point.name}&lt;/b&gt;: {point.percentage:.1f} %"</span>,</span>
<span>            style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"11px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;{point.y}&lt;/b&gt; θέσεις εργασίας &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ποσοστό:&lt;/b&gt; {point.percentage:.1f}%"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        pie <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            allowPointSelect <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>            cursor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pointer"</span>,</span>
<span>            borderWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>            showInLegend <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>        verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span>,</span>
<span>        layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#2E86AB"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#A23B72"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#F18F01"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#C73E1D"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_credits.html">hc_credits</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-282936af91c2b37505cb" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb10" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freqWorkingHours</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/table.html">table</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">presence</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/as.data.frame.html">as.data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span>,</span>
<span>        backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατανομή θέσεων ανά ωράριο εργασίας"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"18px"</span>,</span>
<span>            fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός πρατηρήσεων και ποσοστό (%) επί του συνόλου των αγγελιών"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Percentage"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freqWorkingHours</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Freq</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Var1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/list_parse.html">list_parse</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80%"</span>,</span>
<span>        innerSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># donut style (remove if you want classic pie)</span></span>
<span>        dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>            format <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;{point.name}&lt;/b&gt;: {point.percentage:.1f} %"</span>,</span>
<span>            style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"11px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;{point.y}&lt;/b&gt; θέσεις εργασίας &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ποσοστό:&lt;/b&gt; {point.percentage:.1f}%"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        pie <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            allowPointSelect <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>            cursor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pointer"</span>,</span>
<span>            borderWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>            showInLegend <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>        verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span>,</span>
<span>        layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#2E86AB"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#A23B72"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#F18F01"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#C73E1D"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_credits.html">hc_credits</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-3b2a7a85d9c34a74731c" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-3b2a7a85d9c34a74731c">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"pie","backgroundColor":"transparent"},"title":{"text":"Κατανομή θέσεων ανά ωράριο εργασίας","style":{"fontSize":"18px","fontWeight":"bold"}},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"pie":{"allowPointSelect":true,"cursor":"pointer","borderWidth":0,"showInLegend":true}},"subtitle":{"text":"Αριθμός πρατηρήσεων και ποσοστό (%) επί του συνόλου των αγγελιών","style":{"fontSize":"12px"}},"series":[{"name":"Percentage","data":[{"name":"Εξ' αποστάσεως","y":32},{"name":"Υβριδική","y":55},{"name":"Φυσική","y":5006}],"size":"80%","innerSize":"50%","dataLabels":{"enabled":true,"format":"<b>{point.name}<\/b>: {point.percentage:.1f} %","style":{"fontSize":"11px"}}}],"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"<b>{point.y}<\/b> θέσεις εργασίας <br><b>Ποσοστό:<\/b> {point.percentage:.1f}%"},"legend":{"align":"center","verticalAlign":"bottom","layout":"horizontal"},"colors":["#2E86AB","#A23B72","#F18F01","#C73E1D"]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"months":["Ιανουάριος","Φεβρουάριος","Μάρτιος","Απρίλιος","Μάιος","Ιούνιος","Ιούλιος","Αύγουστος","Σεπτέμβριος","Οκτώβριος","Νοέμβριος","Δεκέμβριος"],"shortMonths":["Ιαν","Φεβ","Μαρ","Απρ","Μάι","Ιουν","Ιουλ","Αυγ","Σεπ","Οκτ","Νοε","Δεκ"],"weekdays":["Κυριακή","Δευτέρα","Τρίτη","Τετάρτη","Πέμπτη","Παρασκευή","Σάββατο"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="μεθοδολογία-πειράματος" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="μεθοδολογία-πειράματος">Μεθοδολογία πειράματος</h2>
</section><section id="εφαρμογή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εφαρμογή">Εφαρμογή</h2>
</section><section id="αποτελέσματα" class="level2">



</section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-bibliography"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αποτελέσματα</h2><div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" data-line-spacing="2">
<div id="ref-stringi2022" class="csl-entry">
Gagolewski, M. (2022). <span>stringi</span>: <span>F</span>ast and portable character string processing in <span>R</span>. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, <em>103</em>(2), 1–59. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v103.i02">https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v103.i02</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-stringi" class="csl-entry">
Gagolewski, M. (2025). <em>stringi: Fast and Portable Character String Processing Facilities</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://stringi.gagolewski.com/">https://stringi.gagolewski.com/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-lubridate2011" class="csl-entry">
Grolemund, G., &amp; Wickham, H. (2011). Dates and Times Made Easy with <span>lubridate</span>. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, <em>40</em>(3), 1–25. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i03/">https://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i03/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-highcharter" class="csl-entry">
Kunst, J. (2022). <em>highcharter: A Wrapper for the Highcharts Library</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">https://jkunst.com/highcharter/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-base" class="csl-entry">
R Core Team. (2025). <em>R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing</em>. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://www.R-project.org/">https://www.R-project.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-lubridate" class="csl-entry">
Spinu, V., Grolemund, G., &amp; Wickham, H. (2024). <em>lubridate: Make Dealing with Dates a Little Easier</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org">https://lubridate.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-forcats" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H. (2025a). <em>forcats: Tools for Working with Categorical Variables (Factors)</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/">https://forcats.tidyverse.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-stringr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H. (2025b). <em>stringr: Simple, Consistent Wrappers for Common String Operations</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org">https://stringr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-dplyr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L., Müller, K., &amp; Vaughan, D. (2023). <em>dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">https://dplyr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-readr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., Hester, J., &amp; Bryan, J. (2025). <em>readr: Read Rectangular Text Data</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">https://readr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2025,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Διακρίσεις στην εργασία},
  date = {2025-12-30},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/workplace-discrimination/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2025" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. (2025, December 30). Διακρίσεις στην εργασία. Retrieved from <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/workplace-discrimination/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/workplace-discrimination/</a>
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>R</category>
  <category>Περιγραφικη αναλυση</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/workplace-discrimination/</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/workplace-discrimination/discr_work.png" medium="image" type="image/png" height="96" width="144"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Στατιστικά των Αποφοίτων Στατιστικής</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-graduates-of-statistics/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<p>Σε αυτό το άρθρο θα ήθελα να αναλύσω τα δεδομένα των φοιτητών στο τμήμα μου, Στατιστική και Ασφαλιστική στο Πειραιά. Ο πρόσφατος οδηγός σπουδών περιλαμβάνει δεδομένα σχετικά με όσους επιβιώνουν (αποφοιτούν) από τη σχολή όπως το μέσο βαθμό αποφοίτησης και τα έτη που χρειάστηκαν για αυτή. Αρχικά, παρατηρούμε ότι τα δεδομένα για τα οποία ενδιαφερόμαστε είναι σε μία σχετικά οργανωμένη μορφή, σε πίνακες (το οποίο είναι καλό 😀), βέβαια δεν τα έχουμε σε μορφή αρχείου, αλλά είναι μέρος ενός αρχείου pdf (το οποίο δεν είναι καλό 😢). Ευτυχώς, ανάμεσα σε αυτό το χάος 20,000 και πλέον πακέτων υπάρχει και το πακέτο <strong>tabulizer</strong> που δίνει τη λύση σε τέτοιου είδους προβλήματα μιας και μπορεί να διαβάσει τους πίνακες εντός αρχείων pdf.</p>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-note callout-titled">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
Σημείωση
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<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>Το άρθρο είναι λίγο παλιό. Το πακέτο όταν είχα γράψει αυτό το άρθρο λεγόταν <code>tabulizer</code>. Λίγα χρόνια αργότερα, όταν επιχείρησα να κάνω μερικές αλλαγές παρατήρησα ένα σφάλμα στο συγκεκριμένο άρθρο. Το πακέτο πλέον έχει μετονομαστεί και μπορείτε να το βρείτε ως <code>tabulapdf</code>. Επομένως, προσέξτε το καθώς διάφορες πηγές στο διαδίκτυο ακόμα αναφέρονται σε αυτό με το παλιό όνομα.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="εισαγωγή-βιβλιοθηκών" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή-βιβλιοθηκών">Εισαγωγή βιβλιοθηκών</h2>
<p>Όπως εξηγήσαμε και προηγουμένως, δεδομένου ότι θα πρέπει να εξάγω δεδομένα και δει πίνακες από αρχείο pdf, το πακέτο tabulizer (νυν <code>tabulapdf</code>) είναι <strong>απαραίτητο</strong>. Δυστυχώς, καθώς προσπαθούσα να το εγκαταστήσω λάμβανα συνεχώς ένα μήνυμα σφάλματος παρόμοιο <a href="https://github.com/ropensci/tabulizer/issues/157">με αυτό</a>. Το πρόβλημα φαίνεται να σχετιζόταν με το πακέτο <code>rJava</code> και προκειμένου να επιλύσω το πρόβλημα ακολούθησα τις επισημάνσεις <a href="https://github.com/s-u/rJava/issues/255#issuecomment-794473988">αυτού του σχολίου</a>. Έπειτα την εγκατάσταση του rJava, κατάφερα να εγκαταστήσω το πακέτο ως εξής:</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">readr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">dplyr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org">tidyr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org">stringr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">highcharter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/">reactable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="http://www.rforge.net/rJava/">rJava</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://docs.ropensci.org/tabulapdf/">tabulapdf</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://ropensci.r-universe.dev/pdftools">pdftools</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/yixuan/showtext">showtext</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
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</section><section id="εξαγωγή-δεδομένων" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εξαγωγή-δεδομένων">Εξαγωγή δεδομένων</h2>
<p>Ο οδηγός σπουδών ξεκινάει δίνοντας κάποιες πληροφορίες για το πανεπιστήμιο, συνεχίζει με βασικά στοιχεία της σχολής το εκπαιδευτικό προσωπικό, τις προϋποθέσεις για τη λήψη πτυχίου και συνεχίζεται με αναλυτικότερα περιγραφή κάθε μαθήματος του τμήματος. Στο τέλος του οδηγού σπουδών του τμήματός μας έχει καθιερωθεί να δημοσιεύονται κάποια βασικά στατιστικά στοιχεία των φοιτητών. Θα ασχοληθούμε με τον πρόσφατα αναρτημένο οδηγό σπουδών του 2022, όπου περιέχει δεδομένα των εισαγωγών στο τμήμα, των αποφοίτων, της δομής των σπουδαστών και άλλα δεδομένα από το 2004. Όπως είναι εμφανές απλά μας ενδιαφέρουν οι τελευταίες σελίδες, από έναν πολυσέλιδο οδηγό σπουδών μιας και αποτελείται από 200 σελίδες. Θα ξεκινήσουμε κατεβάζοντας τον οδηγό από τον δοσμένο σύνδεσμο και στη συνέχεια θα επιλέξω με τη βοήθεια του πακέτου <code>pdftools</code> τις τελευταίες σελίδες, από την 186η μέχρι την 190η σελίδα, ώστε να εξαγάγω στη συνέχεια μόνο τους απαραίτητους πίνακες.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">url</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://www.unipi.gr/faculty/mbouts/anak/OS_22_23.pdf"</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/download.file.html">download.file</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">url</span>,</span>
<span>               destfile <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"sg22.pdf"</span>, </span>
<span>              method <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"wget"</span>,</span>
<span>              extra <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"--no-check-certificate"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://docs.ropensci.org/qpdf/reference/qpdf.html">pdf_subset</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">'sg22.pdf'</span>,</span>
<span>  pages <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">186</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">190</span>,  output <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"subset.pdf"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>Αυτός ο περιορισμός είναι αρκετά σημαντικός έτσι ώστε να μειώσω το διάστημα αναζήτησης για τους πίνακες, συνεπώς έχω μια πιο γρήγορη εκτέλεση της εντολής (5 σελίδες αντί για 200). Στη συνέχεια αναλαμβάνει έργο το πακέτο <code>tabulapdf</code> από το οποίο θα χρειαστούμε την εντολή extract_tables που συλλέγει όλους τους πίνακες από ένα pdf και τους συγκεντρώνει σε μία λίστα. Στη δικιά μας περίπτωση εντοπίστηκαν πέντε πίνακες συνεπώς έλαβα ως αποτέλεσμα μία λίστα που περιείχε πέντε data.frames - πίνακες δεδομένων. Είναι εκπληκτικό ότι μέσα σε λίγα δευτεόλεπτα έλαβα όλη τη πληροφορία σε μία μορφή έτοιμη για ανάλυση. Αν προσπαθούσα να εισάγω τα δεδομένα με πιο παραδοσιακούς τρόπους, όπως αντιγραφή - επικόλληση θα είχα ξοδέψει πάνω από 1 ώρα!</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">statistics_tables</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://docs.ropensci.org/tabulapdf/reference/extract_tables.html">extract_tables</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    file   <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"subset.pdf"</span>, </span>
<span>    method <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"decide"</span>, </span>
<span>    output <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"tibble"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="εισακτέοι-φοιτητές" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισακτέοι-φοιτητές">Εισακτέοι φοιτητές</h2>
<p>Ο πρώτος πίνακας που έχω λάβει είναι σχετικά με τους εισακτέους φοιτητές, δηλαδή με όσους επιτυγχάνουν να εγγραφούν στη σχολή. Για να εγγραφείς σε μία σχολή υπάρχουν τρεις βασικού τρόποι. Ο πρώτος και ο πιο διαδεδομένος τρόπος είναι μέσω Πανελληνίων εξετάσεων, όπου διαγωνίζεσαι με όλους τους μαθητές της Γ Λυκείου για την εισαγωγή στη τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση. Ο δεύτερος τρόπος είναι αν είσαι ήδη πτυχιούχος, έχεις το δικαίωμα αντί να περάσεις το μαρτύριο των Πανελληνιών να δώσεις εξετάσεις στη σχολή που σε ενδιαφέρει. Συνήθως αυτές η εξετάσεις διοργανώνονται από την ίδια τη σχολή και όχι από το κράτος όπως στις πανελλήνιες και στις περισσότερες σχολές προγραμματίζονται τον Δεκέμβριο. Μία τρίτη επιλογή είναι να πάρεις μεταγραφή. Αν έχεις περάσει σε ένα τμήμα για το οποίο υπάρχει ένα ομοειδές σε άλλη πόλη μπορείς να ζητήσεις μεταγραφή σε άλλο τμήμα, ωστόσο οι θέσεις είναι περιορισμένες και τα κριτήρια πάρα πολύ αυστηρά. Αν θέλετε να διαβάσετε τη λίστα με τις αντιστοιχίες των σχολών μπορείτε να <a href="https://www.minedu.gov.gr/news/61959-26-06-25-antistoixies-tmimaton-eisagogikon-katefthynseon-kai-programmaton-spoudon-ton-a-e-i-kai-ton-anotaton-ekklisiastikon-akadimion-akad-etous-2025-2026">πατήσετε εδώ</a>. Για παράδειγμα, στο τμήμα μας (Στατιστική, Πειραιά) ερχόντουσαν να παρακολουθήσουν μαθήματα φοιτητές του Στατιστικού του Πανεπιστημίου Αιγαίου στη Σάμο, μιας και ήλπιζαν ότι θα πάρουν μεταγραφή στο δικό μας τμήμα που είναι κοντά στην Αθήνα. Συνολικά, το Υπουργείο Παιδείας έχει αντιστοιχίσει 4 τμήματα στο πεδίο της Στατιστικής, ως αντίστοιχα και από όσο ξέρω δεν υπάρχουν άλλα στην Ελλάδα (σε προπτυχιακό επίπεδο τουλάχιστον).</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">nodes</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>id <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Main"</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τρόποι εισαγωγής"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>id <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub1"</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανελλήνιες εξετάσεις"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>id <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub2"</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατατακτήριες"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>id <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub3"</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταγραφή"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>id <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub1A"</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΕΠΑΛ"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>id <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub1B"</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Λύκεια"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>id <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub3A"</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κριτηρίων"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>id <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub3B"</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αμοιβαία"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Links</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">links</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Main"</span>, to <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub1"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Main"</span>, to <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub2"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Main"</span>, to <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub3"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub1"</span>, to <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub1A"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub1"</span>, to <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub1B"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub3"</span>, to <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub3A"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub3"</span>, to <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Sub3B"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Modern Organization Chart</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"organization"</span>, inverted <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τρόποι εισαγωγής στη τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"18px"</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">"0.75em"</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-admit-to-uni-grc" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-admit-to-uni-grc-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-9183c1334bc4aab2d862" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-admit-to-uni-grc-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;1: Σχεδιάγραμμα τρόπων εισαγωγής στην τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση στην Ελλάδα
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Αφού κάναμε μία σύνοψη των τρόπων εισαγωγής στα τμήματα τριτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης ας δούμε τι ισχύει στο δικό μας τμήμα με βάση τα δημοσιευμένα στοιχεία.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb5" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/setNames.html">setNames</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Year"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Main_exams"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Transfer"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Entry_exams"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Other"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Total"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tidyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html">drop_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Transfer</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/across.html">across</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">as.numeric</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>Στη σχολή μας οι συνολικοί εισακτέοι από όλες τις κατηγορίες κυμαίνονταν στους 200 μέχρι 250 μέχρι το ακαδημαϊκό έτος 2012-2013. Τα επόμενα δύο έτη έσπασε το φράγμα των 250 εισακτέων. Στη συνέχεια η κατάσταση επανήλθε στα προαναφερόμενα όρια μέχρι το 2019, όπου είχαμε ιστορικό ρεκόρ εισαγωγών στο τμήμα με 292 εισακτέους. Μία σημαντική παρατήρηση που έκανα είναι πόσο όμοιο είναι το σχήμα της γραμμής μεταξύ και πόσο ταυτίζονται οι καμπύλες των συνολικών φοιτητών με αυτή των μεταγραφών, στην ουσία είναι ο απρόβλεπτος παράγοντας για την όποια ισχυρή διακύμανση των εισακτέων.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(52, 152, 219, 0.6)"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># blue</span></span>
<span>            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(231, 76, 60, 0.6)"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># red</span></span>
<span>            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(46, 204, 113, 0.6)"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># green</span></span>
<span>            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(155, 89, 182, 0.6)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># purple</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"areaspline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># smooth stacked lines    hc_title(text = "Stacked Line Chart Example") %&gt;%</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός φοιτητών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συνολικές εγγραφές φοιτητών ανά ακαδημαϊκό έτος"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Απόλυτος αριθμός εγγραφών με βάση την κατηγορία εισαγωγής"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># apply custom colors</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      stacking <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"normal"</span>,</span>
<span>      marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># thicker smooth line</span></span>
<span>      fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.6</span>   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># subtle transparency</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>   <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανελλήνιες"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Main_exams</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταγραφή"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Transfer</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατατακτήριες"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Entry_exams</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Other</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-adm-students-normal" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-adm-students-normal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-374994a3cfa529b4e9bf" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-374994a3cfa529b4e9bf">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"areaspline"},"title":{"text":"Συνολικές εγγραφές φοιτητών ανά ακαδημαϊκό έτος"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Αριθμός φοιτητών"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"areaspline":{"stacking":"normal","marker":{"enabled":false},"lineWidth":2,"fillOpacity":0.6}},"xAxis":{"categories":["2003-2004","2004-2005","2005-2006","2006-2007","2007-2008","2008-2009","2009-2010","2010-2011","2011-2012","2012-2013","2013-2014","2014-2015","2015-2016","2016-2017","2017-2018","2018-2019","2019-2020"]},"subtitle":{"text":"Απόλυτος αριθμός εγγραφών με βάση την κατηγορία εισαγωγής"},"colors":["rgba(52, 152, 219, 0.6)","rgba(231, 76, 60, 0.6)","rgba(46, 204, 113, 0.6)","rgba(155, 89, 182, 0.6)"],"series":[{"data":[183,181,186,186,185,170,170,175,198,206,205,219,212,212,209,189,228],"name":"Πανελλήνιες"},{"data":[15,21,11,27,38,44,60,47,0,14,20,48,29,30,41,11,55],"name":"Μεταγραφή"},{"data":[1,1,1,1,2,1,0,4,0,2,2,1,1,4,1,1,2],"name":"Κατατακτήριες"},{"data":[17,16,16,9,18,12,14,24,3,15,48,4,4,0,1,5,7],"name":"Άλλο"}],"tooltip":{"shared":true}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-adm-students-normal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;2: Χρονοσειρά συνολικών εγγραφών ανά τρόπο εισαγωγής
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Αφού μελετήσαμε στο Σχήμα&nbsp;2 τις απόλυτες τιμές των επιτυχόντων. Ωστόσο, ο αριθμός των φοιτητών αυτή τη τελευταία 20ετία κυμαίνεται μεταξύ του 200 και του 300 που κάνει την σύγκριση μεταξύ των ετών δύσκολη. Έτσι θα υπολογίσω και τη ποσοστιαία συμμετοχή κάθε κατηγορίας ανά έτος. Ένα πολύ ενδιαφέρον στοιχείο είναι ότι κάποια ακαδημαϊκά έτη ο αριθμός των φοιτητών που εισήλθαν στο τμήμα εκτός Πανελληνίων Εξετάσεων προσέγγιζε το ένα τρίτο των συνολικών εγγραφών. Αυτό φαίνεται να έχει συμβεί σε δύο ακαδημαϊκά έτη, το 2010-2011 και το 2013-2014.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(52, 152, 219, 0.6)"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># blue</span></span>
<span>            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(231, 76, 60, 0.6)"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># red</span></span>
<span>            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(46, 204, 113, 0.6)"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># green</span></span>
<span>            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(155, 89, 182, 0.6)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># purple</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"areaspline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># smooth stacked lines    hc_title(text = "Stacked Line Chart Example") %&gt;%</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό (%) φοιτητών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συνολικές εγγραφές φοιτητών ανά ακαδημαϊκό έτος"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">""</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">""</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># apply custom colors</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      stacking <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"percent"</span>,</span>
<span>      marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># thicker smooth line</span></span>
<span>      fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.6</span>   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># subtle transparency</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>   <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανελλήνιες"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Main_exams</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταγραφή"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Transfer</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατατακτήριες"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Entry_exams</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Other</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-adm-students-percent" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-adm-students-percent-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-8d9896c3b5d47d4e7d79" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-adm-students-percent-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;3: Χρονοσειρά
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="πληθυσμός-φοιτητών" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="πληθυσμός-φοιτητών">Πληθυσμός φοιτητών</h2>
<p>Ένας δημογραφικός δείκτης που μπορεί να μας δώσει μία αδρή ένδειξη για τη κατάσταση στο τμήμα είναι σίγουρα ο αριθμός των σπουδαστών του. Αυτό είναι πολύ απλό αν αναλογιστούμε τις επιπτώσεις από έναν αρκετά μεγάλο αριθμό ατόμων προς φοίτηση με δεδομένους πόρους. Ο συντριπτικός όγκος φοιτητών είναι προπτυχιακοί με ποσοστό 95%. Το ποσοστό θα μπορούσαμε να πούμε είναι λογικό και αναμέναμε να υπερισχύουν οι προπτυχιακοί μιας και ο κύκλος σπουδών τους είναι μεγαλύτερος των μεταπτυχιακών. Επιπλέον, στο τμήμα προσφέρονται μόνο δύο (επι πληρωμή) μεταπτυχιακά προγράμματα που καθιστά δυσκολότερη την ομαλότερη ροή σε σπουδές υψηλότερων σπουδών ως προς την αναλογία των σπουδαστών.</p>
<p>Το στοιχείο που αξίζει ιδιαίτερης αναφοράς δεν είναι η αναλογία, αλλά ο απόλυτος αριθμός των σπουδαστών προπτυχιακού επιπέδου. Δυστυχώς, τα τελευταία χρόνια ο δείκτης συνεχίζει και αυξάνεται ανεξέλεγκτα έχοντας ξεπεράσει του 3000 φοιτητές! Η μόνη χρονιά που μειώθηκε ο αριθμός τους είναι την εξεταστική του κορονοιού η οποία έγινε ηλεκτρονικά.</p>
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</div>
<div class="cell">
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Απόλυτος αριθμός φοιτητών ανά κατηγορία σπουδών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># apply custom colors</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      stacking <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"normal"</span>,</span>
<span>      marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># thicker smooth line</span></span>
<span>      fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.6</span>   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># subtle transparency</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>   <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Προπτυχιακοί"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">f</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">BSc</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταπτυχιακοί"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">f</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">MSc</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διδακτορικοί"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">f</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">PhD</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-f6a1ca3d839c9e85e543" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-f6a1ca3d839c9e85e543">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"areaspline"},"title":{"text":"Συνολικός πληθυσμός φοιτητών του τμήματος"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Αριθμός φοιτητών"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"areaspline":{"stacking":"normal","marker":{"enabled":false},"lineWidth":2,"fillOpacity":0.6}},"xAxis":{"categories":["2003-2004","2004-2005","2005-2006","2006-2007","2007-2008","2008-2009","2009-2010","2010-2011","2011-2012","2012-2013","2013-2014","2014-2015","2015-2016","2016-2017","2017-2018","2018-2019","2019-2020"]},"subtitle":{"text":"Απόλυτος αριθμός φοιτητών ανά κατηγορία σπουδών"},"colors":["rgba(52, 152, 219, 0.6)","rgba(231, 76, 60, 0.6)","rgba(46, 204, 113, 0.6)"],"series":[{"data":[2135,2128,2225,2255,2360,2411,2429,2629,2528,2631,2707,2656,2742,2842,2953,3021,3091,3200,3159,3177],"name":"Προπτυχιακοί"},{"data":[68,67,89,57,103,116,135,141,144,139,145,162,132,116,132,112,121,132,195,196],"name":"Μεταπτυχιακοί"},{"data":[11,16,20,24,24,20,13,13,16,15,16,14,14,18,21,21,19,19,18,15],"name":"Διδακτορικοί"}],"tooltip":{"shared":true}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
<p>Βέβαια το γράφημα δεν είναι αρκετά σαφές για τους φοιτητές εκτός των προυπτυχιακών μιας και το ποσοστό τους είναι συγκριτικά πολύ μικρότερο. Έτσι λοιπόν θα απομονώσω του μεταπτυχιακούς και τους διδακτορικούς φοιτητές.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb10" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(52, 152, 219, 0.6)"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># blue</span></span>
<span>            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(231, 76, 60, 0.6)"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># red</span></span>
<span>            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(46, 204, 113, 0.6)"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># green</span></span>
<span>            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(155, 89, 182, 0.6)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># purple</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"areaspline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># smooth stacked lines    hc_title(text = "Stacked Line Chart Example") %&gt;%</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">admitted_students</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός φοιτητών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός φοιτητών μεταπτυχιακών &amp; διδακτορικών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Απόλυτος αριθμός εγγραφών με βάση την κατηγορία εισαγωγής"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># apply custom colors</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      stacking <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"normal"</span>,</span>
<span>      marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># thicker smooth line</span></span>
<span>      fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
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</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-c9bbf14c89a09d04931f" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
</section><section id="κατανομή-βαθμών-αποφοίτησης" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="κατανομή-βαθμών-αποφοίτησης">Κατανομή βαθμών αποφοίτησης</h2>
<p>Όλα τα παραπάνω στοιχεία ήταν κατά κάποιο τρόπο δημογραφικά και δεν είχαν και κάποια ιδιαίτερη αξία. Πάμε λοιπόν να εξετάσουμε το πρώτο ενδιαφέρον στοιχείο που που είναι η κατανομή των βαθμών αποφοίτησης. Στα στοιχεία που δημοσιεύει το τμήμα οι βαθμοί έχουν χωριστεί σε τέσσερις κατηγορίες ανάλογα του βαθμού αποφοίτησης:</p>
<ul>
<li>Από τη βάση (5) μέχρι 6</li>
<li>Από 6 εώς 7</li>
<li>Από 7 μέχρι 8.5 και</li>
<li>αυτοί που πήραν πάνω από 8.5</li>
</ul>
<p>Από τα στοιχεία προκύπτει μία ιδιαίτερα ανισόρροπη κατανομή των βαθμών. Αρχικά παρατηρούμε ότι το ποσοστό των ατόμων που αποφοιτούν με &lt;&lt;Άριστα&gt;&gt; είναι ιδιαίτερα μικρό που μετά βίας είναι ορατό στο διάγραμμα. Το ποσοστό των αποφοίτων με άριστα κυμαίνεται μεταξύ του 4.8% των συνολικών αποφοίτων του αντίστοιχου ακαδημαϊκού έτους έως και 0%, μιας και υπήρχαν έτη χωρίς αριστεύσαντες πτυχιούχους. Άλλο ένα προβληματικό στοιχείο είναι η αποφοίτηση με τους χαμηλότερους δυνατούς βαθμούς (κατηγορία βαθμών από 5 μέχρι 6), μιας και ιστορικά είχαμε τέτοια αποφοίτηση ακόμα για άνω του ένα τρίτου των συνολικών αποφοίτων. Βέβαια όλα τα παραπάνω είναι κατά κάποιο τρόπο λίγο αναμενόμενα σε συνάρτηση με τη δυσκολία της σχολής και του αντικειμένου. Αυτό που ενδεχομένως δηλώνει προβλήματα της ίδιας της σχολής είναι όταν χωρίσουμε τους βαθμούς σε δύο μεγάλες κατηγορίες, η μία οι φοιτητές που αποφοίτησαν με βαθμό άνω του 7 και η άλλη ομάδα όσοι αποφοίτησαν με βαθμό κάτω από 7. Εκεί παρατηρούμε επί σειρά ετών ότι οι απόφοιτοι της δεύτερης ομάδας αποτελούν το 80% και υπήρχαν πρόσφατα έτη που αποτελούσαν το 90% αυτών. Ενδεικτικά αναφέρονται τα ακαδημαϊκά έτη 2009-2010, 2012-2013, 2016-2017 &amp; 2017-2018, ως κάποια με τις χειρότερες επιδόσεις.</p>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"areaspline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># smooth stacked lines    hc_title(text = "Stacked Line Chart Example") %&gt;%</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">graduates_distr_grades</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό (%) φοιτητών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατηγορίες βαθμών αποφοίτησης φοιτητών Στατιστικής"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Το 1/3 των φοιτητών αποφοιτεί με βαθμό κάτω του 7."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># apply custom colors</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      stacking <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"percent"</span>,</span>
<span>      marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># thicker smooth line</span></span>
<span>      fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.6</span>   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># subtle transparency</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>   <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βαθμός 5-6"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">graduates_distr_grades</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`5to6`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βαθμός 6-7"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">graduates_distr_grades</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`6to7`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βαθμός 7-8.5"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">graduates_distr_grades</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`7to8p5`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βαθμός 8.5+"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">graduates_distr_grades</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">over8p5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,   </span>
<span>               valueSuffix <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-graduates__grades_distr_stacked" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-graduates__grades_distr_stacked-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-6631e4b3adabe6f51c7e" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-6631e4b3adabe6f51c7e">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"areaspline"},"title":{"text":"Κατηγορίες βαθμών αποφοίτησης φοιτητών Στατιστικής"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό (%) φοιτητών"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"areaspline":{"stacking":"percent","marker":{"enabled":false},"lineWidth":2,"fillOpacity":0.6}},"xAxis":{"categories":["2003-2004","2004-2005","2005-2006","2006-2007","2007-2008","2008-2009","2009-2010","2010-2011","2011-2012","2012-2013","2013-2014","2014-2015","2015-2016","2016-2017","2017-2018","2018-2019","2019-2020","2020-2021","2021-2022"]},"subtitle":{"text":"Το 1/3 των φοιτητών αποφοιτεί με βαθμό κάτω του 7."},"colors":["#E24A4A","#FF9090","#90C3FF","#4A90E2"],"series":[{"data":[20.7,16.9,24.2,6.1,23.4,24.7,34.6,25.2,24.1,25.1,32.3,31.6,30.9,29.9,28.6,27.4,28.2,13.4,10.5],"name":"Βαθμός 5-6"},{"data":[60,62.1,55.8,72.40000000000001,59.1,61.7,54.5,57.9,59,63.3,56.2,52.4,51.2,57.3,60.3,60.4,57.7,67.59999999999999,65.8],"name":"Βαθμός 6-7"},{"data":[19.3,21,19.2,19.6,16.9,13,10.9,16.4,14.5,10.1,9.699999999999999,13.2,17.1,12,6.3,10.8,14.1,18.2,21.6],"name":"Βαθμός 7-8.5"},{"data":[0,0,0.8,1.8,0.7,0.6,0,0.6,2.4,1.5,1.8,2.8,0.8,0.8,4.8,1.4,0,0.8,2.2],"name":"Βαθμός 8.5+"}],"tooltip":{"shared":true,"valueSuffix":"%"}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-graduates__grades_distr_stacked-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;4: Χρονοσειρά κατηγοριάς βαθμών αποφοίτησης στο τμήμα Στατιστικής και Ασφαλιστικής, Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιά
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="κατανομή-έτους-αποφοίτησης" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="κατανομή-έτους-αποφοίτησης">Κατανομή έτους αποφοίτησης</h2>
<p>Ένας από τους πιο απογοητευτικούς δείκτες για το τμήμα μας είναι πόσα έτη χρειάζονται σε κάποιον για να αποφοιτήσει. Αυτός ο δείκτης είναι πλέον σημαντικός για πολλούς λόγους. Αρχικά η Ελλάδα έχει ψηφίσει πρόσφατα τη διαραφή των φοιτητών και πλέον υπάρχει όριο στη φοίτηση, το οποίο υπολογίζεται ως εξής:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0An%20+%20%5Cfrac%7Bn%7D%7B2%7D%0A"></p>
<p>όπου n είναι τα έτη που διαρκεί η φοίτηση. Στις περισσότερες σχολές η φοίτηση είναι τετραετής, με εξαίρεση τις πολυτεχνικές και τις ιατρικές όπου εκεί η φοίτηση έχει διάρκεια 5 ετών. Συνεπώς, με βάση τον παραπάνω κανόνα, το όριο φοίτησης για το τμήμα μας είναι 6 έτη. Όμως η πραγματικότητα είναι αρκετά πιο σκληρή. Το συγκεκριμένο τμήμα αποτελεί ένα από τα τμήματα με ιστορικά υψηλό ποσοστό φοιτητών που έχουν ξεπεράσει το ν+2 ως προς το ποσοστό του συνόλου των προτυχιακών του, με τα πρόσφατα στοιχεία της ΕΛΣΤΑΤ να κατατάσσουν το τμήμα Στατιστικής και Ασφαλιστικής του Πειραιά στην 35η θέση σε αυτό το δείκτη. Με βάση το παρακάτω γράφημα,</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb12" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">graduate_data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">statistics_tables</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/setNames.html">setNames</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Year"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"4Y"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5Y"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"6Y"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"7Y"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"8Y"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"9Y"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10Y"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"11Y+"</span>,<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"AVGY"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html">drop_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">!=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2009-2022"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/across.html">across</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/starts_with.html">contains</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Y"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&amp;</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">!</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/starts_with.html">matches</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"^Year$"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">as.numeric</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"4y"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`4Y`</span>,</span>
<span>         <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"4to6"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`5Y`</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`6Y`</span>,</span>
<span>         <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"6to8"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`7Y`</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`8Y`</span>,</span>
<span>         <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"9plus"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`9Y`</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`10Y`</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`11Y+`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`4y`</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`4to6`</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`6to8`</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`9plus`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    Year <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stringr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_replace.html">str_replace</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">".*-"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">""</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>Warning: There was 1 warning in `mutate()`.
ℹ In argument: `across(contains("Y") &amp; !matches("^Year$"), as.numeric)`.
Caused by warning:
! NAs introduced by coercion</code></pre>
</div>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb14" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#E24A4A"</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF9090"</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#90C3FF"</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#4A90E2"</span>  </span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"areaspline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατανομή διάρκειας σπουδών μέχρι την αποφοίτηση"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Οι περισσότεροι φοιτητές ξεπερνάνε τα ν+2 έτη για να λάβουν πτυχίο!"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"stesiam, 2023"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">graduate_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span>,</span>
<span>           title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Percentage (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"9 έτη και πάνω"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">graduate_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`9plus`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"7-8 έτη"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">graduate_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`6to8`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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</details><div id="fig-graduates__duration_distr_stacked" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-graduates__duration_distr_stacked-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-d33f7b39f06c9c43073b" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-graduates__duration_distr_stacked-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;5: Χρονοσειρά διάρκειας σπουδών ανά έτος αποφοίτησης στο Τμήμα Στατιστικής και Ασφαλισιστικής Επιστήμης του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιά
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="σχέση-ετών-και-μέσου-όρου" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="σχέση-ετών-και-μέσου-όρου">Σχέση ετών και μέσου όρου</h2>
<p>Οι κατανομές των βαθμών καθώς και των ετών αποφοίτησης είναι αρκετά κατατοπιστικές για να γίνει αντιληπτή η άσχημη κατάσταση στο τμήμα. Για το τέλος θα ήθελα να παρουσιάσω ένα διπλό διάγραμμα που παρουσιάζει τη μέση διάρκεια σπουδών και το μέσο βαθμό αποφοίτησης. Έτσι θα έχουμε και μία εικόνα του που κυμαίνεται ιστορικά ο μέσος απόφοιτος του τμήματος. Ισοτρικά, παρατηρείται μια ιδιαίτερη σταθερότητα ως προς το βαθμό απποφοίτησης ο οποίος έχει ιδιαίτερα μικρή απόκλιση από το 2009 μέχρι και το 2020, αφού κυμαίνεται μεταξύ 6.3 και 6.43 για μία ολόκληρη δεκαετία. Από την άλλη έχουμε για άλλη μία φορά τον πιο καταθλιπτικό δείκτη, αυτόν της μέσης διάρκειας σπουδών. Από το 2014 έχουμε συνεχή αύξηση του δείκτη και μέσα σε 4 ακαδημαικά έτη είχαμε αύξηση 1.6 έτη και διατήρηση του σε αυτά τα επίπεδα. Πλέον, η μέση διάρκεια όχι απλώς αποκλίνει του ν+2, αλλά συγκλίνει στο 2ν, δηλαδή οι φοιτητές του τμήματος χρειάζονταν τα διπλάσια χρόνια από τη προκαθορισμένη διάρκεια σπουδών (4 έτη) για να λάβουν το πτυχίο τους. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι όλο τον χρονικό ορίζοντα που καταγράφεται ο δείκτης δεν έπεσε ποτέ κάτω του ορίου <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%CE%BD%20+%202">.</p>
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font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/setNames.html">setNames</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Year"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"AvgGrade"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/separate.html">separate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">AvgGrade</span>, into <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Grade"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Number"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, sep <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" "</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Number <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org/reference/parse_number.html">parse_number</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Number</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Grade <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_replace.html">str_replace_all</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Grade</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">","</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">joined_tables</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate-joins.html">left_join</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">table2</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">table1</span>, by <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Year"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html">drop_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Grade <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/numeric.html">as.numeric</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Grade</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βαθμός αποφοίτησης και μέση διάρκεια φοίτησης"</span>, style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"18px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διαχρονική σταθερότητα στο βαθμό αποφοίτησης και ραγδαία αύξηση στη μέση διάρκεια σπουδών από το 2014!"</span>, </span>
<span>              style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#666"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">joined_tables</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span>, title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Year"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Three y-axes</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis_multiples</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βαθμός Αποφοίτησης"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, opposite <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>, labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f77b4"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διάρκεια σπουδών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, opposite <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#ff7f0e"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Sales series</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βαθμός αποφοίτησης"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">joined_tables</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Grade</span>,</span>
<span>    type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>,</span>
<span>    yAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>    color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f77b4"</span>,</span>
<span>    lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>,</span>
<span>    marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>symbol <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"circle"</span>, radius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Profit series</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διάρκεια σπουδών"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">joined_tables</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">AvgGradDuration</span>,</span>
<span>    type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>,</span>
<span>    yAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,</span>
<span>    color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#ff7f0e"</span>,</span>
<span>    lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>,</span>
<span>    marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>symbol <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"diamond"</span>, radius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Tooltip</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, crosshairs <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>             backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#f7f7f7"</span>, borderColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#333"</span>,</span>
<span>             style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"13px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Legend</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>, align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>, verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-two-plots" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-two-plots-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-adbffc45f7ba700d2f70" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-adbffc45f7ba700d2f70">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true},"title":{"text":"Βαθμός αποφοίτησης και μέση διάρκεια φοίτησης","style":{"fontSize":"18px"}},"yAxis":[{"title":{"text":"Βαθμός Αποφοίτησης"},"opposite":false,"labels":{"style":{"color":"#1f77b4"}}},{"title":{"text":"Διάρκεια σπουδών"},"opposite":true,"labels":{"style":{"color":"#ff7f0e"}}}],"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Διαχρονική σταθερότητα στο βαθμό αποφοίτησης και ραγδαία αύξηση στη μέση διάρκεια σπουδών από το 2014!","style":{"color":"#666"}},"xAxis":{"categories":["2009-2010","2010-2011","2011-2012","2012-2013","2013-2014","2014-2015","2015-2016","2016-2017","2017-2018","2018-2019","2019-2020","2020-2021","2021-2022"],"title":{"text":"Year"}},"series":[{"data":[6.3,6.4,6.43,6.36,6.33,6.38,6.36,6.35,6.39,6.38,6.39,6.41,6.65],"name":"Βαθμός αποφοίτησης","type":"line","yAxis":0,"color":"#1f77b4","lineWidth":3,"marker":{"symbol":"circle","radius":5}},{"data":[6.5,6.4,6.4,6.7,6.5,6.2,6.7,7.1,7.4,7.8,7.7,7.9,7.6],"name":"Διάρκεια σπουδών","type":"line","yAxis":1,"color":"#ff7f0e","lineWidth":3,"marker":{"symbol":"diamond","radius":5}}],"tooltip":{"shared":true,"crosshairs":true,"useHTML":true,"backgroundColor":"#f7f7f7","borderColor":"#333","style":{"fontSize":"13px"}},"legend":{"enabled":true,"layout":"horizontal","align":"center","verticalAlign":"bottom"}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-two-plots-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;6: Χρονοσειρά δύο μεταβλητών (Μέση διάκρεια σπουδών και βαθμού αποφοίτησης στο Τμήμα Στατιστικής και Ασφαλισιστικής Επιστήμης του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιά
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="στατιστικό-vs-στατιστικό" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="στατιστικό-vs-στατιστικό">Στατιστικό vs Στατιστικό</h2>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb16" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readxl.tidyverse.org">readxl</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyverse.tidyverse.org">tidyverse</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ forcats   1.0.1     ✔ purrr     1.2.1
✔ ggplot2   4.0.1     ✔ tibble    3.3.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.4     
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (&lt;http://conflicted.r-lib.org/&gt;) to force all conflicts to become errors</code></pre>
</div>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb18" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org">stringr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com">gt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gj</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readxl.tidyverse.org/reference/read_excel.html">read_excel</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"gj.xls"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gj</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tidyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html">drop_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ΤΜΗΜΑ</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/setNames.html">setNames</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"uni"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"school"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"dept"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"year1"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"year2"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"year3"</span>,</span>
<span>             <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"year4"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"year5"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"year6"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"overNormalDuration"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/across.html">across</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/everything.html">everything</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/replace_na.html">replace_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    total_students <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">year1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">year2</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">year3</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">year4</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span></span>
<span>      <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">year5</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">year6</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">overNormalDuration</span>,</span>
<span>    pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="uni">ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΔΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dept">ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗΣ (ΓΡΕΒΕΝΑ)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pct">24.82</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="rank">304</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="στατιστική-vs-υπόλοιπες-ειδικότητες" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="στατιστική-vs-υπόλοιπες-ειδικότητες">Στατιστική vs Υπόλοιπες Ειδικότητες</h2>
<p>Στη χώρα μας λειτουργούν 430 τμήματα από τα οποία υπάρχουν δεδομένα για</p>
</section><section id="η-γνώμη-μου" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="η-γνώμη-μου">Η γνώμη μου</h2>
<p>Για δεκαετίες αγνοούσε ακόμα και τις υποδέιξεις τις ΕΘΑΕΕ. Δεν υπήρχαν πρόοδοι, δεν υπήρχαν εργασίες. Ενώ σε πολλά μαθήματα ζητάγαμε να αναρτούνται σημειώσεις, γεγονός που αρνιόντουσαν συνεχώς</p>


</section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2023,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Στατιστικά των Αποφοίτων Στατιστικής},
  date = {2023-07-23},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-graduates-of-statistics/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2023" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. (2023, July 23). Στατιστικά των Αποφοίτων Στατιστικής.
Retrieved from <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-graduates-of-statistics/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-graduates-of-statistics/</a>
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>R</category>
  <category>Περιγραφικη αναλυση</category>
  <category>PDF</category>
  <category>tabulizer</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-graduates-of-statistics/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 23 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-graduates-of-statistics/graduation-cap.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Πρόσβαση στο API του data.gov.gr</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/tutorial-govgr-api/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<p>Στην παραδοσιακή ανάλυση δεδομένων, συνήθως ο αναλυτής καλείται να «καθαρίσει» τα δεδομένα και να τα φέρει σε μία κατάλληλη μορφή προκειμένου να αναλυθούν. Αυτή η διαδικασία υπονοεί ότι τα δεδομένα υπάρχουν συγκεντρωμένα σε ένα αρχείο. Ωστόσο, δεν είναι πάντα έτσι. Το πρόβλημα με την ανάλυση ενός στατικού συνόλου δεδομένων είναι ότι δεν λαμβάνει υπόψη τις όποιες νέες τιμές που καταγράφονται. Σε αυτή την περίπτωση θα πρέπει να ανακτήσουμε τα νέα στοιχεία και να επανεκτελέσουμε την ανάλυση μέσω της R ή όποιου εργαλείου χρησιμοποιούμε. Όπως γίνεται αντιληπτό, αυτό είναι μη παραγωγικό, ωστόσο όταν συμβαίνει λίγες φορές μέσα στο χρόνο, ίσως να μην είναι και τόσο επίπονο.</p>
<p>Εκεί που γίνεται εμφανής η αναποτελεσματικότητα αυτής της διαδικασίας είναι όταν υπάρχει συνεχής ροή δεδομένων, οπότε η διαδικασία ανανέωσης αυτών πρέπει να επαναλαμβάνεται καθημερινά. Σε αυτές τις περιπτώσεις φαίνεται η χρησιμότητα του API, αφού μας παρέχει τις νέες τιμές με μικρό σχετικά κόπο. Παράλληλα, η χρήση του API διευκολύνει την ένταξη νέων δεδομένων, συνεπώς αν φτιάχνουμε ένα προβλεπτικό μοντέλο η ακρίβειά του θα παραμένει σε ένα ικανοποιητικό επίπεδο. Τέλος, σημαντική είναι και η αξιοποίησή του σε Shiny Apps ή γενικότερα διαδικτυακές εφαρμογές (web apps), προκειμένου να αυτοματοποιείται η ανάλυση δεδομένων και οι πληροφορίες να είναι αξιόπιστες για τον επισκέπτη της εφαρμογής.</p>
<p>Γενικά υπάρχουν πάρα πολλά API από τα οποία μπορούμε να αντλήσουμε σημαντικές πληροφορίες. Για περισσότερες λεπτομέρειες σχετικά με τη διαθεσιμότητα δωρεάν API μπορείτε να δείτε μία σχετική <a href="https://github.com/public-apis/public-apis">λίστα αυτών</a>. Σε αυτό το άρθρο θα ασχοληθούμε με τα ανοικτά δεδομένα της χώρας μας, της Ελλάδας, που διατίθενται μέσω του <a href="data.gov.gr">data.gov.gr</a>.</p>
</section><section id="αίτηση-για-api-key" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="αίτηση-για-api-key">Αίτηση για API Key</h2>
<p>Το API της χώρας μας (όπως και τα περισσότερα API) απαιτεί να κάνουμε εγγραφή στην πλατφόρμα. Υποβάλλουμε αίτηση στην αντίστοιχη σελίδα και συμπληρώνουμε τα στοιχεία μας σε <strong>όλα</strong> τα πεδία της φόρμας όπως αυτή φαίνεται παρακάτω:</p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="text-align:center; padding: 20px">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/tutorial-govgr-api/images/datagovgr_api_request.png" class="white_bg img-fluid figure-img" width="500"></p>
<figcaption>Προεπισκόπηση σελίδας αίτησης για πρόσβαση στο API</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p>Στη συνέχεια θα πρέπει να κοιτάξετε το e-mail σας, καθώς θα σας αποσταλεί ένα μήνυμα με ένα Token, με το οποίο θα έχετε πρόσβαση στο API. Φροντίστε να ελέγξετε και τον φάκελο της Ανεπιθύμητης Αλληλογραφίας (spam). Παρεμπιπτόντως, σε περίπτωση που χάσετε το token ή έχετε διαγράψει το μήνυμα, μπορείτε να κάνετε καινούργια αίτηση, ακόμα και με την ίδια διεύθυνση ταχυδρομείου, και το σύστημα θα σας το στείλει εκ νέου.</p>
</section><section id="χρήση-api" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="χρήση-api">Χρήση API</h2>
<p>Αφού λάβουμε το Token, θα πρέπει με κάποιο τρόπο να αντλήσουμε τα δεδομένα. Στην συγκεκριμένη πλατφόρμα υπάρχουν δύο τρόποι.</p>
<ul>
<li>Χρήση API από την ιστοσελίδα</li>
<li>Χρήση API με την R</li>
</ul>
<p>Ο ένας τρόπος (και μάλλον ο λιγότερο αποδοτικός) είναι να αιτηθούμε τα δεδομένα απευθείας από την ιστοσελίδα data.gov.gr. Αυτό είναι από τη μία εξαιρετικά απλό, αλλά από την άλλη κατεβάζουμε μία σταθερή έκδοση των δεδομένων και συνεπώς αν θελήσουμε να τα ανανεώσουμε με τα πιο πρόσφατα στοιχεία θα πρέπει πάλι να τα κατεβάσουμε. Παρακάτω, λοιπόν, θα αναλύσουμε ένα παράδειγμα πραγματικής χρήσης του API με την R. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι η ίδια η πλατφόρμα έμμεσα ενθαρρύνει αυτή τη χρήση μιας και δίνει παραδείγματα με άλλες δημοφιλείς γλώσσες προγραμματισμού (Python &amp; JavaScript).</p>
</section><section id="παράδειγμα-χρήσης" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="παράδειγμα-χρήσης">Παράδειγμα χρήσης</h2>
<p>Πριν ολοκληρωθεί αυτό το άρθρο, έκρινα ως σημαντική την παρουσίαση ενός παραδείγματος. Τη στιγμή που γράφεται αυτό το άρθρο, υπάρχουν συνολικά 49 βάσεις δεδομένων από τις οποίες μπορούμε να επιλέξουμε. Προκειμένου να αναδείξουμε την ωφέλεια του API θα διαλέξω κάποιο που ανανεώνεται σε αρκετά συχνή βάση. Ένα τέτοιο σύνολο δεδομένων είναι αυτό για τους επιβάτες που <a href="https://www.data.gov.gr/datasets/sailing_traffic/">ταξιδεύουν με πλοία</a>.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή R βιβλιοθηκών">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://httr.r-lib.org/">httr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jeroen.r-universe.dev/jsonlite">jsonlite</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>Αρχικά, ορίζουμε σε μία μεταβλητή τον βασικό σύνδεσμο των δεδομένων. Για το συγεκρκιμένο σύνολο, δηλαδή την επιβατική κίνηση των πλοίων ο σύνδεσμος είναι:</p>
<div class="cell" title="Θέτω βασικό σύνδεσμο API">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">base</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://data.gov.gr/api/v1/query/sailing_traffic"</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>Έπειτα, όπως τονίζει η τεκμηρίωση (documentation) της σελίδας, θα πρέπει να ορίσουμε ένα εύρος ημερομηνιών που μας ενδιαφέρει Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι δεν μπορείτε να πάρετε μεγάλο εύρος με μία μόνο κλήση του API. Τα δεδομένα της επιβατικής κίνησης των πλοίων ξεκινάνε από το 2017 μέχρι και σήμερα (2023). Ας υποθέσουμε ότι δεν μας πειράζει αυτό και ότι θέλουμε τα δεδομένα από τις 4 πρώτες μέρες του Ιουλίου του 2023.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Χρήση-Κλήση του API">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">date_from</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2023-07-01"</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">date_to</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2023-07-04"</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">API_URL</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">base</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"?date_from="</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">date_from</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&amp;"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"date_to="</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">date_to</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">call</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">httr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://httr.r-lib.org/reference/GET.html">GET</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>url <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">API_URL</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://httr.r-lib.org/reference/add_headers.html">add_headers</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>`Authorization` <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">'Token token_id'</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>Όπου στο σημείο που αναφέρεται το <strong>token_id</strong> θα πρέπει να αντικατασταθεί με το token που σας έστειλε το data.gov.gr. Αφού λοιπόν αιτηθούμε τα δεδομένα μέσω της GET και κάνουμε λίγο υπομονή βλέπουμε ότι λαμβάνω μία λίστα με διάφορες πληροφορίες. Εμάς μας ενδιαφέρουν τα δεδομένα, οπότε κοιτάμε στην κατηγορία <strong>content</strong> της λίστας, ωστόσο παρατηρούμε μία μη αναγνώσιμη μορφή των στοιχείων μιας και είναι σε δεκαεξαδική μορφή.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Μετατροπή δεδομένων σε αναγνώσιμη μορφή">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">base</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/rawConversion.html">rawToChar</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">call</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">content</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>Με την παραπάνω εντολή μετατρέπουμε τους χαρακτήρες και είναι πλέον αναγνώσιμοι, ωστόσο τώρα θα πρέπει να τους δώσουμε και τη μορφή πίνακα προκειμένου να μπορούμε να τα αναλύσουμε.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Πινακοποίηση δεδομένων">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb5" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#data = jsonlite::fromJSON(data, flatten = T)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>Και τέλος, με τη βοήθεια του πακέτου <code>jsonlite</code> λαμβάνουμε ένα data.frame με όνομα data που περιέχει όλους τους προορισμούς, τον αριθμό επιβατών, αυτοκινήτων για τη κάθε ημέρα που ζητήσαμε.</p>
</section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section id="ευχαριστίες" class="level2 appendix unlisted"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Ευχαριστίες</h2><div class="quarto-appendix-contents">
<p>Φωτογραφία από <a href="https://pixabay.com/el/users/kuszapro-369349/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=583537">Christopher Kuszajewski</a> από το <a href="https://pixabay.com/el//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=583537">Pixabay</a></p>


</div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>R</category>
  <category>API</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/tutorial-govgr-api/</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 04 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/tutorial-govgr-api/images/source_code.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Σπουδές Στατιστικής στην Ελλάδα</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/statistics-studies-in-greece/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<p>Σε αυτό το άρθρο θα ήθελα να συγκεντρώσω όλες αυτές τις διάσπαρτες πληροφορίες που υπάρχουν για τα τμήματα Στατιστικής στη χώρα μας. Θα αναλύσω ως επί το πλείστον πληροφορίες που μπορούν να βρεθούν στο διαδίκτυο σαν να είχα να συμπληρώσω μηχανογραφικό. Ωστόσο, σε κάθε περίπτωση σας αποτρέπω από το να επιλέξετε σχολή βασίζοντας την επιλογή σας σε μόνο αυτό το άρθρο. Σε αυτή τη κατηγορία εντάσσω απλά όσες σχολές σχετίζονται με τη Στατιστική. Τα τμήματα που θα συγκρίνω είναι τα εξής:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.dept.aueb.gr/el/stat/content/%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82">Τμήμα Στατιστικής</a> του Οικονομικού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.unipi.gr/unipi/el/sta-home.html">Τμήμα Στατιστικής και Ασφαλιστικής Επιστήμης</a> του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιά</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.aegean.gr/departments/%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD-%E2%80%93-%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD-%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD">Τμήμα Στατιστικής και Αναλογιστικών - Χρηματοοικονομικών Μαθηματικών</a> του Πανεπιστημίου Αιγαίου</li>
<li>
<a href="https://stat.uowm.gr/">Tμήμα Στατιστικής και Ασφαλιστικής Επιστήμης</a> του Πανεπιστημίου Δυτικής Μακεδονίας</li>
</ul>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή R βιβλιοθηκών">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
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</details>
</div>
</section><section id="βάση-εισαγωγής" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="βάση-εισαγωγής">Βάση εισαγωγής</h2>
<p>Ένα πρώτο κριτήριο για αρκετούς είναι η βάση εισαγωγής, όπου είναι ο ελάχιστος βαθμός που πρέπει να έχεις πετύχει στις Πανελλήνιες για να εισαχθείς στην αντίστοιχη σχολή. Ή διαφορετικά ο βαθμός που έγραψε ο τελευταίος επιτυχόντας της σχολής, με δεδομένο τον αριθμό των θέσεων. Αν και κατά τη γνώμη μου αυτός ο δείκτης δείχνει κατά πόσο είναι επιθυμητή αυτή η σχολή και όχι το επίπεδο σπουδών αυτής. Παρακάτω, συγκέντρωσα ιστορικά στοιχεία των βάσεων (από το 2013 μέχρι το 2022) από τις τέσσερις σχολές Στατιστικής και έκανα ένα απλό διάγραμμα. Σε αυτό φαίνεται ότι ιστορικά το τμήμα με τη μεγαλύτερη βάση είναι του ΟΠΑ (με μόνη εξαίρεση το 2015). Δεύτερο σε προτίμηση έρχεται το τμήμα Στατιστικής του Πειραιά. Τελευταία σε προτίμηση είναι τα περιφερειακά τμήματα Στατιστικής, Αιγαίου και Δυτικής Μακεδονίας που εδραίουν στη Σάμο και στα Γρεβενά αντίστοιχα. Οι βάσεις τους ταυτίζονται σε μεγάλο βαθμό και ενδεχομένως το ότι βρίσκονται σε περιοχές μακριά των κύριων αστικών κέντρων της χώρας να μην είναι ιδιαίτερα ελκυστικά για τη πλειονότητα των υποψηφίων.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Βάσεις εισαγωγής σε τμήματα Στατιστικής">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;strong&gt;Βάσεις εισαγωγής σε τμήματα Στατιστικής&lt;/strong&gt;"</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σχετικά σταθερή και αξιοπρεπής βάση στα τμήματα της Αττικής έναντι των περιφερειακών τμημάτων Στατιστικής"</span></span>
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font-style: inherit;">"Πηγή:&lt;/b&gt;Βάσεις Πανελληνίων&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:fb;'  &gt;&amp;#xf09b;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt;stesiam&lt;/b&gt;, 2024"</span></span>
<span></span>
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font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-vaseis-eisagogis" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-vaseis-eisagogis-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-vaseis-eisagogis-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;1: Βάσεις εισαγωγής σχολών Στατιστικής (2013 - 2022)
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</section><section id="θέσεις" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="θέσεις">Θέσεις</h2>
<p>Κάθε χρόνο το Υπουργείο Παιδείας ανακοινώνει τις διαθέσιμες θέσεις για κάθε σχολή και για κάθε κατηγορία εξεταζόμενων. Σε αυτή την ανάλυση ασχολούμαι με τους υποψήφιους των Γενικών Λυκείων που αποτελούν και τη συντριπτική πλειοψηφία των συμμετεχόντων. Με μία πρώτη ματιά παρατηρώ μία αντιστροφή των αποτελεσμάτων σε σύγκριση με τη βάση εισαγωγής. Δηλαδή, στις σχολές με την σχετικά υψηλότερη βάση παρέχονται λιγότερες θέσεις, ενώ οι περισσότερες θέσεις διατίθενται στις σχολές χαμηλότερης βάσης. Για του λόγου το αληθές, παρατηρώ το Στατιστικό του ΟΠΑ να κυμαίνεται στις 100 διαθέσιμες θέσεις, ακολουθούμενο από αυτό του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιά το οποίο μείωσε σημαντικά τις θέσεις του τα τελευταία χρόνια και έχει πέσει σε επίπεδα προσφοράς θέσεων του τμήματος Στατιστικής του Αιγαίου. Τελευταία και ιδιαίτερη περίπτωση είναι το νεοσύστατο τμήμα των Γρεβενών του Πανεπιστημίου Δυτικής Μακεδονίας το οποίο είχε αρκετά μεγάλο αριθμό διαθέσιμων θέσεων και ενδεχομένως αυτή η μεγάλη προσφορά να οφείλεται στην μη ύπαρξη επιτυχόντων για το συγκεκριμένο τμήμα της περιφέρειας.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Προσφερόμενες θέσεις σε τμήματα Στατιστικής">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;Θέσεις εισαγωγής σε τμήματα Στατιστικής (ΓΛ90)&lt;/b&gt;"</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">"Oι διαθέσιμες θέσεις για φοίτηση στα τμήματα Στατιστικής. Συνήθως οι θέσεις σε τμήματα εκτός μεγάλων αστικών κέντρων μένουν ακάλυπτες."</span></span>
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</details><div id="fig-theseis-eisagogis" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-theseis-eisagogis-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;2: Διαθέσιμες θέσεις σχολών Στατιστικής (2013 - 2022)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Βέβαια, η παροχή των θέσεων δεν συνεπάγεται πάντοτε και πλήρωση αυτών. Πολλές από αυτές μπορεί να μείνουν αδιάθετες λόγω χαμηλής ζήτησης. Αυτό το φαινόμενο παρατηρείται σε σχολές εκτός των αστικών κέντρων. Τα τελευταία χρόνια υπάρχει και ένας επιπρόσθετος λόγος μιας και έχει θεσμοθετηθεί η ελάχιστη βάση εισαγωγής (ΕΒΕ), η οποία αποτρέπει την βάση μιας σχολής να πέσει κάτω από έναν συγκεκριμένο βαθμό (π.χ. κάτω από 7 ή 13) και για αυτό παρατηρείται στο πρώτο διάγραμμα των βάσεων μία απότομη αύξηση στις σχολές του Αιγαίου και της Δυτικής Μακεδονίας. από την εφαρμογή της να δούμε και άλλες αδιάθετες θέσεις. Έτσι, ο αριθμός των εισακτέων μπορεί πλέον να διαφέρει σημαντικά όχι απλώς μεταξύ τμημάτων εντός και μεγάλων αστικών κέντρων (π.χ. Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου, Πανεπιστήμιο Δυτικής Μακεδονίας - Γρεβενά), αλλά και ως προς τον διαθέσιμο αριθμό εισακτέων και των εγγεγραμμένων φοιτητών.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Αναλογία διαθέσιμων θέσεων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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</details><div id="fig-theseis-kat-analogia" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-theseis-kat-analogia-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-4b0fda3f21936e498ca6" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-4b0fda3f21936e498ca6">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"area"},"title":{"text":"Κατανομή προσφερόμενων θέσεων σε τμήματα Στατιστικής"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό (%)"},"labels":{"format":"{value}%"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"area":{"stacking":"percent","lineColor":"#ffffff","lineWidth":1,"marker":{"lineWidth":1,"lineColor":"#ffffff"}}},"subtitle":{"text":"Το τμήμα Στατιστικής του Πειραιά είναι αυτό που προσέφερε περισσότερες θέσεις αναλογικά με τις συνολικά προσφερόμενες σε πανελλήνιο επίπεδο. Πλέον το νεοσύστατο τμήμα των Γρεβενών έχει τη μεγαλύτερη προσφορά θέσεων."},"xAxis":{"categories":[2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"tickmarkPlacement":"on","title":{"enabled":false}},"tooltip":{"shared":true,"pointFormat":"<span style='color:{series.color}'>{series.name}<\/span>: <b>{point.percentage:.1f}%<\/b> ({point.y:,.0f})<br/>"},"series":[{"name":"Αιγαίου","data":[144,137,163,156,162,178,198,171,179,165]},{"name":"ΟΠΑ","data":[99,112,103,99,103,104,113,102,103,101]},{"name":"ΠαΔΜ","data":[null,null,null,null,null,null,268,225,316,256]},{"name":"ΠαΠει","data":[189,202,198,190,198,198,216,194,154,152]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-theseis-kat-analogia-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;3: Αναλογία προσφερόμενων θέσεων σε τμήματα Στατιστικής (2013 - 2022)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="προϋποθέσεις-για-πτυχίο" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προϋποθέσεις-για-πτυχίο">Προϋποθέσεις για πτυχίο</h2>
<p>Και τα τέσσερα τμήματα προσφέρουν 4ετή φοίτηση και κάποιος ορίζεται ως πτυχιούχος με την απόκτηση 240 ECTS. Οι διαφορές τους ανάγονται κυρίως στο πλήθος των μαθημάτων ή στο αν υπάρχει προϋπόθεση για πτυχιακή. Σημειώνεται ότι οι παραπάνω πληροφορίες βασίζονται στους πρόσφατους οδηγούς σπουδών των παραπάνω τμημάτων (2022-2023).</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p>Το UniPi2011 αναφέρεται στο πρόγραμμα σπουδών του τμήματος Στατιστικής του Πειραιά που ίσχυε για τους φοιτητές που μπήκαν στο τμήμα από το 2011 μέχρι το 2016. Οι εισακτέοι του τμήματος από το 2017 ακολουθούν το νέο πρόγραμμα σπουδών του 2017 (UniPI2017)</p>
</div></div><div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Μαθήματα για πτυχίο">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb5" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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</details><div id="fig-courses-to-graduate" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-courses-to-graduate-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-957c613971e9dacbd986" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-957c613971e9dacbd986">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar"},"title":{"text":"Δομή απατούμενων μαθημάτων τμημάτων Στατιστικής"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Μαθήματα για πτυχίο"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0,"stacking":"normal"},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Ο αριθμός των μαθημάτων που απαιτούνται για την απόκτηση προπτυχιακού τίτλου σπουδών από τα δημόσια τμήματα Στατιστικής της χώρας μας. Αναλύεται και η σύνθεση των προγραμμάτων με βάση την ευελιξία προσαρμογής του προγράμματος σπουδών (αριθμός επιλεγόμενων ως ποσοστό των υποχρεωτικών)."},"caption":{"text":"stesiam, 2025"},"xAxis":{"categories":["<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/UoWM.png/120px-UoWM.png' height='20'/>","<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/UNIPI_Emblem.png/250px-UNIPI_Emblem.png' height='20'/>","<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/UNIPI_Emblem.png/250px-UNIPI_Emblem.png' height='20'/>","<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/el/thumb/7/7d/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%28logo%29.svg/250px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%28logo%29.svg.png' height='20'/>","<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/el/thumb/2/2c/AUEBEMBLEM.png/250px-AUEBEMBLEM.png' height='20'/>"],"labels":{"useHTML":true},"title":{"text":null}},"series":[{"data":[7,16,21,16,18],"name":"Επιλεγόμενα","stack":"courses"},{"data":[41,31,19,18,14],"name":"Υποχρεωτικά","stack":"courses"}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-courses-to-graduate-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;4: Απαιτούμενα μαθήματα για τη λήψη πτυχίου ανά τμήμα
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="επιλεγόμενα-μαθήματα" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="επιλεγόμενα-μαθήματα">Επιλεγόμενα μαθήματα</h2>
<p>Παραπάνω είδαμε σε πόσα μαθήματα θα πρέπει να εξεταστεί ένας σπουδαστής του αντίστοιχου τμήματος για να πάρει πτυχίο. Πόση ελευθερία υπάρχει σε κάθε τμήμα προκειμένου ο ίδιος ο φοιτητής να προσαρμόσει τις σπουδές του στις προτιμήσεις του και τα προσωπικά του ερευνητικά ενδιαφέροντα; Αυτό προσπάθησα να μελετήσω με την προσθήκη της μεταβλητής των ελεύθερων μαθημάτων και του ποσοστού που αποτελούν αυτά ως προς τα συνολικά μαθήματα.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Ποσοστό επιλεγόμενων μαθημάτων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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</details><div id="fig-elective-courses" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-elective-courses-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-2010e83e38aac52c7268" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-2010e83e38aac52c7268">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar"},"title":{"text":"Ευελιξία προγραμμάτων σπουδών"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό επιλεγόμενων/συνολικών μαθημάτων"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0,"stacking":"normal"},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Ο αριθμός των επιλεγόμενων μαθημάτων ως ποσοστό των συνολικών μαθημάτων που απαιτούνται για το πτυχίο."},"caption":{"text":"stesiam, 2025"},"xAxis":{"categories":["<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/el/thumb/2/2c/AUEBEMBLEM.png/250px-AUEBEMBLEM.png' height='20'/>","<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/UNIPI_Emblem.png/250px-UNIPI_Emblem.png' height='20'/>","<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/el/thumb/7/7d/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%28logo%29.svg/250px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%28logo%29.svg.png' height='20'/>","<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/UNIPI_Emblem.png/250px-UNIPI_Emblem.png' height='20'/>","<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/UoWM.png/120px-UoWM.png' height='20'/>"],"labels":{"useHTML":true},"title":{"text":null}},"series":[{"data":[56.2,52.5,47.1,34,14.6],"name":"Επιλεγόμενα","stack":"courses"}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-elective-courses-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;5: Ποσοστό επιλεγόμενων επί του συνολικού αριθμού που απαιτούνται για την απόκτηση πτυχίου
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="καθυστερημένη-αποφοίτηση" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="καθυστερημένη-αποφοίτηση">Καθυστερημένη αποφοίτηση</h2>
<div class="cell" title="Φιλτράρισμα δεδομένων φοιτητών υπερβαίνουν 6 έτη">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">work_dir</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"undergrads_by_year.xls"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"studentsOv6"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html">drop_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/across.html">across</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">StudentsUnEq6</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">studentsOv6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/integer.html">as.integer</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>totalStudents <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">StudentsUnEq6</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">studentsOv6</span>,</span>
<span>         pctOv6 <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">studentsOv6</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">totalStudents</span>,</span>
<span>         nonPctOv6 <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pctOv6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pctOv6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Dept</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΗ"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Ποσοστό καθυστερημένης αποφοίτησης">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb8" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bar"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό φοιτητών που ξεπέρασαν τα ν+2 έτη"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Το τμήμα του Πειραιά έχει το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό καθυστερημένης αποφοίτησης με 7 στους 10 φοιτητές του τμήματος να αποτελούν φοιτητές 7ου ή μεγαλύτερου έτους. Με μεγάλη ποσοστιαία διαφορά ακολουθούν τα τμήματα της Αθήνας και της Σάμου. Το τμήμα των Γρεβενών είναι νεοσύστατο και δεν έχει φοιτητές ν+2."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">undergrads_by_year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Dept</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Value"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>series <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>stacking <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"normal"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Φοιτητές εώς 6ο έτος"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">undergrads_by_year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">nonPctOv6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Φοιτητές 7ου έτους και άνω"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">undergrads_by_year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pctOv6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>    max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,</span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Value"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    plotLines <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"orange"</span>,</span>
<span>        width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>        value <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.5</span>,</span>
<span>        dashStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ShortDash"</span>,</span>
<span>        label <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>          y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">200</span>,</span>
<span>          text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μέσος όρος: "</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">50</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>          align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"left"</span>,</span>
<span>          style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"orange"</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span>, fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  valueDecimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-late-graduation" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-late-graduation-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-36083dd3a144daaafbab" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-36083dd3a144daaafbab">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar"},"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό φοιτητών που ξεπέρασαν τα ν+2 έτη"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Value"},"min":0,"max":1,"plotLines":[{"color":"orange","width":2,"value":0.5,"dashStyle":"ShortDash","label":{"y":200,"text":"Μέσος όρος: 50","align":"left","style":{"color":"orange","fontWeight":"bold","fontSize":10}}}]},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0,"stacking":"normal"},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Το τμήμα του Πειραιά έχει το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό καθυστερημένης αποφοίτησης με 7 στους 10 φοιτητές του τμήματος να αποτελούν φοιτητές 7ου ή μεγαλύτερου έτους. Με μεγάλη ποσοστιαία διαφορά ακολουθούν τα τμήματα της Αθήνας και της Σάμου. Το τμήμα των Γρεβενών είναι νεοσύστατο και δεν έχει φοιτητές ν+2."},"xAxis":{"categories":["ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗΣ (ΠΕΙΡΑΙΑΣ)","ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ (ΑΘΗΝΑ)","ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΩΝ-ΧΡΗΜΑΤΟΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΩΝ (ΣΑΜΟΣ)","ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗΣ (ΓΡΕΒΕΝΑ)"]},"series":[{"data":[0.2956033676333022,0.3815461346633416,0.476328502415459,null],"name":"Φοιτητές εώς 6ο έτος"},{"data":[0.7043966323666978,0.6184538653366584,0.523671497584541,null],"name":"Φοιτητές 7ου έτους και άνω"}],"tooltip":{"valueDecimals":2}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-late-graduation-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;6: Ραβδόγραμμα ποσοστού καθυστερημένης αποφοίτησης
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="άλλες-πληροφορίες" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="άλλες-πληροφορίες">Άλλες πληροφορίες</h2>
<div class="cell" title="Πίνακας: Βασικά χαρακτηριστικά προγραμμάτων σπουδών">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb9" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">reactable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/reactable.html">reactable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">others</span>,</span>
<span>                     columns <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span></span>
<span>    Uni <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/colDef.html">colDef</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανεπιστήμιο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    Diloseis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/colDef.html">colDef</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Όριο δηλώσεων"</span>, style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>      <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Όχι"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#008000"</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span>  <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">else</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e00000"</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    Alysides <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/colDef.html">colDef</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αλυσίδες μαθημάτων"</span>,</span>
<span>                      style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>      <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Όχι"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#008000"</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span>  <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">else</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e00000"</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    Ptyxiaki <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/colDef.html">colDef</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πτυχιακή"</span>,</span>
<span>                      style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>      <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Όχι"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#008000"</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span>  <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">else</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e8c010"</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    Vathmos <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/colDef.html">colDef</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υπολογισμός βαθμού"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-basic-tables" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" title="Πίνακας: Βασικά χαρακτηριστικά προγραμμάτων σπουδών">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl quarto-uncaptioned" id="tbl-basic-tables-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;1
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-basic-tables-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="reactable html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-958b976b04f5aa87be8d" style="width:auto;height:auto;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-958b976b04f5aa87be8d">{"x":{"tag":{"name":"Reactable","attribs":{"data":{"Uni":["AUEB","UniPi2011","UniPi2017","Aegean","UoWM"],"Diloseis":["Ναι","Όχι","Όχι","Όχι","Όχι"],"Alysides":["Ναι","Όχι","Όχι","Όχι","Όχι"],"Ptyxiaki":["Προαιρετική","Όχι","Όχι","Προαιρετική","Όχι"],"Vathmos":["Αριθμητικός μέσος","Σταθμικός μέσος","Αριθμητικός μέσος","Σταθμικός μέσος","Αριθμητικός μέσος"]},"columns":[{"id":"Uni","name":"Πανεπιστήμιο","type":"character"},{"id":"Diloseis","name":"Όριο δηλώσεων","type":"character","style":[{"color":"#e00000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"}]},{"id":"Alysides","name":"Αλυσίδες μαθημάτων","type":"character","style":[{"color":"#e00000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"}]},{"id":"Ptyxiaki","name":"Πτυχιακή","type":"character","style":[{"color":"#e8c010","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#e8c010","fontWeight":"bold"},{"color":"#008000","fontWeight":"bold"}]},{"id":"Vathmos","name":"Υπολογισμός βαθμού","type":"character"}],"dataKey":"237341ab6f93ec5492bc75f7256bcdb0"},"children":[]},"class":"reactR_markup"},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script><p>Βασικά χαρατηριστικά προγραμμάτων σπουδών</p>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="χάρτης" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="χάρτης">Χάρτης</h2>
<p>Τέλος, θα είχε ενδιαφέρον να εξασκήσω τις ικανότητές μου στη δημιουργία χαρτών με την R. Συνήθως χρησιμοποιώ Shapefiles για να έχω μία βάση (στη προκειμένη περίπτωση τα όρια της Ελλάδας), ωστόσο αυτή τη φορά αποφάσισα να χρησιμοποιήσω το πακέτο rnaturalearth. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι απαιτούνται και τα πακέτα rnaturalearthdata και rnaturalhires.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Αριθμός φοιτητών ανά τμήμα στατιστικής">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb10" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">students_by_dept</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">undergrads_by_year</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stringr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Dept</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΗ"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Short <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"UniPi"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"AUEB"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Aegean"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Grevena"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="cell" title="Χαρτογράφηση τμημάτων Στατιστικής">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb11" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">uni_coord</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  uni <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠαΠει"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αιγαίου"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΟΠΑ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠαΔΜ"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  unilong <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιά"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου"</span>,</span>
<span>              <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Οικονομικό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών"</span>,</span>
<span>              <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανεπιστήμιο Δυτικής Μακεδονίας"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  dept <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική και Ασφαλιστική Επιστήμη"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική και Αναλογιστική Επιστήμη"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  studs <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3207</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1035</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1203</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">555</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  long <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">23.6529793</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">26.5664138</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">23.7300928</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">21.4565181</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  lat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">37.77</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">39.0851185</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">38.1940201</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">40.1197471</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  img <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/UNIPI_Emblem.png/250px-UNIPI_Emblem.png"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/df/Aegean_University_logo.gif"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/AUEB_EMBLEM.png/250px-AUEB_EMBLEM.png"</span>,<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/UoWM.png/120px-UoWM.png"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  established <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1938</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1984</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1920</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2003</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  dpt_est <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1977</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2000</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1989</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2019</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  town <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πειραιάς"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σάμος"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αθήνα"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Γρεβενά"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">uni_coord</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">symbol</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"url(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Map_marker_icon_%E2%80%93_Nicolas_Mollet_%E2%80%93_Pin.svg)"</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"url(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Map_marker_icon_%E2%80%93_Nicolas_Mollet_%E2%80%93_Pin.svg)"</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"url(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Map_marker_icon_%E2%80%93_Nicolas_Mollet_%E2%80%93_Pin.svg)"</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"url(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Map_marker_icon_%E2%80%93_Nicolas_Mollet_%E2%80%93_Pin.svg)"</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">raw</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/readLines.html">readLines</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"../../assets/js/gr-all.js"</span>, warn <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, collapse <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">""</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Extract everything between the first { and last }</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">json_str</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stringr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_extract.html">str_extract</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">raw</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"(?&lt;=\\= )\\{.*\\}"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gr_map</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">jsonlite</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jeroen.r-universe.dev/jsonlite/reference/fromJSON.html">fromJSON</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">json_str</span>, simplifyVector <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Load Greece Map</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"map"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    mapData <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gr_map</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># &lt;-- your local map object</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"SA"</span>,</span>
<span>    showInLegend <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">uni_coord</span>,</span>
<span>    type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"mappoint"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>lon <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">long</span>, lat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lat</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">uni</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Departments"</span>,</span>
<span>    color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"brown4"</span>,</span>
<span>    marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      symbol <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"url(https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/5081/5081368.png)"</span>,</span>
<span>      width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">20</span>,</span>
<span>      height <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">20</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;Σχολές Στατιστικής&lt;/b&gt;"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στην Ελλάδα υπάρχουν συνολικά τέσσερις δημόσιες σχολές στατιστικής προπτυχιακού επιπέδου. Η φοίτηση σε αυτές είναι 4ετούς φοίτησης. Αυτές έχουν έδρα στην Αθήνα, στον Πειραιά, στη Σάμο και στα Γρεβενά"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"stesiam, 2025"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Enables HTML formatting</span></span>
<span>  formatter <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/htmlwidgets/man/JS.html">JS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">    function() {</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      return '&lt;div style=\"max-width: 330px; min-width: 200px; white-space: normal;\"&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      '&lt;div style=\"text-align: center; \"&gt;' + </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;b&gt;' + this.point.unilong + '&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;(' + this.point.uni + ')&lt;/div&gt;' + </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;br&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;div style=\"text-align: center;\"&gt;&lt;em&gt;' + this.point.dept + '&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">                '&lt;br&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;img style=\"margin: auto; display:flex; justify-content: center;\" src=\"' + this.point.img + '\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" style=\"border-radius:10px; margin-top:5px;\" /&gt;&lt;br&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;b&gt;Πόλη:&lt;/b&gt;' + this.point.town + '&lt;br&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;b&gt;Ίδρυση Πανεπιστημίου:&lt;/b&gt; ' + this.point.established + '&lt;br&gt;' + </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;b&gt;Ίδρυση Τμήματος:&lt;/b&gt; ' + this.point.dpt_est + '&lt;br&gt;' + </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;b&gt;Αριθμός προπτυχιακών:&lt;/b&gt; ' + this.point.studs +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;/div&gt;';</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">    }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">  "</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-mapping-stats-dept" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-mapping-stats-dept-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-c2423519a4a090e3e39c" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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Ελλάδα υπάρχουν συνολικά τέσσερις δημόσιες σχολές στατιστικής προπτυχιακού επιπέδου. Η φοίτηση σε αυτές είναι 4ετούς φοίτησης. 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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-mapping-stats-dept-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;7: Χάρτης της Ελλάδας που αποτυπώνει τη γεωγραφική θέση όλων των προπτυχιακών τμημάτων Στατιστικής στη χώρα μας.
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="επίλογος" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="επίλογος">Επίλογος</h2>
<p>Η προσωπική μου άποψη είναι ότι το τμήμα Στατιστικής του Αιγαίου είναι μία πολύ δελεαστική επιλογή. Παρουσιάζεται (το τονίζω αυτό, παρουσιάζεται) ως ένα σοβαρό τμήμα με έναν σύγχρονο οδηγό σπουδών (λίγα μαθήματα που αντισταθμίζεται με τον ανάλογο φόρτο εργασίας). Το συγκεκριμένο τμήμα κατά τη γνώμη μου αδικείται από τη βάση που έχει. Αν είχα την επιλογή να διαλέξω δίχως να λάβω υπόψιν το οικονομικό κριτήριο (κόστος ενοικίου κτλ.) θα ήταν η πρώτη μου επιλογή. Βέβαια, αυτή η επιλογή όπως έγραψα και στην αρχή βασίζεται αποκλειστικά σε πράγματα που θα έβρισκα στο διαδίκτυο και απλά τα μάζεψα σε ένα άρθρο. Υπάρχουν και άλλα πράγματα που έχουν σημαντικότατο ρόλο, όπως οι διδάσκοντες, το επίπεδο μαθήματος, τήρηση κανονισμών, εγκαταστάσεις, προσβασιμότητα και άλλα που δυστυχώς θα τα μάθετε, όταν θα είναι πολύ αργά.</p>
</section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section id="ευχαριστίες" class="level2 appendix unlisted"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Ευχαριστίες</h2><div class="quarto-appendix-contents">
<p>Φωτογραφία από <a href="https://pixabay.com/el/users/wokandapix-614097/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=2093746">WOKANDAPIX</a> από το <a href="https://pixabay.com/el//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=2093746">Pixabay</a></p>


</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2023,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Σπουδές Στατιστικής στην Ελλάδα},
  date = {2023-06-20},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/statistics-studies-in-greece/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2023" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. 2023. <span>“Σπουδές Στατιστικής στην Ελλάδα.”</span> June 20,
2023. <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/statistics-studies-in-greece/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/statistics-studies-in-greece/</a>.
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>R</category>
  <category>Περιγραφικη αναλυση</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/statistics-studies-in-greece/</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/statistics-studies-in-greece/uni_class.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Ελληνική κοινότητα επιστήμης δεδομένων</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/kaggle-greek-community/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<p>To <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/">Kaggle</a> είναι από τις πιο γνωστές πλατφόρμες αναλυτών / επιστημόνων δεδομένων μιας και έχει πάνω από 10 εκατομμύρια χρήστες <span class="citation" data-cites="headsortails2022">(Heads or Tails, 2020)</span>. Εκτός από αυτό, το Kaggle προσφέρει πάρα πολλές λειτουργίες, όπως: - Δημιουργία άρθρων που περιέχουν εκτελέσιμο κώδικα καθώς και τα αποτελέσματα αυτού (γραφήματα, στατιστικά αποτελέσματα κτλ.) - Επικοινωνία χρηστών μέσω του φόρουμ συζήτησης και επίλυσης αποριών - Προσφορά αρκετού υλικού επιμόρφωσης των χρηστών και διάφορων μαθημάτων, όπου τα περισσότερα βασίζονται στη Python και σε βιβλιοθήκες της για οπτικοποίηση δεδομένων, θέματα ανάλυσης δεδομένων, μηχανικής και βαθιάς μάθησης - Πολλούς διαγωνισμούς μηχανικής / βαθιάς μάθησης στους οποίους μπορεί να συμμετέχει ο χρήστης</p>
<p>Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι υπάρχουν και άλλες παρόμοιες πλατφόρμες με το Kaggle, ωστόσο καμία τους δεν έχει ούτε τη αντίστοιχη βάση χρηστών, ούτε προσφέρει αντίστοιχες λειτουργίες. Μία εναλλακτική του Kaggle μπορεί να θεωρηθεί το <a href="https://www.drivendata.org/">DrivenData</a>, όσον αφορά το κομμάτι των διαγωνισμών. Προφανώς, δεν μπορείς να δημοσιεύσεις δικό σου άρθρα και στη προαναφερόμενη πλατφόρμα συμμετέχουν αρκετά λιγότεροι χρήστες.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<center>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/kaggle-greek-community/images/kaggle_logo.svg" height="100" class="figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Λογότυπο της πλατφόρμας Kaggle</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</center>
</div></div><p>Η έρευνα μηχανικής μάθησης και επιστήμης δεδομένων (Kaggle Machine Learning &amp; Data Science Survey) είναι μία έρευνα η οποία υλοποιείται σε ετήσια βάση από την ίδια τη πλατφόρμα. Οι χρήστες της απαντάνε σε διάφορα δημογραφικά στοιχεία και οι χρήστες αναλύουν τα δεδομένα σε μία μορφή διαγωνισμού. Σε αυτό το άρθρο θα κάνω μία ανάλυση για τα δεδομένα της έρευνας του 2021, συγκρίνοντας τα χαρακτηριστικά των Ελλήνων χρηστών της πλατφόρμας με αυτά των υπολοίπων.</p>
</section><section id="προετοιμασία" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προετοιμασία">Προετοιμασία</h2>
<section id="εισαγωγή-βιβλιοθηκών" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή-βιβλιοθηκών">Εισαγωγή βιβλιοθηκών</h3>
<p>Σε αυτό το άρθρο θα χρειαστώ να εισάγω και να τροποποιήσω τα δεδομένα μου, συνεπώς η σουίτα πακέτων του tidyverse κρίνεται απαραίτητη μιας και θα αξιοποιήσω λειτουργίες από πακέτα όπως το readr, το dplyr &amp; το tidyr. Ο όγκος των δεδομένων είναι τεράστιος που μας δίνει αρκετές επιλογές ανάλυσης και μας δίνεται η ευκαιρία να οπτικοποιήσουμε αρκετά δεδομένα, μέσω του πακέτου highcharter. Τέλος, σε μεταβλητές οι οποίες έχουν αρκετές τιμές (π.χ. χώρες) ενδεχομένως να χρειαστεί να αναλύσω τα δεδομένα μου και σε πίνακες και για αυτό το λόγο ενδείκνυται η χρήση πινάκων μέσω των πακέτων reactable ή reactablefmtr.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή R πακέτων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Βιβλιοθήκες της R για γενική χρήση</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">readr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">dplyr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org">tidyr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/">purrr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/">forcats</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com">gt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Δημιουργία πινάκων</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/">kableExtra</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://kcuilla.github.io/reactablefmtr/">reactablefmtr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Δημιουργία διαγραμμάτων</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">highcharter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/yixuan/showtext">showtext</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/yixuan/sysfonts">sysfonts</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="εισαγωγή-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή-δεδομένων">Εισαγωγή δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Το Kaggle μας προσφέρει το σύνολο των δεδομένων σε ένα αρχείο csv, συνεπώς θα χρειαστώ την εντολή <code>read_csv</code> από το πακέτο readr. Θα φορτώσω το αντίστοιχο σύνολο δεδομένων ονομάζοντάς το kaggle_2021. Σε αυτό το σύνολο περιλαμβάνεται στη πρώτη σειρά και η ερώτηση που έθεσε στους χρήστες η οποία καλό θα ήταν να μην τη συμπεριλάβω για να διευκολύνω την ανάλυσή μου.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή δεδομένων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org/reference/read_delim.html">read_csv</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"data/kaggle_survey_2021.csv"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Delete second line</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="eπανακωδικοποίηση-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="eπανακωδικοποίηση-δεδομένων">Eπανακωδικοποίηση δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Σε αυτό το σημείο χρειάζεται να κάνω ορισμένα βήματα πριν ξεκινήσω. Με δεδομένο ότι η ανάλυσή μου έχει ως κύριο σκοπό να συγκρίνει τα χαρακτηριστικά των Ελλήνων χρηστών με των υπολοίπων χρηστών θα πρέπει να διακρίνω τα δεδομένα με αυτό το κριτήριο. Υπάρχουν δύο τρόποι με τους οποίους μπορείς να γίνει αυτό:</p>
<ul>
<li>Δημιουργία νέας μεταβλητής και ομαδοποίηση δεδομένων</li>
<li>Φιλτράρισμα και διαχωρισμός συνόλου δεδομένων σε δύο υποσύνολα (Ελλήνων και ξένων χρηστών)</li>
</ul>
<p>Με οποιονδήποτε από τους δύο τρόπους θα είμαστε σε θέση να συγκρίνουμε βασικά χαρακτηριστικά των χρηστών.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Επανακωδικοποίηση μεταβλητών">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q2</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q2</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άνδρας"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Man"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μη δυαδικό"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Nonbinary"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Prefer not to say"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Prefer to self-describe"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Γυναίκα"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Woman"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"55+"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"55-59"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"55+"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"60-69"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"55+"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"70+"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3_iso2c</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">countrycode</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/countrycode/man/countrycode.html">countrycode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"country.name.en"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"iso2c"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_na_value_to_level.html">fct_na_value_to_level</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">countrycode</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/countrycode/man/countrycode.html">countrycode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"country.name.en"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"cldr.name.el"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_na_value_to_level.html">fct_na_value_to_level</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q4</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q4</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Προπτυχιακό"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Bachelor’s degree"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διδακτορικό"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Doctoral degree"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"I prefer not to answer"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταπτυχιακό"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Master’s degree"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Απόφοιτος Λυκείου"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"No formal education past high school"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διδακτορικό"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Professional doctorate"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταλυκειακές σπουδές"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Some college/university study without earning a bachelor’s degree"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q4</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html">factor</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q4</span>,</span>
<span>  levels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Απόφοιτος Λυκείου"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταλυκειακές σπουδές"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Προπτυχιακό"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταπτυχιακό"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διδακτορικό"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q5</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q5</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αναλυτής Επιχειρήσεων"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Business Analyst"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άνεργος"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Currently not employed"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αναλυτής Δεδομένων"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Data Analyst"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μηχανικός Δεδομένων"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Data Engineer"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Επιστήμονας Δεδομένων"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Data Scientist"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μηχανικός Βάσης Δεδομένων"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"DBA/Database Engineer"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υπεύθυνος Σχέσεων/Υποστήριξης Προγραμματιστών"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Developer Relations/Advocacy"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μηχανικός Μηχανικής Μάθησης"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Machine Learning Engineer"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Other"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Project Manager"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Program/Project Manager"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μηχανικός Έρευνας"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Research Scientist"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μηχανικός Λογισμικού"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Software Engineer"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστικός"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Statistician"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Φοιτητής"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Student"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">## Recoding kaggle_2021$Q6</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q6</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q6</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt; 1"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt; 1 years"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1-3"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1-3 years"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10-20"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10-20 years"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20+"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20+ years"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"3-5"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"3-5 years"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5-10"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5-10 years"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"I have never written code"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q11</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q11</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πλατφόρμα Cloud"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"A cloud computing platform (AWS, Azure, GCP, hosted notebooks, etc)"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Workstation για βαθιά μάθηση"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"A deep learning workstation (NVIDIA GTX, LambdaLabs, etc)"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Λάπτοπ"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"A laptop"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Επιτραπέζιο υπολογιστή"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"A personal computer / desktop"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κανένα"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"None"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Other"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q13</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q13</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2-5"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2-5 times"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"6-25"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"6-25 times"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt; 25"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"More than 25 times"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Never"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Once"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q21</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q21</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-49"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-49 employees"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt; 10,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10,000 or more employees"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1000-9,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1000-9,999 employees"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"250-999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"250-999 employees"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50-249"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50-249 employees"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Q3 <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/if_else.html">if_else</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">!=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ελλάδα"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="προεπισκόπηση-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προεπισκόπηση-δεδομένων">Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων</h3>
<div class="cell" data-tbl-cap-location="top">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q2</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q4</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q5</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q6</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q11</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q13</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q21</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-preview-kaggle-dataset" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" data-tbl-cap-location="top">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-preview-kaggle-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;1: Προεπισκόπηση πρώτων 5 σειρών του συνόλου δεδομένων
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<strong>Γλώσσα προγραμματισμού</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">Q8</span>
</th>
<th id="Q11" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Εξοπλισμός</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">Q11</span>
</th>
<th id="Q13" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">Q13</span>
</th>
<th id="Q21" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Αμοιβή</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">Q21</span>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q1">50-54</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q2">Άνδρας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q3">Άλλο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q4">Προπτυχιακό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q5">Άλλο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q6">5-10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q8">Python</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q11">Λάπτοπ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q13">2-5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q21">50-249</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q1">50-54</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q2">Άνδρας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q3">Άλλο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q4">Μεταπτυχιακό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q5">Project Manager</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q6">20+</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q8">Python</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q11">Πλατφόρμα Cloud</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q13">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q21">1000-9,999</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q1">22-24</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q2">Άνδρας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q3">Άλλο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q4">Μεταπτυχιακό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q5">Μηχανικός Λογισμικού</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q6">1-3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q8">Python</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q11">Λάπτοπ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q13">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q21">1000-9,999</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q1">45-49</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q2">Άνδρας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q3">Άλλο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q4">Διδακτορικό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q5">Μηχανικός Έρευνας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q6">20+</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q8">Python</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q11">Πλατφόρμα Cloud</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q13">&gt; 25</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q21">1000-9,999</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q1">45-49</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q2">Άνδρας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q3">Άλλο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q4">Διδακτορικό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q5">Άλλο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q6">&lt; 1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q8">Python</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q11">Πλατφόρμα Cloud</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q13">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Q21">50-249</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section></section><section id="η-κοινότητα-του-kaggle" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="η-κοινότητα-του-kaggle">Η κοινότητα του Kaggle</h2>
<p>Ένα από τα πρώτα πράγματα που παρατήρησα όταν εγγράφηκα στην πλατφόρμα του Kaggle είναι το μεγάλο εύρος εθνικοτήτων που υπάρχει στη πλατφόρμα. Αρκετοί άνθρωποι από διάφορες χώρες, όλοι συγκεντρωμένοι σε μία ιστοσελίδα επειδή μοιράζονται το ίδιο πάθος για τον προγραμματισμό, την ανάλυση δεδομένων και την επιστήμη δεδομένων. Κάτι σαν το Facebook αλλά για τη Στατιστική :) Για να αναδείξω αυτό το στοιχείο της κοινότητας θα χρησιμοποιήσω έναν διαδραστικό πίνακα μέσω του πακέτου <code>reactable</code> για να διαπιστώσουμε τις εθνικότητες που εκπροσωπούνται περισσότερο. Από τον παρακάτω πίνακα ξεχωρίζουμε ότι οι χρήστες από την Ινδία αποτελούν τη μεγαλύτερη κοινότητα με το ένα τέταρτο των χρηστών, ακολουθούμενη από τους χρήστες από τις ΗΠΑ. Οι Έλληνες χρήστες της πλατφόρμας είναι αρκετά λίγοι και τουλάχιστον στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν σε ποσοστό 0.39% του συνόλου των χρηστών που έλαβαν μέρος.</p>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-note callout-titled">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
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<span class="screen-reader-only">Σημείωση</span>Μία σύντομη σημείωση
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<p>Θα πρέπει να σημειώσουμε ότι τα δεδομένα και συνεπώς και τα αποτελέσματα προέρχονται αποκλειστικά από την έρευνα που έχει διεξάγει η πλατφορμα του Kaggle. Δεν είναι μία συνολική εικόνα της κοινότητας της επιστήμης δεδομένων. Επίσης, θα πρέπει να σημειωθεί ότι η έρευνα είναι προαιρετική επομένως μελετάμε τα χαρακτηριστικά αυτών που επιθυμούσαν να συμμετέχουν στην έρευνα.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell" title="Πίνακας: Χώρες συμμετεχόντων στην έρευνα">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb5" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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</details><div id="tbl-kaggle-users-nationality" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" title="Πίνακας: Χώρες συμμετεχόντων στην έρευνα">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-kaggle-users-nationality-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;2: Απόλυτος αριθμός και ποσοστό χρηστών ανά χώρα προέλευσης
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-kaggle-users-nationality-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="reactable html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-17878a99cae9a292af1f" style="width:auto;height:auto;"></div>
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</section><section id="συμμετοχή-γυναικών-στον-κλάδο" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="συμμετοχή-γυναικών-στον-κλάδο">Συμμετοχή γυναικών στον κλάδο</h2>
<p>Γενικότερα, παρατηρείται διαχρονικά σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο μία υποεκπροσώπηση των γυναικών στην αγορά εργασίας. Σύμφωνα με την Παγκόσμια Τράπεζα <span class="citation" data-cites="worldbank2023">(2023)</span> μόλις 5 στις 10 γυναίκες απασχολούνται, σε αντίθεση με τους άνδρες όπου η αντίστοιχη αναλογία προσεγγίζει τους 7 στους 10. Εδώ όμως θέλουμε να μελετήσουμε συγκεκριμένα για το πεδίο της επιστήμης δεδομένων. Τελικά, στον κλάδο μας ακολουθείται το ίδιο μοτίβο της μη συμπερίληψης; Η απάντηση είναι ΝΑΙ, αλλά με ισχυρές διαφοροποιήσεις ανά χώρα.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3_iso2c</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>n <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/context.html">n</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            Women <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html">factor</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Γυναίκα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            pct_women <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Women</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>iso2c <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/chartr.html">tolower</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3_iso2c</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct_women</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Add emoji flags</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>flag <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/reference/map.html">map_chr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">iso2c</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chars</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/utf8Conversion.html">utf8ToInt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/chartr.html">toupper</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/utf8Conversion.html">intToUtf8</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">127397</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chars</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/utf8Conversion.html">intToUtf8</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">127397</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chars</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bar"</span>, inverted <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;Συμμετοχή γυναικών στη κοινότητα της επιστήμης δεδομένων&lt;/b&gt;"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/reference/glue.html">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σύμφωνα με τη πρόσφατη έρευνα του Kaggle, οι γυναίκες υποεκπροσωπούνται στην κοινότητα της επιστήμης των δεδομένων. Η χώρα με την ισχυρότερη (αναλογικά) συμμετοχή είναι η Τυνησία και αυτή με τη χαμηλότερη το Περού. Τέλος, η &lt;b&gt;Ελλάδα&lt;/b&gt; έχει μία σχετικά απογοητευτική απόδοση στον συγκεκριμένο δείκτη καταλαμβάνοντας τη 40η θέση με ποσοστό 15.7%, και με δεδομένο ότι ο μέσος όρος συμμετοχής είναι στο {round(mean(data$pct_women),digits = 2)} %"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δεδομένα: Έρευνα χρηστών του Kaggle 2021 | &lt;b&gt;stesiam&lt;/b&gt;, 2023"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span>, title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colorAxis.html">hc_colorAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      minColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#f2e5f7"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># light lavender</span></span>
<span>      maxColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#4a0072"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># deep purple</span></span>
<span>      stops <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.0</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#f2e5f7"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># very light lavender</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.5</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#9c4dcc"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># medium purple</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1.0</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#4a0072"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># dark royal purple</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Women %"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/reference/map.html">map</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/seq.html">seq_len</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/nrow.html">nrow</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct_women</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                Women <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Women</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                n <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                country <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                flag <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_decreasing</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">flag</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>        formatter <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/htmlwidgets/man/JS.html">JS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      function() {</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        var point = this.point;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        return '&lt;span style=\"font-size:22px\"&gt;' + point.flag + '&lt;/span&gt; ' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               '&lt;b&gt;' + point.country + '&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               'Ποσοστό: ' + Highcharts.numberFormat(this.y, 2) + '%&lt;br&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">               'Απόλυτος αριθμός: ' + point.Women + ' / ' + point.n;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">    "</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>   <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        series <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            borderWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>            pointPadding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.1</span>,</span>
<span>            groupPadding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.04</span>,</span>
<span>            animation <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>duration <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">800</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> </span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-women-pct-ds-community" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-women-pct-ds-community-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-79ae493e24c4dd11f8e6" style="width:100%;height:1114px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-79ae493e24c4dd11f8e6">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar","inverted":true},"title":{"text":"<b>Συμμετοχή γυναικών στη κοινότητα της επιστήμης δεδομένων<\/b>"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό (%)"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0,"borderWidth":0,"pointPadding":0.1,"groupPadding":0.04,"animation":{"duration":800}},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Σύμφωνα με τη πρόσφατη έρευνα του Kaggle, οι γυναίκες υποεκπροσωπούνται στην κοινότητα της επιστήμης των δεδομένων. Η χώρα με την ισχυρότερη (αναλογικά) συμμετοχή είναι η Τυνησία και αυτή με τη χαμηλότερη το Περού. Τέλος, η <b>Ελλάδα<\/b> έχει μία σχετικά απογοητευτική απόδοση στον συγκεκριμένο δείκτη καταλαμβάνοντας τη 40η θέση με ποσοστό 15.7%, και με δεδομένο ότι ο μέσος όρος συμμετοχής είναι στο 17.66 %"},"caption":{"text":"Δεδομένα: Έρευνα χρηστών του Kaggle 2021 | <b>stesiam<\/b>, 2023"},"xAxis":{"categories":["Τυνησία","Σρι Λάνκα","Σαουδική Αραβία","Μαλαισία","Αλγερία","Ιράν","Αίγυπτος","Ρουμανία","Ηνωμένα Αραβικά Εμιράτα","Πορτογαλία","Ταϊβάν","Φιλιππίνες","Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες","Ινδία","Νορβηγία","Ινδονησία","Κένυα","Σιγκαπούρη","Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο","Νότια Κορέα","Ταϊλάνδη","Καναδάς","Μαρόκο","Νότια Αφρική","Ουγκάντα","Τουρκία","Βιετνάμ","Ιράκ","Ελβετία","Χονγκ Κονγκ ΕΔΠ Κίνας","Άλλο","Τσεχία","Ισραήλ","Γερμανία","Γαλλία","Ολλανδία","Ουκρανία","Ισημερινός","Αυστρία","Ελλάδα","Καζακστάν","Πακιστάν","Νιγηρία","Αυστραλία","Ρωσία","Πολωνία","Σουηδία","Μπανγκλαντές","Αργεντινή","Κίνα","Ισπανία","Δανία","Βέλγιο","Μεξικό","Λευκορωσία","Κολομβία","Βραζιλία","Ιταλία","Ιρλανδία","Νεπάλ","Χιλή","Γκάνα","Ιαπωνία","Αιθιοπία","Περού"],"title":{"text":null}},"legend":{"enabled":false},"colorAxis":{"minColor":"#f2e5f7","maxColor":"#4a0072","stops":[[0,"#f2e5f7"],[0.5,"#9c4dcc"],[1,"#4a0072"]]},"series":[{"name":"Women %","data":[{"y":38.53211009174312,"Women":42,"n":109,"country":"Τυνησία","flag":"🇹🇳"},{"y":33.9622641509434,"Women":36,"n":106,"country":"Σρι Λάνκα","flag":"🇱🇰"},{"y":30.3370786516854,"Women":27,"n":89,"country":"Σαουδική Αραβία","flag":"🇸🇦"},{"y":27.56410256410257,"Women":43,"n":156,"country":"Μαλαισία","flag":"🇲🇾"},{"y":27.27272727272727,"Women":12,"n":44,"country":"Αλγερία","flag":"🇩🇿"},{"y":26.66666666666667,"Women":52,"n":195,"country":"Ιράν","flag":"🇮🇷"},{"y":26.34854771784233,"Women":127,"n":482,"country":"Αίγυπτος","flag":"🇪🇬"},{"y":26.22950819672131,"Women":16,"n":61,"country":"Ρουμανία","flag":"🇷🇴"},{"y":25.22522522522522,"Women":28,"n":111,"country":"Ηνωμένα Αραβικά Εμιράτα","flag":"🇦🇪"},{"y":24.36974789915966,"Women":29,"n":119,"country":"Πορτογαλία","flag":"🇵🇹"},{"y":24.25149700598802,"Women":81,"n":334,"country":"Ταϊβάν","flag":"🇹🇼"},{"y":24.07407407407407,"Women":26,"n":108,"country":"Φιλιππίνες","flag":"🇵🇭"},{"y":22.86792452830188,"Women":606,"n":2650,"country":"Ηνωμένες 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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-women-pct-ds-community-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;1: Ραβδόγραμμα συμμετοχής γυναικών στην έρευνα του Kaggle
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Αυτή η μεγάλη ανισότητα στην συμμετοχή των γυναικών εκτός από στενάχωρη, είναι αρκετά προβληματική. Ευτυχώς, διάφορες κοινότητες έχουν αναγνωρίσει το πρόβλημα και έχουν δημιουργηθεί ομάδες που ενδυναμώνουν τη συμμετοχή των γυναικών στον κλάδο μας. Η πιο γνωστή σε εμένα ομάδα, όντας R χρήστης, είναι η κοινότητα R-ladies όπου υπάρχουν παραρτήματα αυτών των ομάδων σε διάφορες χώρες. Διοργανώνουν αρκετά συχνά πολλά σεμινάρια από τα οποία μπορείτε να τα βρείτε στο Youtube. Τέλος, από περιέργεια έψαξα και όντως υπάρχει αντίστοιχη ομάδα και για τη Python, η PyLadies.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/kaggle-greek-community/images/logo_rladies.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" alt="Λογότυπο της κοινότητας R-ladies, ένα γράμμα R με μωβ χρώμα, βασισμένο στο πρωτότυπο λογότυπο της γλώσσας προγραμματισμού."></p>
<figcaption>Λογότυπο ομάδας R-ladies</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p>Η ομάδα R-ladies είναι ένας οργανισμός που αποτελείται από άτομα που τους αρέσει η γλώσσα προγραμματισμού R και θέλουν να προωθήσουν την υποεκπροσώπηση μειονοτήτων, όχι απλώς των (σις) γυναικών, αλλά και των μειονοτικών φύλων. Αυτή τη στιγμή κοινότητες R ladies υπάρχουν σε 65 χώρες, και συνολικά 225 παραρτήματα. Υπάρχουν παραρτήματα που είναι ιδιαίτερα ενεργά και έχουν ανεξάρτητα κανάλια στο Youtube ή σελίδες στο διαδίκτυο. Στην Ελλάδα μπόρεσα να βρω πληροφορίες για δύο κοινότητες μία στην Αθήνα και μία στη Θεσσαλονίκη.</p>
</div></div></section><section id="ηλικιακή-κατανομή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ηλικιακή-κατανομή">Ηλικιακή Κατανομή</h2>
<p>Η κοινότητα των Ελλήνων χρηστών αποτελείται από μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας άτομα σε σχέση με την υπόλοιπη κοινότητα. Η πολυπληθέστερη ηλικιακή ομάδα στην Ελλάδα είναι οι 25-29 ετών, ενώ υπάρχει ένα σημαντικό ποσοστό 40άρηδων. Από την άλλη μεριά ο πληθυσμός των υπολοίπων χρηστών είναι αρκετά νεανικός, με τη συντριπτική πλειοψηφία των χρηστών να συγκεντρώνεται στις μικρότερες ηλικιακές ομάδες. Αθροίζοντας το συγκεκριμένο ποσοστό, οι τρεις αυτές ομάδες προσεγγίζουν το 60% των συνολικών χρηστών, αντί του 42% για την Ελληνική κοινότητα. Με μία πιο προσεκτική ματιά στο διάγραμμα μπορούμε να δούμε ότι η μεγαλύτερη διαφορά είναι. Αυτά τα ευρήματα ίσως είναι ένα στοιχείο ότι η πλατφόρμα καα γενικότερα ο κλάδος της επιστήμης δεδομένων δεν έχει ωριμάσει στην Ελλάδα όσο στον υπόλοιπο κόσμο και για αυτό η χρήση της να περιορίζεται στην Ελλάδα σε άτομα μετά τα 25 έτη, άτομα που πιθανότατα έχουν ήδη πτυχίο και έχουν ένα πανεπιστημιακό υπόβαθρο και κάποιου είδους εργασιακή εμπειρία (40+). Για αυτό θα ελέγξουμε και σχετικές μεταβλητές σε λίγο να δούμε αν αυτή η αρχική εξήγηση - εντύπωση θα επιβεβαιωθεί.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Ηλικιακή κατανομή Ελλήνων - Ξένων χρηστών">
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</details><div id="fig-age-distribution" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-age-distribution-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-a512bc2720293321b32a" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-age-distribution-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;2: Διάγραμμα περιοχής για τη μελέτη της κατανομής των ηλικιακών ομάδων μεταξύ των χρηστών από την Ελλάδα και των χρηστών άλλων χωρών.
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Τέλος, δεν θα ήθελα να κλείσω την ενότητα δίχως να έχω και ένα συμπέρασμα για την αγαπημένη μου γλώσσα προγραμματισμού. Συγκρίνοντας τις δύο πιο διαδεδομένες γλώσσες προγραμματισμού ως προς την χρήση τους ανά ηλικιακή ομάδα παρατηρώ ότι και στις δύο γλώσσες οι μικρές ηλικίες, κάτω των 29 ετών αποτελούν τη πλειοψηφία των χρηστών τους. Αυτό είναι λογικό αν αναλογιστούμε ότι ο προγραμματισμός και η ανάλυση δεδομένων είναι κλάδοι με ιδιαίτερα υψηλή ζήτηση και επαγγελαμτική αποκατάσταση και οι γλώσσες προγραμματισμού αποτελούν προαπαιτούμενο σε σχέση με κάποια χρόνια πριν. Επίσης, παρατηρούμε ότι η Python έχει μεγαλύτερη συγκέντρωση χρηστών στις ηλικίες μέχρι 29 ετών, ενώ η R έχει αρκετά σημαντική παρουσία χρηστών μεγαλύτερων ηλικιών. Αυτό ήταν αναμενόμενο καθώς η R είχε από πάντα σκοπό και χαρακτηριζόταν ως μία γλώσσα για στατιστική ανάλυση, οπότε είναι αναμενόμενο να έχει περισσότερους υφιστάμενους - μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας χρήστες στο τομέα της επιστήμης δεδομένων, σε σχέση με τη Python. Μάλιστα η Python εδραιώθηκε στο τομέα της επιστήμης δεδομένων με την δημιουργία βιβλιοθηκών που υποστήριζαν την εισαγωγή δεδομένων (pandas, 2008), την οπτικοποίησή τους (matplotlib, 2003), την ανάλυσή τους (statsmodels, 2009) και τέλος την κατασκευή στατιστικών - προβλεπτικών μοντέλων μηχανικής μάθησης (scikit-learn, 2007).</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Ηλικιακή κατανομή ορογραμμαιστών με R και Python">
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>n <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/context.html">n</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, .groups <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drop"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/match.html">%in%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, digits <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">ungroup</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"areaspline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ηλικιακή κατανομή χρηστών ανά γλώσσα προγραμματισμού"</span>,</span>
<span>             style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20px"</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Το ένα τέταρτο των Ελλήνων χρηστών ανήκουν στη ηλικιακή ομάδα των 25-29 ετών..."</span>,</span>
<span>                style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"14px"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#555"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/unique.html">unique</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατανομή (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>             gridLineColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e6e6e6"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, valueSuffix <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" %"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.4</span>, marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>, align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>, verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"top"</span>,</span>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>, borderWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f78b4"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#ff7f0e"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"R"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dt</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"R"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Python"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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</details><div id="fig-age-distribution-proglang" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-age-distribution-proglang-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-3169beb736fce3991b2e" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-age-distribution-proglang-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;3: Διάγραμμα περιοχής για τη μελέτη της κατανομής των ηλικιακών ομάδων μεταξύ των προγραμματιστών με γλώσσα R και Python.
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="εκπαιδευτικό-υπόβαθρο" class="level1"><h1>Εκπαιδευτικό Υπόβαθρο</h1>
<p>Ένα άλλο στοιχείο που αξίζει διερεύνησης είναι το υψηλότερο επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης που έχουν οι Έλληνες χρήστες έναντι των υπολοίπων χρηστών της πλατφόρμας. Προηγουμένως, παρατηρήσαμε μία κατανομή ηλικιών στην οποία δηλωνόταν ότι η συμμετοχή των μεγαλύτερων ηλικιών είναι μεγαλύτερη από την αντίστοιχη των άλλων χρηστών. Η υποψία μου είναι ότι έχοντας χρήστες τόσο μεγάλης ηλικίας πιθανότατα να υποδηλώνει μία κοινότητα αρκετά εξειδικευμένη. Αυτή η εντύπωση φαίνεται να επιβεβαιώνεται, μιας και οι κάτοχοι μεταπτυχιακού ή διδακτορικού τίτλου είναι σαφώς περισσότεροι αναλογικά. Περίπου το 78% των Ελλήνων χρηστών έχει τίτλο μεταπτυχιακού ή ανώτερο τίτλο ενώ ο ανάλογος δείκτης για την υπόλοιπη ομάδα χρηστών είναι 50%.</p>
<div class="cell">
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</details><div id="fig-educ-level-gr-rest" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-educ-level-gr-rest-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-e3903cc8dad199c08c25" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-e3903cc8dad199c08c25">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar"},"title":{"text":"Εκπαιδευτικό υπόβαθρο χρηστών (🇬🇷 / 🌍)"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό (%) ερωτηθέντων ανά χώρα","align":"high"},"min":0,"labels":{"overflow":"justify"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"bar":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":true}}},"subtitle":{"text":"Οι Έλληνες χρήστες έχουν υψηλότερους τίτλους σπουδών με 77% να έχει μεταπτυχιακό ή διδακτορικό δίπλωμα. Το αντίστοιχο ποσοστό στις υπόλοιπες χώρες είναι 50%."},"caption":{"text":"Σημείωση: Τα ποσοστά αναφέρονται σε επίπεδο χώρας. <br> stesiam, 2023"},"xAxis":{"categories":["Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό"],"title":{"text":null}},"tooltip":{"valueSuffix":" %"},"series":[{"name":"Ελλάδα","data":[18.6,57.8,20.6]},{"name":"Υπόλοιπος Κόσμος","data":[38.2,38.9,12.1]}],"colors":["#1f78b4","#33a02c"],"legend":{"align":"center","verticalAlign":"top","layout":"horizontal"}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-educ-level-gr-rest-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;4: Ραβδόγραμμα επιπέδου εκπαίδευσης χρηστών της πλατφόρμας
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/match.html">%in%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Προπτυχιακό"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταπτυχιακό"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διδακτορικό"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bar"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εκπαιδευτικό υπόβαθρο χρηστών (🇬🇷 / 🌍)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Οι Έλληνες χρήστες έχουν υψηλότερους τίτλους σπουδών με 77% να έχει μεταπτυχιακό ή διδακτορικό δίπλωμα. Το αντίστοιχο ποσοστό στις υπόλοιπες χώρες είναι 50%."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σημείωση: Τα ποσοστά αναφέρονται σε επίπεδο χώρας. &lt;br&gt; stesiam, 2023"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">d</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q4</span>,</span>
<span>           title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>           title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό (%) ερωτηθέντων ανά χώρα"</span>, align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"high"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>           labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>overflow <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"justify"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>valueSuffix <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" %"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>bar <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_series.html">hc_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"R"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">d</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"R"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Python"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">d</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Python"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f78b4"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#ff7f0e"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>    verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"top"</span>,</span>
<span>    layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-educ-level-gr-rest1" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-educ-level-gr-rest1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-9e6835cf24d8d71449ab" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-9e6835cf24d8d71449ab">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar"},"title":{"text":"Εκπαιδευτικό υπόβαθρο χρηστών (🇬🇷 / 🌍)"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό (%) ερωτηθέντων ανά χώρα","align":"high"},"min":0,"labels":{"overflow":"justify"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"bar":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":true}}},"subtitle":{"text":"Οι Έλληνες χρήστες έχουν υψηλότερους τίτλους σπουδών με 77% να έχει μεταπτυχιακό ή διδακτορικό δίπλωμα. Το αντίστοιχο ποσοστό στις υπόλοιπες χώρες είναι 50%."},"caption":{"text":"Σημείωση: Τα ποσοστά αναφέρονται σε επίπεδο χώρας. <br> stesiam, 2023"},"xAxis":{"categories":["Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό","Προπτυχιακό","Μεταπτυχιακό","Διδακτορικό"],"title":{"text":null}},"tooltip":{"valueSuffix":" %"},"series":[{"name":"R","data":[28.6,41.7,20.6]},{"name":"Python","data":[38.8,39.2,11.9]}],"colors":["#1f78b4","#ff7f0e"],"legend":{"align":"center","verticalAlign":"top","layout":"horizontal"}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-educ-level-gr-rest1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;5: Ραβδόγραμμα επιπέδου εκπαίδευσης χρηστών της πλατφόρμας
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<section id="εργασία" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εργασία">Εργασία</h2>
<p>Μέχρι στιγμής ξέρω ότι η μικρή κοινότητα των Ελλήνων επιστημόνων δεδομένων κατά κατανομή από άτομα μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας και υψηλότερης εξειδίκευσης - πανεπιστημιακών τίτλων. Αυτό όμως μεταφράζεται σε χρόνια επαγγελματικής εμπειρίας στο πεδίο; Οργανώνοντας τις κατηγορίες ανάλογα με τα χρόνια εξασκήσης επαγγέλματος:</p>
<ul>
<li>Καμία (0 έτη)</li>
<li>Λιγότερο από ένα έτος</li>
<li>Από ένα μέχρι τρία έτη (1-3)</li>
<li>Από τρία μέχρι πέντε έτη (3-5)</li>
<li>ΑπΌ 5 μέχρι δέκα έτη (5-10)</li>
<li>Από 10 μέχρι είκοσι έτη (10-20)</li>
<li>Πάνω από 20 έτη (&gt;20)</li>
</ul>
<p>Ένα ενδιαφέρον στοιχείο του διαγράμματος είναι ότι οι χρήστες με εργασιακή εμπειρία μέχρι 1 έτος αντιπροσωπεύουν το 1/5 για τους Έλληνες χρήστες και το 1/4 για τους χρήστες της πλατφόρμας. Αυτό δηλώνει ένα πεδίο που έχει σημαντική ζήτηση όπου υπάρχει που σημαντικό μέρος των ομάδων αυτών έχουν πιθανότατα έχουν πρόσφατα εισέλθει στη αγορά εργασίας και συγκεκριμένα στο πεδίο της ανάλυσης δεδομένων. Επιπλέον, επιβεβαιώνεται ότι οι Έλληνες χρήστες αναλογικά έχουν περισσότερη εργασιακή εμπειρία σε σύγκριση με τους υπόλοιπους χρήστες της πλατφόρμας γεγονός που οφείλεται στην ηλικιακή δομή και το επίπεδο σπουδών των συμμετεχόντων.</p>
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</details>
</div>
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f78b4"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#33a02c"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.5</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># match the Highcharts demo's fill</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>,</span>
<span>    verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"top"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ελλάδα"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Ελλάδα</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υπόλοιπος Κόσμος"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Άλλο</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-c668557ef78f2a77a894" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-c668557ef78f2a77a894">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"areaspline"},"title":{"text":"Χρόνια προϋπηρεσίας ανά χώρα προέλευσης (🇬🇷 / 🌍)"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Κατανομή (%)"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"areaspline":{"fillOpacity":0.5}},"subtitle":{"text":"Το ένα τέταρτο των Ελλήνων χρηστών ανήκουν στη ηλικιακή ομάδα των 25-29 ετών. Γενικότερα τα άτομα κάτω των 29 ετών αποτελούν το 42% των Ελλήνων χρηστών και το 56% από άλλες χώρες."},"xAxis":{"categories":["0","< 1","1-3","3-5","5-10","10-20","20+"]},"tooltip":{"shared":true,"valueSuffix":" %"},"colors":["#1f78b4","#33a02c"],"legend":{"layout":"horizontal","verticalAlign":"top"},"series":[{"data":[2,17.6,22.5,13.7,20.6,13.7,9.800000000000001],"name":"Ελλάδα"},{"data":[4,22.7,30.3,15.6,11.9,8.300000000000001,7.2],"name":"Υπόλοιπος Κόσμος"}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
<p>Παρά τη μεγάλη εμπειρία και τη σημαντικότερη εξειδίκευση που προκύπτει από τις ανώτερες σπουδές οι Έλληνες επιστήμονες δεδομένων εργάζονται σε σχετικά μικρές εταιρείες και οργανισμούς. Αυτό το στοιχείο είναι αρκετά σημαντικό, αν αναλογιστούμε ότι περίπου το 47% των ξένων δήλωσαν ότι εργάζονται σε επιχειρήσεις έως 250 υπαλλήλων και το αντίστοιχο ποσοστό για τους Έλληνες είναι 58%.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb13" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q21</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q21</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_relevel.html">fct_relevel</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-49"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50-249"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"250-999"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1000-9,999"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt; 10,000"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html">drop_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q21</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/count.html">count</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q21</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>sum <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>         pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sum</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span>, digits <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q21</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pivot_wider.html">pivot_wider</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>names_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Q3"</span>, values_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pct"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">ungroup</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"areaspline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μέγεθος επιχειρήσεων ανά χώρα προέλευσης (🇬🇷 / 🌍)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός υπαλλήλων που απασχολεί η εταιρεία του ερωτώμενου"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/unique.html">unique</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q21</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατανομή (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, valueSuffix <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" %"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f78b4"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#33a02c"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.5</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># match the Highcharts demo's fill</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>,</span>
<span>    verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"top"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ελλάδα"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Ελλάδα</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υπόλοιπος Κόσμος"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Άλλο</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-8c9a482fa5b1a57ee8c8" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-8c9a482fa5b1a57ee8c8">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"areaspline"},"title":{"text":"Μέγεθος επιχειρήσεων ανά χώρα προέλευσης (🇬🇷 / 🌍)"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Κατανομή (%)"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"areaspline":{"fillOpacity":0.5}},"subtitle":{"text":"Αριθμός υπαλλήλων που απασχολεί η εταιρεία του ερωτώμενου"},"xAxis":{"categories":["0-49","50-249","250-999","1000-9,999","> 10,000"]},"tooltip":{"shared":true,"valueSuffix":" %"},"colors":["#1f78b4","#33a02c"],"legend":{"layout":"horizontal","verticalAlign":"top"},"series":[{"data":[35.5,23.7,11.8,15.8,13.2],"name":"Ελλάδα"},{"data":[31.1,15.8,13.3,18.8,21.1],"name":"Υπόλοιπος Κόσμος"}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb14" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q25ed</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q25</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt;200,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt;$1,000,000"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-9,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"$0-999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt;200,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"$500,000-999,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-9,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1,000-1,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10,000-19,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10,000-14,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"100,000-200,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"100,000-124,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"100,000-200,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"125,000-149,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10,000-19,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"15,000-19,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"100,000-200,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"150,000-199,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-9,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2,000-2,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20,000-29,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20,000-24,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt;200,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"200,000-249,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20,000-29,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"25,000-29,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt;200,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"250,000-299,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-9,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"3,000-3,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"30,000-49,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"30,000-39,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt;200,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"300,000-499,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-9,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"4,000-4,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"30,000-49,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"40,000-49,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-9,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5,000-7,499"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50,000-69,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50,000-59,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50,000-69,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"60,000-69,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-9,999"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"7,500-9,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"70,000-99,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"70,000-79,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"70,000-99,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80,000-89,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"70,000-99,000"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"90,000-99,999"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q25ed</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q25ed</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_relevel.html">fct_relevel</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0-9,999"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10,000-19,999"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20,000-29,999"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"30,000-49,999"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50,000-69,999"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"70,000-99,000"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"100,000-200,000"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&gt;200,000"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html">drop_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q25ed</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/count.html">count</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q25ed</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>sum <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>         pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sum</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span>, digits <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q25ed</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pivot_wider.html">pivot_wider</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>names_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Q3"</span>, values_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pct"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">ungroup</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"areaspline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αμοιβή ανά χώρα (🇬🇷 / 🌍)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό ερωτώμενων ανά κατηγορία αμοιβής"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q25ed</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατανομή (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, valueSuffix <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" %"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f78b4"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#33a02c"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.5</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># match the Highcharts demo's fill</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>,</span>
<span>    verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"top"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ελλάδα"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Ελλάδα</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υπόλοιπος Κόσμος"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Άλλο</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-a062fbbe87421bd4af45" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-a062fbbe87421bd4af45">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"areaspline"},"title":{"text":"Αμοιβή ανά χώρα (🇬🇷 / 🌍)"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Κατανομή (%)"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"areaspline":{"fillOpacity":0.5}},"subtitle":{"text":"Ποσοστό ερωτώμενων ανά κατηγορία αμοιβής"},"xAxis":{"categories":["0-9,999","10,000-19,999","20,000-29,999","30,000-49,999","50,000-69,999","70,000-99,000","100,000-200,000",">200,000"]},"tooltip":{"shared":true,"valueSuffix":" %"},"colors":["#1f78b4","#33a02c"],"legend":{"layout":"horizontal","verticalAlign":"top"},"series":[{"data":[23,32.4,14.9,6.8,6.8,8.1,6.8,1.4],"name":"Ελλάδα"},{"data":[45.6,9.800000000000001,6.8,9.300000000000001,8.1,7.8,9.699999999999999,2.8],"name":"Υπόλοιπος Κόσμος"}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
<p>Οκ, περισσότερη εμπειρία. Όμως με τι ασχολούνται; Υπάρχουν διάφορες εργασίες που εσωκλείει ο όρος Επιστήμη Δεδομένων. Ο αναλυτής δεδομένων, ο επιστήμονας δεδομένων, ο μηχανικός δεδομένων είναι μερικές από</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb15" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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</details>
</div>
<div class="grid">
<div class="g-col-12 g-col-md-6">
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb16" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εργασίες με μεγαλύτερη συχνότητα στην Ελλάδα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Fruits"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">r</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Ελλάδα</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-5786d0ff85516d9d44c1" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-5786d0ff85516d9d44c1">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar"},"title":{"text":"Εργασίες με μεγαλύτερη συχνότητα στην Ελλάδα"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό (%) χρηστών"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"xAxis":{"categories":["Επιστήμονας Δεδομένων","Φοιτητής","Μηχανικός Έρευνας","Αναλυτής Δεδομένων","Άνεργος","Μηχανικός Λογισμικού"],"title":null},"series":[{"name":"Fruits","data":[14.71,13.73,13.73,10.78,9.800000000000001,7.84]}],"legend":{"enabled":false}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="g-col-12 g-col-md-6">
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb17" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">r</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">da</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`Άλλο`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εργασίες με μεγαλύτερη συχνότητα ξένων χρηστών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">r</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q5</span>, title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό (%) χρηστών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_series.html">hc_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό:"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">r</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Άλλο</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-6e87db15be33198eeafa" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="η-εργαλειοθήκη-μας" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="η-εργαλειοθήκη-μας">Η εργαλειοθήκη μας</h2>
<p>Η γλώσσα που κυριαρχεί στην Επιστήμη Δεδομένων και στις δύο ομάδες είναι η Python. Η μόνη διαφοροποίηση είναι μεταξύ Ελλήνων και ξένων χρηστών είναι ίσως η αναλογικότερη σημαντικότερη βάση χρηστών της R. Σε κάθε περίπτωση περίπου οκτώ στους δέκα έχουν επιλέξει ως κύρια γλώσσα την Python, ακολουθούμενη από την R και τέλος την SQL.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb18" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/count.html">count</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">ungroup</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/top_n.html">top_n</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>n <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>, wt <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>sum <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>         pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sum</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span>, digits <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">ungroup</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pivot_wider.html">pivot_wider</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>names_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Q3"</span>, values_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pct"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">img</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">'&lt;img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/150px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png" height="40"&gt;'</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">'&lt;img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/R_logo.svg/250px-R_logo.svg.png" height="40"&gt;'</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">'&lt;img src="" height="2px"&gt;'</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb19" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bar"</span>, marginLeft <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span>, spacingLeft <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>, spacingRight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f78b4"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#a6a6a6"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Γλώσσες προγραμματισμού (🇬🇷 / 🌍)"</span>,</span>
<span>           style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20px"</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Η Python κυριαρχεί στον κόσμο της επιστήμης δεδομένων. Ένα ενδιαφέρον στοιχείο είναι η αναλογικά ισχυρότερη συμμετοχή - επιλογή της R στην Ελληνική κοινότητα."</span>,</span>
<span>             style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"14px"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#555"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σημείωση: Τα ποσοστά αναφέρονται σε επίπεδο χώρας.&lt;br&gt;stesiam, 2023"</span>,</span>
<span>             style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"11px"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#777"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span>,</span>
<span>           labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span>, whiteSpace <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"normal"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>           title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>           labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>format <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{value}%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>valueSuffix <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" %"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    bar <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      borderRadius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>,</span>
<span>      dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, format <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{point.y:.0f}%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_series.html">hc_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ελλάδα"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Ελλάδα</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υπόλοιπος Κόσμος"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Άλλο</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>    verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"top"</span>,</span>
<span>    layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>,</span>
<span>    itemStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f78b4"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#33a02c"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_responsive.html">hc_responsive</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    rules <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        condition <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>maxWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">500</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        chartOptions <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"16px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>          xAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10px"</span>, categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q8</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>          yAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>          legend <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"vertical"</span>,</span>
<span>            align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>            verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span>,</span>
<span>            itemStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>          <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-466d3d782b5eb5360737" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-466d3d782b5eb5360737">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar","marginLeft":100,"spacingLeft":5,"spacingRight":5},"title":{"text":"Γλώσσες προγραμματισμού (🇬🇷 / 🌍)","style":{"fontSize":"20px","fontWeight":"bold"}},"yAxis":{"title":{},"min":0,"labels":{"format":"{value}%"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"bar":{"borderRadius":5,"dataLabels":{"enabled":true,"format":"{point.y:.0f}%"}}},"colors":["#1f78b4","#33a02c"],"subtitle":{"text":"Η Python κυριαρχεί στον κόσμο της επιστήμης δεδομένων. Ένα ενδιαφέρον στοιχείο είναι η αναλογικά ισχυρότερη συμμετοχή - επιλογή της R στην Ελληνική κοινότητα.","style":{"fontSize":"14px","color":"#555"}},"caption":{"text":"Σημείωση: Τα ποσοστά αναφέρονται σε επίπεδο χώρας.<br>stesiam, 2023","style":{"fontSize":"11px","color":"#777"}},"xAxis":{"categories":["Python","R","SQL"],"labels":{"useHTML":true,"style":{"fontSize":"12px","whiteSpace":"normal"}}},"tooltip":{"valueSuffix":" %"},"series":[{"name":"Ελλάδα","data":[83.90000000000001,10.8,5.4]},{"name":"Υπόλοιπος Κόσμος","data":[87.90000000000001,6.3,5.8]}],"legend":{"align":"center","verticalAlign":"top","layout":"horizontal","itemStyle":{"fontSize":"12px"}},"responsive":{"rules":[{"condition":{"maxWidth":500},"chartOptions":{"title":{"style":{"fontSize":"16px"}},"subtitle":{"style":{"fontSize":"12px"}},"xAxis":{"labels":{"style":{"fontSize":"10px","categories":["Python","R","SQL"]}}},"yAxis":{"labels":{"style":{"fontSize":"10px"}}},"legend":{"layout":"vertical","align":"center","verticalAlign":"bottom","itemStyle":{"fontSize":"10px"}}}}]}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb20" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">custom_df</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/tibble.html">tibble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    t <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q3</span>,</span>
<span>    l <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kaggle_2021_compare</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Q11</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/match.html">%in%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">df_sankey</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">custom_df</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span> , <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">l</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>weight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/context.html">n</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, .groups <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drop"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># links2 = df_sankey %&gt;%</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   group_by(r, t) %&gt;%</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   summarise(weight = sum(weight), .groups = "drop") %&gt;%</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   rename(from = r, to = t)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">links3</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">df_sankey</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">l</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>weight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">weight</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, .groups <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drop"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span>, to <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">l</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">links_all</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/bind_rows.html">bind_rows</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">links3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;">"Στο διάγραμμα τονίζεται τα καλύτερα αποτελέσματα της τωρινής καμπάνιας (δεύτερη στήλη)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"Flow"</span></span>
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-a94a0c6715953e1d469b" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
</section><section id="επίλογος---συμπεράσματα" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="επίλογος---συμπεράσματα">Επίλογος - Συμπεράσματα</h2>
<p>Τα αποτελέσματα είναι μάλλον. Η Ελλάδα δεν στερείται ανθρώπινου κεφαλαίου και ανθρώπων που είναι γνώστες του πεδίου της Επιστήμης Δεδομένων. Αποτελείται από άτομα με μεγάλυ εξειδίκευση και αρκετά μεγάλη εργασιακή εμπειρία. Βέβαια, υπάρχει ένα μοτίβο που είναι αρκετά ανησυχητικό και αυτό είναι η κατανομή στις ηλικίες. Αυτό μπορεί να σημαίνει την αρκετά μικρή διείσδυση με ενδιαφέρον για το κλάδο από μικρές ηλικίες και αυτό μπορεί να είναι προβληματικό</p>
<p>Τέλος, θα ήθελα να διευκρινίσω τι εννοεί το άρθρο για να αποφευχθούν οι λάθος αναγνώσεις. Σε αρκετές κατανομές δηλώνονται στοιχεία τα οποία είναι ευνοϊκά υπέρ της Ελλάδας. Σε καμία περίπτωση αυτό δεν σημαίνει ότι οι Έλληνες είναι καλύτεροι στην Επιστήμη Δεδομένων και έναν τέτοιο συμπέρασμα θα ήταν λανθασμένο. Συγκρίνουμε δημογραφικά στοιχεία χρηστών από μία έρευνα μιας πλατφόρμας. Έτσι λοιπόν η κατανομή πιθανότατα κρύβει τη χαμηλή συμμετοχή και διείσδυση της επιστήμης δεδομένων στη χώρα μας που δηλώνεται τόσο από τον χαμηλό αριθμό χρηστών, όσο και από τη δομή αυτών. Στη πραγματικότητα η τάση είναι ανησυχητική μιας και οι κατανομές μας δεν συνοδεύονται από ένα ανάλογο ποσοστό μικρών ηλικιών με ενδιαφέρον στο πεδίο.</p>



</section></section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-bibliography"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορές</h2><div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" data-line-spacing="2">
<div id="ref-R-reactablefmtr" class="csl-entry">
Cuilla, K. (2022). <em>reactablefmtr: Streamlined Table Styling and Formatting for Reactable</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://kcuilla.github.io/reactablefmtr/">https://kcuilla.github.io/reactablefmtr/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-headsortails2022" class="csl-entry">
Heads or Tails. (2020). <em>Kaggle has 10 million registered users!</em> Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/discussions/general/332147">https://www.kaggle.com/discussions/general/332147</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-glue" class="csl-entry">
Hester, J., &amp; Bryan, J. (2024). <em>glue: Interpreted String Literals</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/">https://glue.tidyverse.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-gt" class="csl-entry">
Iannone, R., Cheng, J., Schloerke, B., Haughton, S., Hughes, E., Lauer, A., … Roy, O. (2025). <em>gt: Easily Create Presentation-Ready Display Tables</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://gt.rstudio.com">https://gt.rstudio.com</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-highcharter" class="csl-entry">
Kunst, J. (2022). <em>highcharter: A Wrapper for the Highcharts Library</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">https://jkunst.com/highcharter/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-reactable" class="csl-entry">
Lin, G. (2025). <em>reactable: Interactive Data Tables for R</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/">https://glin.github.io/reactable/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-o'hara-wild2018" class="csl-entry">
O’Hara-Wild, M. (2018, Ιούλιος 10). Arranging Hex Stickers in <span>R</span>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://mitchelloharawild.github.io/mitchelloharawild.com//blog/hexwall">https://mitchelloharawild.github.io/mitchelloharawild.com//blog/hexwall</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-showtextdb" class="csl-entry">
Qiu, Y., &amp; See file AUTHORS for details., authors/contributors of the included fonts. (2020). <em>showtextdb: Font Files for the showtext Package</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.showtextdb">https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.showtextdb</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-sysfonts" class="csl-entry">
Qiu, Y., &amp; See file AUTHORS for details., authors/contributors of the included fonts. (2024a). <em>sysfonts: Loading Fonts into R</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://github.com/yixuan/sysfonts">https://github.com/yixuan/sysfonts</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-showtext" class="csl-entry">
Qiu, Y., &amp; See file AUTHORS for details., authors/contributors of the included software. (2024b). <em>showtext: Using Fonts More Easily in R Graphs</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://github.com/yixuan/showtext">https://github.com/yixuan/showtext</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-base" class="csl-entry">
R Core Team. (2025). <em>R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing</em>. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://www.R-project.org/">https://www.R-project.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-worldbank2023" class="csl-entry">
The World Bank. (2023). <em>Labor force participation rate (</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://genderdata.worldbank.org/indicators/sl-tlf-acti-zs/?geos=WLD&amp;view=trend">https://genderdata.worldbank.org/indicators/sl-tlf-acti-zs/?geos=WLD&amp;view=trend</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-forcats" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H. (2025). <em>forcats: Tools for Working with Categorical Variables (Factors)</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/">https://forcats.tidyverse.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-dplyr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L., Müller, K., &amp; Vaughan, D. (2023). <em>dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">https://dplyr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-purrr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., &amp; Henry, L. (2026). <em>purrr: Functional Programming Tools</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/">https://purrr.tidyverse.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-readr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., Hester, J., &amp; Bryan, J. (2025). <em>readr: Read Rectangular Text Data</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">https://readr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-tidyr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., Vaughan, D., &amp; Girlich, M. (2025). <em>tidyr: Tidy Messy Data</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org">https://tidyr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-kableExtra" class="csl-entry">
Zhu, H. (2024). <em>kableExtra: Construct Complex Table with kable and Pipe Syntax</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/">http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/</a>
</div>
</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2023,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Ελληνική κοινότητα επιστήμης δεδομένων},
  date = {2023-05-06},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/kaggle-greek-community/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2023" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. (2023, May 6). Ελληνική κοινότητα επιστήμης δεδομένων.
Retrieved from <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/kaggle-greek-community/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/kaggle-greek-community/</a>
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>R</category>
  <category>Περιγραφική Ανάλυση</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/kaggle-greek-community/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 06 May 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/kaggle-greek-community/survey.png" medium="image" type="image/png" height="97" width="144"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Εντοπίζοντας πιθανούς ενδιαφερόμενους πελάτες</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/predict-possible-clients/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<p>Σε αυτό το άρθρο θα κατασκευάσω ένα μοντέλο μηχανικής μάθησης για να προβλέψω ποιοι από τους πελάτες μίας τράπεζας ενδιαφέρονται να ανοίξουν έναν λογαριασμό προθεσμικής κατάθεσης. Για το σκοπό αυτό θα χρησιμοποιήσουμε μοντέλα Boosting (XGBoost και LightGBM) για να ταξινομήσουμε τις περιπτώσεις πιθανές αποκρίσεις σε ενδιαφερόμενους και μη ενδιαφερόμενους. Τα δεδομένα προέρχονται από την ιστοσελίδα «UCI Machine Learning Repository» <span class="citation" data-cites="Dua2019">(Dua &amp; Graff, 2017)</span> και χρησιμοποίησα τη βάση δεδομένων που τιτλοφορείται ως <a href="https://archive.ics.uci.edu/dataset/222/bank+marketing">Bank Marketing</a> <span class="citation" data-cites="moro2014data">(Moro, Cortez, &amp; Rita, 2014)</span>.</p>
<p>Πριν ξεκινήσουμε την ανάλυσή μας, ας κάνουμε μία νύξη σε κάποιους βασικούς όρους.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>Τι είναι η προθεσμιακή κατάθεση;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Όταν θέλουμε να καταθέσουμε χρήματα στη τράπεζα συνήθως οι περισσότεροι έχουν έναν απλό λογαριασμό ταμιευτηρίου ή αποταμίευσης. Ένα διαφορετικό είδος λογαριασμού είναι ο προθεσμιακός, όπου σε αυτή τη περίπτωση δεσμεύεται ο πελάτης της τράπεζας ότι δεν θα κάνει ανάληψη στον λογαριασμό για ένα προκαθορισμένο χρονικό διάστημα (π.χ. για ένα έτος δεν θα κάνει ανάληψη).</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>Και για ποιο λόγο να επιλέξουμε έναν τέτοιο λογαριασμό;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Είναι προφανές ότι οι προθεσμιακές καταθέσεις έχουν ένα βασικό μειονέκτημα έναντι των τυπικών λογαριασμών σε όρους πρόσβασης στα κεφάλαιά μας. Φυσικά, κανένας δεν θα έκανε κάποια τέτοια κίνηση αν δεν έχει κάποιο αντάλλαγμα. Έτσι λοιπόν οι τράπεζες συνήθως σε αυτά τα προγράμματα προσφέρουν υψηλότερα επιτόκια σε σχέση με αυτά των λογαριασμών ταμιευτηρίου / αποταμίευσης. Αξίζει να δώσουμε μερικά παραδείγματα τραπεζών, συγκρίνοντας τα τραπεζικά επιτόκια των τυπικών και προθεσμιακών λογιαριασμών.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Η Πειραιώς, μία εκ των συστημικών τραπεζών της χώρας μας, προσφέρει διπλάσιο επιτόκιο στους προθεσμιακούς λογαριασμούς της.</p></li>
<li><p>Η Eurobank, προσφέρει μηδενικό επιτόκιο σε λογαριασμούς ταμιευτηρίου, 0.01% μέχρι και 0.35% σε λογαριασμού αποταμίευσης και στις προθεσμιακές ποικίλει αναλόγως του προγράμματος και του ύψους της κατάθεσης από 0.1% μέχρι και 1%.</p></li>
<li><p>Γενικότερα, σύμφωνα με την πρόσφατη έκθεση της Τράπεζας της Ελλάδας, τα επιτόκια των προθεσμιακών κυμαίνονται από 1.2% με 1.4%, ενώ οι τυπικοί λογαριασμοί για τα νοικοκυριά είναι στο 0.03%.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Με βάση τα παραπάνω μπορούμε να υποθέσουμε ότι δεν θα είναι όλοι κατάλληλοι για αυτά τα προϊόντα. Με βάση τη λογική, το κατάλληλο προφίλ των ατ κατάλληλο προφίλ των ατόμων που να βρεθούν άτομα με σημαντικό ύψος καταθέσεων και να μην έχουν άλλα σημαντικά βάρη, όπως δάνεια ή χρέη σε τρίτους.</p>
</section><section id="προαπαιτούμενα" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προαπαιτούμενα">Προαπαιτούμενα</h2>
<section id="εισαγωγή-βιβλιοθηκών" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή-βιβλιοθηκών">Εισαγωγή βιβλιοθηκών</h3>
<p>Για αυτή την ανάλυση θα χρειαστούμε τυπικές βιβλιοθήκες της R για την εισαγωγή των δεδομένων, μέσω του readr πακέτου <span class="citation" data-cites="R-readr">(Wickham, Hester, &amp; Bryan, 2025)</span>, και τη μορφοποίηση αυτών με το dplyr πακέτο <span class="citation" data-cites="R-dplyr">(Wickham, François, Henry, Müller, &amp; Vaughan, 2023)</span>. Το kableExtra πακέτο <span class="citation" data-cites="R-kableExtra">(Zhu, 2024)</span> αποτελεί σημαντική προσθήκη ώστε να τυπώσω τα αποτελέσματά μου σε μία μορφή πίνακα. Ένα σημαντικό κομμάτι που θα πρέπει να αποφασίσω πώς να λύσω είναι αυτό της οπτικοποίησης των δεδομένων. Αρχικά χρησιμοποιούσα το πακέτο ggplot2 προκειμένου να δημιουργήσω τα όποια διαγράμματα, πράγμα που είναι αρκετά περιοριστικό για μία ιστοσελίδα καθώς το ggplot2 δημιουργεί στατικά διαγράμματα. Έτσι λοιπόν για τα άρθρα μου χρησιμοποιώ το πακέτο highcharter <span class="citation" data-cites="R-highcharter">(Kunst, 2022)</span> όπου είναι ένα R πακέτο που δίνει τη δυνατότητα διαγραμμάτων φιλικό για όλους τους τύπους των οθονών. Τέλος, αυτή η ανάλυση έχει ως στόχο να ταξινομήσει τους πελάτες της τράπεζας, επομένως θα κατασκευάσω ένα μοντέλο ταξινόμησης, και η χρήση του πακέτου tidymodels <span class="citation" data-cites="R-tidymodels">(Kuhn &amp; Wickham, 2025)</span> κρίνεται απαραίτητη.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή R βιβλιοθηκών" data-lst-cap-location="margin">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" data-lst-cap="Έτσι λοιπόν για τα άρθρα μου χρησιμοποιώ το πακέτο highcharter [@R-highcharter] όπου είναι ένα R πακέτο που δίνει τη δυνατότητα διαγραμμάτων φιλικό για όλους τους τύπους των οθονών. Τέλος, αυτή η ανάλυση έχει ως στόχο να ταξινομήσει τους πελάτες της τράπεζας, επομένως" data-lst-cap-location="margin" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">readr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">dplyr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/">forcats</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/">kableExtra</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">highcharter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/">reactable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com">gt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/koalaverse/vip/">vip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Build ML models</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidymodels.tidymodels.org">tidymodels</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://bonsai.tidymodels.org/">bonsai</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/tidymodels/themis">themis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/">stacks</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/KlausVigo/kknn">kknn</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://imbs-hl.github.io/ranger/">ranger</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="εισαγωγή-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή-δεδομένων">Εισαγωγή δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Αφού φορτώσουμε τις αναγκαίες βιβλιοθήκες, θα φορτώσουμε τα δεδομένα μας. Η βάση των δεδομένων μου έχει αρκετές εκδόσεις των ίδιων δεδομένων, μία μεγαλύτερη και μία πιο συνοπτική έκδοση, η διαφορά τους έγκειται μόνο στον αριθμό των παρατηρήσεων. Για το συγκεκριμένο άρθρο θα επιλέξω τη πιο συνοπτική μορφή μιας και η προσαρμογή Boosting μοντέλων είναι αρκετά χρονοβόρα σε σύγκριση με τη κατασκευή πιο απλώς μοντέλων ταξινόμησης (π.χ. Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση, k Πλησιέστερων Γειτόνων).</p>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή συνόλου δεδομένων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org/reference/read_delim.html">read_delim</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bank_dataset_files/bank.csv"</span>,  </span>
<span>                           delim <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">";"</span>, </span>
<span>                           escape_double <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>, </span>
<span>                           trim_ws <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tibble</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/rownames.html">rowid_to_column</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ID"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="προεπισκόπηση-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προεπισκόπηση-δεδομένων">Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Here we can see a small chunk of my dataset (first 10 rows / observations) just to understand the dataset’s structure and type of variables.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων" data-tbl-cap-location="top">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">preview_bank_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">head</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/reactable.html">reactable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">preview_bank_dataset</span>,</span>
<span>  bordered <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,     <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># No borders (booktabs style)</span></span>
<span>  striped <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># No stripes for a clean look</span></span>
<span>  highlight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># No hover highlighting</span></span>
<span>  defaultColDef <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/colDef.html">colDef</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"14px"</span>, border <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  theme <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/reactableTheme.html">reactableTheme</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    borderColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>, <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Remove border</span></span>
<span>    cellStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      borderBottom <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Subtle line between rows</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    headerStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      borderBottom <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2px solid rgb(117, 117, 117)"</span>, <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Thick top rule</span></span>
<span>      borderTop <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2px solid rgb(117, 117, 117)"</span>,</span>
<span>      fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-preview-dataset" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" title="Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων" data-tbl-cap-location="top">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-preview-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;1: Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων (πρώτες 6 παρατηρήσεις)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-preview-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="reactable html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-eb680b02c3cae17f864c" style="width:auto;height:auto;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-eb680b02c3cae17f864c">{"x":{"tag":{"name":"Reactable","attribs":{"data":{"ID":[1,2,3,4,5,6],"age":[30,33,35,30,59,35],"job":["άνεργος","παροχή υπηρεσιών","διευθυντικό στέλεχος","διευθυντικό στέλεχος","χειρονακτική εργασία","διευθυντικό στέλεχος"],"marital":["παντρεμένο","παντρεμένο","ανύπαντρο","παντρεμένο","παντρεμένο","ανύπαντρο"],"education":["πρωτοβάθμια","δευτεροβάθμια","τριτοβάθμια","τριτοβάθμια","δευτεροβάθμια","τριτοβάθμια"],"default":["όχι","όχι","όχι","όχι","όχι","όχι"],"balance":[1787,4789,1350,1476,0,747],"housing":["όχι","ναι","ναι","ναι","ναι","όχι"],"loan":["όχι","ναι","όχι","ναι","όχι","όχι"],"contact":["σταθερό","σταθερό","σταθερό","άγνωστο","άγνωστο","σταθερό"],"day":[19,11,16,3,5,23],"month":["Οκτώβριος","Μάιο","Απρίλιο","Ιούνιο","Μάιο","Φεβρουάριο"],"duration":[79,220,185,199,226,141],"campaign":[1,1,1,4,1,2],"pdays":[-1,339,330,-1,-1,176],"previous":[0,4,1,0,0,3],"poutcome":["άγνωστο","αποτυχία","αποτυχία","άγνωστο","άγνωστο","αποτυχία"],"y":["όχι","όχι","όχι","όχι","όχι","όχι"]},"columns":[{"id":"ID","name":"ID","type":"numeric","align":"center"},{"id":"age","name":"age","type":"numeric","align":"center"},{"id":"job","name":"job","type":"factor","align":"center"},{"id":"marital","name":"marital","type":"factor","align":"center"},{"id":"education","name":"education","type":"factor","align":"center"},{"id":"default","name":"default","type":"factor","align":"center"},{"id":"balance","name":"balance","type":"numeric","align":"center"},{"id":"housing","name":"housing","type":"factor","align":"center"},{"id":"loan","name":"loan","type":"factor","align":"center"},{"id":"contact","name":"contact","type":"factor","align":"center"},{"id":"day","name":"day","type":"numeric","align":"center"},{"id":"month","name":"month","type":"factor","align":"center"},{"id":"duration","name":"duration","type":"numeric","align":"center"},{"id":"campaign","name":"campaign","type":"numeric","align":"center"},{"id":"pdays","name":"pdays","type":"numeric","align":"center"},{"id":"previous","name":"previous","type":"numeric","align":"center"},{"id":"poutcome","name":"poutcome","type":"factor","align":"center"},{"id":"y","name":"y","type":"factor","align":"center"}],"style":{"fontSize":"14px","border":"none"},"theme":{"borderColor":"transparent","headerStyle":{"borderBottom":"2px solid rgb(117, 117, 117)","borderTop":"2px solid rgb(117, 117, 117)","fontWeight":"bold"},"cellStyle":{"borderBottom":"transparent"}},"dataKey":"c4b1635cb1e010bb8f99341427b9c084"},"children":[]},"class":"reactR_markup"},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Προτού κάνουμε οποιαδήποτε ανάλυση είναι καλό να προσδιορίσουμε το τύπο των δεδομένων που έχουμε διαθέσιμα. Ως επί το πλεείστον αυτό μπορούμε να το μάθουμε κοιτώντας τις τιμές που λαμβάνει μία μεταβλητή. Γενικότερα, οι μεταβλητές μπορούν να ταξινομηθούν με βάση τις τιμές που λαμβάνουν ως εξής:</p>
<center>
<div class="cell" title="Απλό διάγραμμα για τους τύπους των μεταβλητών" data-layout-align="default">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="fig-diagram-var-types" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-diagram-var-types-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div>
<pre class="mermaid mermaid-js" data-label="fig-diagram-var-types">graph TD;
  A(Τύπος μεταβλητών) --&gt; B(Ποσοτική)
  A(Τύπος μεταβλητών) --&gt; C(Ποιοτική)
  B --&gt; D(Διακριτή)
  B --&gt; E(Συνεχής)
  C --&gt; J(Κατηγορική)
  C --&gt; G(Διατάξιμη)
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-diagram-var-types-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;1: Κατηγοριοποίηση μεταβλητής με βάση τις τιμές της
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</center>
<div class="table-responsive">
<div id="tbl-preview-dataset1" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-preview-dataset1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;2: Σύνοψη μεταβλητών δεδομένων
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-preview-dataset1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<table class="caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33%">
<col style="width: 33%">
<col style="width: 33%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">Μεταβλητή</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Τύπος μεταβλητής</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Περιγραφή</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Age</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποσοτική</em> <br> (συνεχής)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Ηλικία ατόμου</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Job</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Κλάδος απασχόλησης ατόμου</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Marital</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Οικογενειακή κατάσ</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Education</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποιοτική</em> <br> (διατάξιμη)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Υψηλότερη βαθμίδα εκπαίδευσης</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Default</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">has credit in default?</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Balance</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποσοτική</em> <br> (συνεχής)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Average yearly balance, in euros</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Housing</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Έχει στεγαστικό δάνειο;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Loan</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Έχει προσωπικό δάνειο;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Contact</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Μέσο επικοινωνίας</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Month</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποιοτική</em> <br> (διατάξιμη)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Μήνας πιο πρόσφατης προσέγγισης</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Duration</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>ποσοτική</em> <br> (continuous)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Διάρκεια (σε δευτερόλεπτα) τελευταίας επικοινωνίας</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Campaign</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><em>quantitative</em></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Αριθμός προσεγγίσεων σε ένα άτομο</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>pdays</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><em>quantitative</em></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Αριθμός ημερών που μεσολάβησαν από τελευταία ενημέρωση</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>pprevious</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><em>quantitative</em></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Αριθμός προσεγγίσεων του πελάτη</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>poutcome</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>qualitative</em> (nominal)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Αποτέλεσμα πορηγούμενης προωθητικής καμπάνιας</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Deposit</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>qualitative</em> <br> (nominal)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Has the client subscribed a term deposit?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Το δείγμα μου αποτελείται από 18 μεταβλητές (στήλες), εκ των οποίων οι 7 είναι ποσοτικές και οι υπόλοιπες 10 ποιοτικές. Όσον αφορά τις ποιοτικές μεταβλητές, 8 από αυτές είναι κατηγορικές και μόλις δύο είναι διατάξιμες (Μήνας προώθησης και Επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης).</p>
</section><section id="ορισμός-συναρτήσεων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ορισμός-συναρτήσεων">Ορισμός συναρτήσεων</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>Οκ, είδαμε κάποια βασικά στοιχεία των δεδομένων μου και τη δομή αυτών. Μπορώ τώρα να ξεκινήσω την ανάλυσή μου;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Εξαρτάται. Σε περίπτωση που θέλεις να πάρεις μία γρήγορη ανάλυση προκειμένου να λάβεις ένα συκγκεκριμένο αποτέλεσμα πιθανότατα να είναι εντάξει. Βέβαια, τις περισσότερες φορές απαιτείται προσεκτικότερος σχεδιασμός της μελέτης. Ένας αρκετά συχνό λάθος στο οποίο έχω υποπέσει και εγώ στο παρελθόν είναι ο κίνδυνος της επαναληψιμότητας ορισμένων διαδικασιών. Προκειμένου να αποτρέψουμε να γράφουμε τα ίδια πράγματα πολλές φορές κρίνεται απαραίτητη η συγγραφή ορισμένων συναρτήσεων. Για παράδειγμα στη συγκεκριμένη άσκηση παρατηρώ ότι έχω αρκετές μεταβλητές του ίδιου τύπου, τόσο ποιοτικές όσο και ποσοτικές. Για ποιο λόγο λοιπόν να γράψω 10 φορές παρόμοιο κώδικα όταν μπορώ να εσωκλείσω τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά σε μία συνάρτηση.</p>
<p>Έτσι λοιπόν έχω ορίσει δύο μεταβλητές. Αρχικά την <code>univariateQualitativePlot</code> η οποία χρησιμοποιείται για τη κατασκευή κυκλικών διαγραμμάτων για τις ποιοτικές μεταβλητές μου.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_options.html">tab_options</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            row.striping.include_table_body <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,</span>
<span>            table.background.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.background.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>,</span>
<span>            table.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/pct.html">pct</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, </span>
<span>            table.font.size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">13</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,           </span>
<span>            data_row.padding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, </span>
<span>            column_labels.padding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            table.border.top.style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>,</span>
<span>            table.border.bottom.style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>,</span>
<span>            table_body.hlines.style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>, </span>
<span>            column_labels.border.top.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.border.top.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.border.bottom.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.border.bottom.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span>,</span>
<span>            table_body.border.bottom.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            table_body.border.bottom.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/opt_css.html">opt_css</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>css <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_table th, .gt_table td { </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        text-align: center !important; </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        vertical-align: middle !important;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_table { </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        margin-left: auto !important; </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        margin-right: auto !important; </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        width: 100% !important;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_table tr { background-color: transparent !important; }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_row { background-color: transparent !important; }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">    "</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Apply labels only if requested</span></span>
<span>    <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">use_labels</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cols_label_with.html">cols_label_with</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                fn <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>                    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/html.html">html</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;"</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">greek_labels</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;/b&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;'&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;/span&gt;"</span></span>
<span>                    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/function.html">return</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="cell" title="Συνάρτηση: Δημιουργία διαγράμματος για μία ποιοτική μεταβλητή">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb5" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">column</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chart_type</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bar"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span></span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Compute frequency table</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freq_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/count.html">count</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">column</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Frequency"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/desc.html">desc</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Frequency</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Variable <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">column</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Frequency</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Frequency</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, digits <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Define common chart properties</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{point.name}: {point.y}"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chart_type</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Enable legend only for pie chart</span></span>
<span></span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Choose chart type</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chart_type</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bar"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bar"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freq_table</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Variable</span>, title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Job Category"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Frequency"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_series.html">hc_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Frequency"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freq_table</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Frequency</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">else</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">chart_type</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pie_data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/lapply.html">lapply</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/nrow.html">nrow</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freq_table</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freq_table</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Variable</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">freq_table</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Frequency</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_series.html">hc_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Frequency"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pie_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">else</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/stop.html">stop</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Invalid chart type. Use 'bar' or 'pie'."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span></span>
<span>  <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/function.html">return</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hc</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>Αντίστοιχα, θα ορίσω και τη συνάρτηση <code>univariateQuantitativePlot</code> για τη κατασκευή ραβδογραμμάτων για τις ποσοτικές μεταβλητές μου. Και οι δύο συναρτήσεις βασίζονται και κατασκευάσουν διαγράμματα χρησιμοποιώντας το πακέτο highcharter.</p>
</section></section><section id="περιγραφική-ανάλυση" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="περιγραφική-ανάλυση">Περιγραφική Ανάλυση</h2>
<section id="ελλειπούσες-τιμές" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ελλειπούσες-τιμές">Ελλειπούσες τιμές</h3>
<div class="cell" title="Έλεγχος ελλειπουσών τιμών">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">how_many_nas</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/NA.html">is.na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>Στα δοσμένα δεδομένα υπάρχουν συνολικά 0 ελλειπούσες τιμές. Αυτή βέβαια είναι μία σπάνια - ιδανική περίπτωση. Σε διαφορετική περίπτωση θα έπρεπε να γεμίσουμε τις κενές τιμές με κάποια μέθοδο εκτίμησης.</p>
</section><section id="μονομεταβλητή-ανάλυση" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="μονομεταβλητή-ανάλυση">Μονομεταβλητή ανάλυση</h3>
<p>Στη συνέχεια είναι σημαντικό να μελετήσουμε τις μεταβλητές μου, τις τιμές τους και τις κατανομές αυτών. Είναι ένα σημαντικό κομμάτι ώστε να κατανοήσω το δείγμα και να λάβω παραπάνω παραμέτρους υπόψιν μου στη κατασκευή του μοντέλου.</p>
<p>Όσον αφορά τον κλάδο της εργασίας, στο δείγμα παρατηρείται μία σημαντική συμμετοχή ατόμων με εργασίες που πιθανότατα συνδυάζονται με υψηλότερες σπουδές και συνεπακόλουθα υψηλότερες απολαβές, όπως τα διευθυντικά στελέχη, διοικητικοί υπάλληλοι, επιχειρηματίες κτλ. Περίπου το 40% των πελατών της τράπεζας απασχολούνται σε εργασίες μπλέ κολάρου οι οποίες τις περισσότερες φορές να συνδυάζονται με και να δημιουργήσει μη επιθυμία δέσμευσης σε ένα τραπεζικό προϊόν που θα δεσμεύει χρηματικό κεφάλαιο. Τέλος, στο πελατολόγιο της τράπεζας ένα ποσοστό περί το 10% που αποτελείται από ομάδες πληθυσμού που για διάφορους λόγους δεν τους συμφέρει να δημιουργήσουν ένα τέτοιο λογαριασμό, όπως οι άνεργοι, οι σπουδαστές μιας και βρίσκονται σε ευάλωτη περίοδο με αυξημένα έξοδα και περιορισμένες πηγές εισοδήματος καθώς και οι συνταξιούχοι μιας και θα χρειαστούν να καλύψουν έκτακτες ανάγκες σε παροχές υγείας. Ειδικά για τους τελευταίους που αποτελούν το 5% των πελατών της τράπεζας, υπάρχουν άλλα χρηματοδοτικά εργαλεία αν θέλουν να εξασφαλίσουν τα γηρατειά τους, όπως τα αντίστροφα στεγαστικά δάνεια.</p>
<div class="cell" data-layout-align="center" title="Διάγραμμα: Κλάδος απασχόλησης">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">job</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τομέας απασχόλησης του ερωτώμενων"</span>, </span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Καθαρός αριθμός και ποσοστό (%) επί όλων των πελατών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-job" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-job-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-8dbb8946508f1c23bfc7" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-8dbb8946508f1c23bfc7">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar"},"title":{"text":"Τομέας απασχόλησης του ερωτώμενων"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Frequency"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Καθαρός αριθμός και ποσοστό (%) επί όλων των πελατών"},"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"legend":{"enabled":false},"xAxis":{"categories":["διευθυντικό στέλεχος","χειρονακτική εργασία","τεχνικός","διοικητική εργασία","παροχή υπηρεσιών","συνταξιούχος","αυτοαπασχολούμενος","επιχειρηματίας","άνεργος","οικιακός βοηθός","σπουδαστής","άγνωστο"],"title":{"text":"Job Category"}},"series":[{"name":"Frequency","data":[969,946,768,478,417,230,183,168,128,112,84,38]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-job-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;2: Ραβδόγραμμα κλάδων απασχόλης πελατών της τράπεζας
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Άλλο ένα διαθέσιμο στοιχείο είναι η οικογενειακή κατάσταση καθώς μπορεί να συνδέεται με αυξημένες ανάγκες και έξοδα για το νοικοκυριό. Ενδεχομένως, ένας πελάτης που είναι παντρεμένο να έχει αυξημένα έξοδα για το νοικοκυριό του (π.χ. λόγω παιδιών). Άλλη μία οπτική θα ήταν . Γενικά, δεν είναι ξεκάθαρη εκ των προτέρων η ερμηνεία του συγκεκριμένου δείκτη. Σε κάθε περίπτωση στο υπό εξέταση δείγμα έχουμε περί το 60% των ατόμων που είναι παντρεμένοι, το ένα τέταρτο των πελατών είναι ανύπαντροι και οι υπόλοιποι είναι διαζευγμένοι.</p>
<div class="cell" data-layout-align="center" title="Διάγραμμα: Οικογενειακή Κατάσταση">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb8" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marital</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποια είναι η οικογενειακή σου κατάσταση;"</span>, </span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Οι περισσότεροι είναι παντρεμένοι."</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-marital" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-marital-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-91cba3e43edba0d1cfb9" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-91cba3e43edba0d1cfb9">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"pie"},"title":{"text":"Ποια είναι η οικογενειακή σου κατάσταση;"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Οι περισσότεροι είναι παντρεμένοι."},"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"legend":{"enabled":true},"series":[{"name":"Frequency","data":[{"name":"παντρεμένο","y":2797},{"name":"ανύπαντρο","y":1196},{"name":"διαζευγμένο","y":528}]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-marital-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;3: Κυκλικό διάγραμμα οικογενειακής κατάστασης πελατών τράπεζας
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Ένας δείκτης που, τουλάχιστον διαισθητικά, μπορεί να είναι από τους πιο σημαντικούς είναι το ανώτατο επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης του πελάτη. Είναι λογικό κάποιος που έχει υψηλότερου επιπέδου σπουδές να έχει τη δυνατότητα να απασχοληθεί σε εργασίες που απαιτούν εξειδίκευση η οποία να πληρώνεται αντίστοιχα της μειωμένης προσφοράς. Άρα έμμεσα μπορεί να καθορίσει τις επαγγελματικές δυνατότητες του ενδιαφερόμενου και συνεπακόλουθα το μισθό που θα μπορεί να διεκδικεί και το ποσό που περισσεύσει για αποταμίευση. Στο συγκεκριμένο δείγμα μόλις το 30% έχει πανεπιστημιακή εκπαίδευση.</p>
<div class="cell" data-layout-align="center" title="Διάγραμμα: Επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb9" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, </span>
<span>                          <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">education</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υψηλότερο επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης"</span>,</span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">""</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-educ" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-educ-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-0ff9a86b8606b6554395" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-0ff9a86b8606b6554395">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar"},"title":{"text":"Υψηλότερο επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Frequency"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":""},"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"legend":{"enabled":false},"xAxis":{"categories":["δευτεροβάθμια","τριτοβάθμια","πρωτοβάθμια","άγνωστο"],"title":{"text":"Job Category"}},"series":[{"name":"Frequency","data":[2306,1350,678,187]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-educ-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;4: Ραβδόγραμμα εκπαιδευτικού υποβάθρου πελατών τράπεζας
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Έκτός όμως από τις σπουδές που είναι μία ισχυρή ένδειξη σημαντικό ρόλο στη δημιουργία μιας προθεσμιακής κατάθεσης είναι οι υποχρεώσεις του ατόμου. Αυτές μπορούν να διακριθούν μέσα από τρεις μεταβλητές που μας παρέχονται και πιο συγκεκριμένα αν:</p>
<ul>
<li>ο πελάτης έχει οφειλές</li>
<li>ο πελάτης έχει λάβει κάποιο δάνειο (στεγαστικό / προσωπικό)</li>
</ul>
<p>Είναι προφανές ότι αν έχει μη εξυπηρετούμενες οφειλές το τελευταίο πράγμα που θα σκεφτεί είναι να κάνει αποταμίευση, αλλά να ξεπληρώσει τα χρέη του. Στο δείγμα μόλις 76 άτομα που αντιστοιχούν στο 1.6% των πελατών εμπίπτει σε αυτή τη κατηγορία, γεγονός που καθιστά να έχει νόημα η πρόταση για τη συντριπτική πλειοψηφία.</p>
<div class="cell" data-layout-align="center" title="Διάγραμμα: Πόσοι ερωτώμενοι έχουν οφειλές">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb10" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">default</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έχετε μη εξυπηρετούμενες οφειλές;"</span>, </span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό (%) ατόμων που δεν έχουν εκπληρώσει τις πιστωτικές τους υποχρεώσεις"</span>,  </span>
<span>                          <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-default" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-default-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-c26a65720b26e57be928" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-default-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;5: Κυκλικό διάγραμμα πελατών τράπεζας αναλόγως του αν εξυπηρετούν τις οφειλές του ή όχι
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Επιπλέον, σημαντικό ποσοστό των πελατών της τράπεζας έχουν ήδη σημαντικές υποχρεώσεις τόσο σε βραχυπρόθεσμο επίπεδο, όσο και μακροπρόθεσμα. Πάνω από τους μισούς έχουν λάβει στεγαστικό δάνειο που σημαίνει μία πάγια σταθερή και σε βάθος χρόνου υποχρέωση η οποία δεν πρέπει να αθετηθεί μιας και πολλές φορές συνδυάζεται με υποθήκη του ακινήτου για το οποίο έλαβε και το δάνειο. Από την άλλη βέβαια θα μπορούσε να θεωρηθεί ότι με αυτό το τρόπο έχει προυπολογίσει το νοικοκυριό το κόστος της στέγασής τους και υπερτερεί της επιλογής του ενοικίου. Αυτό που κατά τη γνώμη μου ίσως να αποτελεί σημαντικότερο παράγοντα άρνησης είναι η λήψη καταναλωτικών δανείων. Αυτά τα δάνεια προορίζονται συνήθως για τη κάλυψη βραχυπρόθεσμων - έκτακτων αναγκών και αυτό το χρηματοδοτικό προιόν είναι διαβόητο για τα υψηλά επιτόκια καθιστώντας το μία ακιρβή επιλογή. Έτσι λοιπόν η αποπληρωμή του ίσως είναι το πρώτο πράγμα που θα πρέπει να κάνει κάποιος και προφανώς το άνοιγμα ενός προθεσμιακού λογαριασμού δεν είναι λογική. Στη δική μας περίπτωση περίπου το 15% έχει λάβει καταναλωτικό δάνειο γεγονός που είναι ελαφρώς αισιόδοξο μιας και μας επιτρέπει να έχουμε βάσιμες ελπίδες εύρεσης ενδιαφερόμενων στο υπόλοιπο 85%.</p>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb11" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">housing</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έχετε λάβει στεγαστικό δάνειο;"</span>, </span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό (%) ατόμων που έχει λάβει στεγαστικό δάνειο"</span>,                            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">loan</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έχετε λάβει καταναλωτικό δάνειο;"</span>, </span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό (%) ατόμων που έχει λάβει προσωπικό - καταναλωτικό δάνειο"</span>,                            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell quarto-layout-panel" data-layout-ncol="2">
<div class="quarto-layout-row">
<div class="quarto-layout-cell" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: flex-start;">
<div id="fig-housing-personal-loan-1" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-housing-personal-loan-1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-e237d52d820d1e40f314" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-e237d52d820d1e40f314">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"pie"},"title":{"text":"Έχετε λάβει στεγαστικό δάνειο;"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Ποσοστό (%) ατόμων που έχει λάβει στεγαστικό δάνειο"},"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"legend":{"enabled":true},"series":[{"name":"Frequency","data":[{"name":"ναι","y":2559},{"name":"όχι","y":1962}]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-housing-personal-loan-1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;6: Κυκλικό διάγραμμα ατόμων που έχουν λάβει στεγαστικό δάνειο
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quarto-layout-cell" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: flex-start;">
<div id="fig-housing-personal-loan-2" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-housing-personal-loan-2-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-951e5c549425af7d3804" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-951e5c549425af7d3804">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"pie"},"title":{"text":"Έχετε λάβει καταναλωτικό δάνειο;"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Ποσοστό (%) ατόμων που έχει λάβει προσωπικό - καταναλωτικό δάνειο"},"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"legend":{"enabled":true},"series":[{"name":"Frequency","data":[{"name":"όχι","y":3830},{"name":"ναι","y":691}]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-housing-personal-loan-2-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;7: Κυκλικό διάγραμμα ατόμων αναλόγως αν έχουν λάβει καταναλωτικό δάνειο
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Ένα άλλο στοιχείο που δίνεται είναι το μέσο επικοινωνίας με τον πελάτη της τράπεζας. Πάνω από τους μισούς έχουν σταθερό τηλέφωνο ως μέσο επικοινωνίας.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Μέσο επικοινωνίας">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb12" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">contact</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μέσο επικοινωνίας"</span>, </span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Η προώθηση μέσω κινητού είναι πιο εκτεταμένη σε σχέση με το σταθερό"</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-contact" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-contact-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-e993cc920c1f50fe9c51" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-e993cc920c1f50fe9c51">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"pie"},"title":{"text":"Μέσο επικοινωνίας"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Η προώθηση μέσω κινητού είναι πιο εκτεταμένη σε σχέση με το σταθερό"},"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"legend":{"enabled":true},"series":[{"name":"Frequency","data":[{"name":"σταθερό","y":2896},{"name":"άγνωστο","y":1324},{"name":"κινητό","y":301}]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-contact-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;8: Κυκλικό διάγραμμα τρόπων προσέγγισης ατόμων - πελατών
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Άλλη μία ενδιαφέρουσα μεταβλητή είναι ο τελευταίος μήνας στον οποίο προσεγγίστηκε ένας πελάτης. Οι περισσότερες τελευταίες προσεγγίσεις φαίνεται να έγιναν καλοκαιρινούς μήνες. Βέβαια αυτό το στοιχείο θέλει προσοχή στην ερμηνεία του γιατί μπορεί η λήψη των δεδομένων να έγινε π.χ. τον Σεπτέμβριο και τότε να είναι λογικό οι τελευταίες προσεγγίσεις να έγιναν τους καλοκαιρινούς μήνες. Ενδεχομένως να χρειαστεί διμεταβλητή ανάλυση στην επόμενη ενότητα σχετικά με τις επιτυχίες ανά μήνα, προκειμένου να εξεταστεί με μεγαλύτερη ακρίβεια ο συγκεκριμένος δείκτης.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Μήνας τελευταίας προσέγγισης">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb13" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">month</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μέσο επικοινωνίας"</span>, </span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Η προώθηση μέσω κινητού είναι πιο εκτεταμένη σε σχέση με το σταθερό"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-last-month" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-last-month-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-59435d4d2d51190af606" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-59435d4d2d51190af606">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar"},"title":{"text":"Μέσο επικοινωνίας"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Frequency"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Η προώθηση μέσω κινητού είναι πιο εκτεταμένη σε σχέση με το σταθερό"},"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"legend":{"enabled":false},"xAxis":{"categories":["Μάιο","Ιούλιο","Αύγουστο","Ιούνιο","Νοέμβριο","Απρίλιο","Φεβρουάριο","Ιανουάριο","Οκτώβριος","Σεπτέμβριος","Μάρτιο","Δεκέμβριο"],"title":{"text":"Job Category"}},"series":[{"name":"Frequency","data":[1398,706,633,531,389,293,222,148,80,52,49,20]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-last-month-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;9: Κυκλικό διάγραμμα τρόπων προσέγγισης ατόμων - πελατών
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Σύμφωνα με τα δεδομένα και τη περιγραφή των δεδομένων η τράπεζα θα είχε τρέξει και σε προηγούμενα χρόνια παρόμοιες καμπάνιες ενημέρωσης και πρώθησης τραπεζικών προϊόντων και συγκεκριμένα προθεσμιακών λογαριασμών. Έτσι λοιπόν, έχουμε δεδομένα για όσους είχαν αποδεχτεί άνοιγμα λογαριασμού σε προηγούμενα χρόνια το οποίο μπορεί να είναι αρκετά βοηθητικό και ενδεχομένως μεγάλο ποσοστό να έχει νόημα να επανεγγραφεί. Ως αποτέλεσματ των προηγούμενων καμπάνιων είχαμε 129 ενδιαφερόμενους για κλειστούς λογαριασμούς, ενώ η κατάσταση πολλών είναι άγνωστη για τις προηγούμενες καμπάνιες.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Απόκριση ατόμου σε προηγούμενες καμπάνιες">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb14" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">poutcome</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποιο ήταν το αποτέλεσμα προηγούμενης προσέγγισης?"</span>, </span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"For every five failed approaches there was one succussful."</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-poutcome" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-poutcome-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-eef76c31b63ba9f336ca" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-eef76c31b63ba9f336ca">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"pie"},"title":{"text":"Ποιο ήταν το αποτέλεσμα προηγούμενης προσέγγισης?"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"For every five failed approaches there was one succussful."},"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"legend":{"enabled":true},"series":[{"name":"Frequency","data":[{"name":"άγνωστο","y":3705},{"name":"αποτυχία","y":490},{"name":"άλλο","y":197},{"name":"επιτυχία","y":129}]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-poutcome-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;10: Κυκλικό διάγραμμα απόκρισης των ατόμων σε προηγούμενες καμπάνιες προώθησης προθεσμιακών λογαριασμών
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Εδώ στην ουσία έχω το αποτέλεσμα το οποίο προσπαθώ να προβλέψω. Αυτά τα δεδομένα είναι γνωστά από τη τωρινή καμπάνια. Με βάση όμως αυτά τις προηγούμενες μεταβλητές - χαρακτηριστικά θα κατασκευάσω ένα μοντέλο πρόβλεψης και αυτά τα μοντέλα θα αξιολογηθούν με βάση αυτά τα δοσμένα αποτελέσματα.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Απόκριση ατόμου σε τωρινή προσέγγιση">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb15" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">univariateQualitativePlot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span>, </span>
<span>                          title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πόσοι αποφάσισαν να φτιάξουν προθεσμιακό λογαριασμό;"</span>, </span>
<span>                          subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό πελατών που αποφάσισαν να ανοίξουν</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">                          έναν προθεσμιακό λογαριασμό ως αποτέλεσμα της τωρινής καμπάνιας."</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-outcome" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-outcome-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-4b9d8724df2ce8215487" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-4b9d8724df2ce8215487">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"pie"},"title":{"text":"Πόσοι αποφάσισαν να φτιάξουν προθεσμιακό λογαριασμό;"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Ποσοστό πελατών που αποφάσισαν να ανοίξουν\n                          έναν προθεσμιακό λογαριασμό ως αποτέλεσμα της τωρινής καμπάνιας."},"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"legend":{"enabled":true},"series":[{"name":"Frequency","data":[{"name":"όχι","y":4000},{"name":"ναι","y":521}]}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-outcome-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;11: Κυκλικό διάγραμμα απόκρισης των ατόμων στη τωρινή καμπάνια προώθησης προθεσμιακών λογαριασμών
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Οι καταθέτες της τράπεζας είναι κυρίως νεότερης ηλικίας και η συντριπτική πλειοψηφία κάτω των 60 ετών. Το ιστόγραμμα φαίνεται να έχει ένα σχήμα καμπάνας που προσοιδιάζει στη κανονική κατανομή, αλλά υπάρχει μία ελαφριά θετική ασυμμετρία.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Ηλικία ερωτώμενου">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb16" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hchart.html">hchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">age</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατανομή ηλικιών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/reference/glue.html">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Η διάμεση ηλικία είναι τα &lt;b&gt;{median(bank_dataset$age)}&lt;/b&gt; έτη."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Bank Marketing Dataset from UCI"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{point.name}: {point.y}"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-age" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-age-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-5dd8035963b37d89c35b" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-5dd8035963b37d89c35b">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"zoomType":"x"},"title":{"text":"Κατανομή ηλικιών"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"tooltip":{"formatter":"function() { return  this.point.name + '<br/>' + this.y; }","pointFormat":"{point.name}: {point.y}"},"series":[{"data":[{"x":19,"y":7,"name":"(18, 20]"},{"x":21,"y":16,"name":"(20, 22]"},{"x":23,"y":44,"name":"(22, 24]"},{"x":25,"y":121,"name":"(24, 26]"},{"x":27,"y":197,"name":"(26, 28]"},{"x":29,"y":247,"name":"(28, 30]"},{"x":31,"y":423,"name":"(30, 32]"},{"x":33,"y":417,"name":"(32, 34]"},{"x":35,"y":368,"name":"(34, 36]"},{"x":37,"y":320,"name":"(36, 38]"},{"x":39,"y":272,"name":"(38, 40]"},{"x":41,"y":276,"name":"(40, 42]"},{"x":43,"y":220,"name":"(42, 44]"},{"x":45,"y":231,"name":"(44, 46]"},{"x":47,"y":222,"name":"(46, 48]"},{"x":49,"y":213,"name":"(48, 50]"},{"x":51,"y":177,"name":"(50, 52]"},{"x":53,"y":165,"name":"(52, 54]"},{"x":55,"y":164,"name":"(54, 56]"},{"x":57,"y":176,"name":"(56, 58]"},{"x":59,"y":118,"name":"(58, 60]"},{"x":61,"y":23,"name":"(60, 62]"},{"x":63,"y":15,"name":"(62, 64]"},{"x":65,"y":15,"name":"(64, 66]"},{"x":67,"y":7,"name":"(66, 68]"},{"x":69,"y":13,"name":"(68, 70]"},{"x":71,"y":10,"name":"(70, 72]"},{"x":73,"y":9,"name":"(72, 74]"},{"x":75,"y":8,"name":"(74, 76]"},{"x":77,"y":9,"name":"(76, 78]"},{"x":79,"y":10,"name":"(78, 80]"},{"x":81,"y":1,"name":"(80, 82]"},{"x":83,"y":5,"name":"(82, 84]"},{"x":85,"y":1,"name":"(84, 86]"},{"x":87,"y":1,"name":"(86, 88]"}],"type":"column","pointRange":2,"groupPadding":0,"pointPadding":0,"borderWidth":0}],"subtitle":{"text":"Η διάμεση ηλικία είναι τα <b>39<\/b> έτη."},"caption":{"text":"Bank Marketing Dataset from UCI"},"legend":{"enabled":false}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":["hc_opts.tooltip.formatter"],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-age-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;12: Ιστόγραμμα κατανομής ηλικιών πελατών τράπεζας
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα υπόλοιπου λογαριασμού">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb17" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hchart.html">hchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">balance</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατανομή καταθέσεων"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/reference/glue.html">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Οι περισσότερες καταθέσεις κυμαίνονται μεταξύ των 0$ και 200$ δολαρίων. Το διάμεσο υπόλοιπο λογαριασμού είναι {median(bank_dataset$balance)} $. Το 75ο τεταρτημόριο είναι τα 1480$, άρα το ένα τέταρτο των πελατών έχει καταθέσεις υψηλότερες αυτού του ποσού. Τα ύψη των λογαριασμών κυμαίνονται από {min(bank_dataset$balance)} μέχρι και τα {max(bank_dataset$balance)} $"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"Bank Marketing Dataset from UCI"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">10000</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-balance-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;13: Ιστόγραμμα κατανομής ηλικιών πελατών τράπεζας
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Άλλο ένα στοιχείο είναι η διάρκεια της κλήσης. Διαισθητικά, αν η κλήση διαρκεί πολύ λίγο πιθανότατα να σημαίνει ότι ο πελάτης δεν ενδιαφέρεται. Σε αντίθετη περίπτωση</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Διάρκεια κλήσης">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb18" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"Οι περισσότερες καταθέσεις κυμαίνονται μεταξύ των 0$ και 200$ δολαρίων. Το διάμεσο υπόλοιπο λογαριασμού είναι {median(bank_dataset$balance)} $. Το 75ο τεταρτημόριο είναι τα 1480$, άρα το ένα τέταρτο των πελατών έχει καταθέσεις υψηλότερες αυτού του ποσού. Τα ύψη των λογαριασμών κυμαίνονται από {min(bank_dataset$balance)} μέχρι και τα {max(bank_dataset$balance)} $"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-call-duration-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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1280]"},{"x":1290,"y":1,"name":"(1280, 1300]"},{"x":1310,"y":1,"name":"(1300, 1320]"},{"x":1330,"y":1,"name":"(1320, 1340]"},{"x":1350,"y":0,"name":"(1340, 1360]"},{"x":1370,"y":2,"name":"(1360, 1380]"},{"x":1390,"y":1,"name":"(1380, 1400]"},{"x":1410,"y":1,"name":"(1400, 1420]"},{"x":1430,"y":1,"name":"(1420, 1440]"},{"x":1450,"y":4,"name":"(1440, 1460]"},{"x":1470,"y":5,"name":"(1460, 1480]"},{"x":1490,"y":1,"name":"(1480, 1500]"},{"x":1510,"y":3,"name":"(1500, 1520]"},{"x":1530,"y":4,"name":"(1520, 1540]"},{"x":1550,"y":1,"name":"(1540, 1560]"},{"x":1570,"y":1,"name":"(1560, 1580]"},{"x":1590,"y":0,"name":"(1580, 1600]"},{"x":1610,"y":1,"name":"(1600, 1620]"},{"x":1630,"y":0,"name":"(1620, 1640]"},{"x":1650,"y":0,"name":"(1640, 1660]"},{"x":1670,"y":1,"name":"(1660, 1680]"},{"x":1690,"y":1,"name":"(1680, 1700]"},{"x":1710,"y":1,"name":"(1700, 1720]"},{"x":1730,"y":3,"name":"(1720, 1740]"},{"x":1750,"y":0,"name":"(1740, 1760]"},{"x":1770,"y":0,"name":"(1760, 1780]"},{"x":1790,"y":0,"name":"(1780, 1800]"},{"x":1810,"y":1,"name":"(1800, 1820]"},{"x":1830,"y":0,"name":"(1820, 1840]"},{"x":1850,"y":0,"name":"(1840, 1860]"},{"x":1870,"y":1,"name":"(1860, 1880]"},{"x":1890,"y":0,"name":"(1880, 1900]"},{"x":1910,"y":0,"name":"(1900, 1920]"},{"x":1930,"y":0,"name":"(1920, 1940]"},{"x":1950,"y":0,"name":"(1940, 1960]"},{"x":1970,"y":1,"name":"(1960, 1980]"},{"x":1990,"y":1,"name":"(1980, 2000]"},{"x":2010,"y":0,"name":"(2000, 2020]"},{"x":2030,"y":1,"name":"(2020, 2040]"},{"x":2050,"y":0,"name":"(2040, 2060]"},{"x":2070,"y":0,"name":"(2060, 2080]"},{"x":2090,"y":1,"name":"(2080, 2100]"},{"x":2110,"y":0,"name":"(2100, 2120]"},{"x":2130,"y":0,"name":"(2120, 2140]"},{"x":2150,"y":0,"name":"(2140, 2160]"},{"x":2170,"y":0,"name":"(2160, 2180]"},{"x":2190,"y":0,"name":"(2180, 2200]"},{"x":2210,"y":0,"name":"(2200, 2220]"},{"x":2230,"y":0,"name":"(2220, 2240]"},{"x":2250,"y":0,"name":"(2240, 2260]"},{"x":2270,"y":0,"name":"(2260, 2280]"},{"x":2290,"y":0,"name":"(2280, 2300]"},{"x":2310,"y":0,"name":"(2300, 2320]"},{"x":2330,"y":0,"name":"(2320, 2340]"},{"x":2350,"y":0,"name":"(2340, 2360]"},{"x":2370,"y":0,"name":"(2360, 2380]"},{"x":2390,"y":0,"name":"(2380, 2400]"},{"x":2410,"y":0,"name":"(2400, 2420]"},{"x":2430,"y":0,"name":"(2420, 2440]"},{"x":2450,"y":1,"name":"(2440, 2460]"},{"x":2470,"y":0,"name":"(2460, 2480]"},{"x":2490,"y":0,"name":"(2480, 2500]"},{"x":2510,"y":0,"name":"(2500, 2520]"},{"x":2530,"y":0,"name":"(2520, 2540]"},{"x":2550,"y":0,"name":"(2540, 2560]"},{"x":2570,"y":0,"name":"(2560, 2580]"},{"x":2590,"y":0,"name":"(2580, 2600]"},{"x":2610,"y":0,"name":"(2600, 2620]"},{"x":2630,"y":0,"name":"(2620, 2640]"},{"x":2650,"y":0,"name":"(2640, 2660]"},{"x":2670,"y":0,"name":"(2660, 2680]"},{"x":2690,"y":0,"name":"(2680, 2700]"},{"x":2710,"y":0,"name":"(2700, 2720]"},{"x":2730,"y":0,"name":"(2720, 2740]"},{"x":2750,"y":0,"name":"(2740, 2760]"},{"x":2770,"y":1,"name":"(2760, 2780]"},{"x":2790,"y":0,"name":"(2780, 2800]"},{"x":2810,"y":0,"name":"(2800, 2820]"},{"x":2830,"y":0,"name":"(2820, 2840]"},{"x":2850,"y":0,"name":"(2840, 2860]"},{"x":2870,"y":0,"name":"(2860, 2880]"},{"x":2890,"y":0,"name":"(2880, 2900]"},{"x":2910,"y":0,"name":"(2900, 2920]"},{"x":2930,"y":0,"name":"(2920, 2940]"},{"x":2950,"y":0,"name":"(2940, 2960]"},{"x":2970,"y":0,"name":"(2960, 2980]"},{"x":2990,"y":0,"name":"(2980, 3000]"},{"x":3010,"y":0,"name":"(3000, 3020]"},{"x":3030,"y":1,"name":"(3020, 3040]"}],"type":"column","pointRange":20,"groupPadding":0,"pointPadding":0,"borderWidth":0}],"subtitle":{"text":"Οι περισσότερες καταθέσεις κυμαίνονται μεταξύ των 0$ και 200$ δολαρίων. Το διάμεσο υπόλοιπο λογαριασμού είναι 444 $. Το 75ο τεταρτημόριο είναι τα 1480$, άρα το ένα τέταρτο των πελατών έχει καταθέσεις υψηλότερες αυτού του ποσού. Τα ύψη των λογαριασμών κυμαίνονται από -3313 μέχρι και τα 71188 $"},"caption":{"text":"Bank Marketing Dataset from UCI"},"legend":{"enabled":false},"xAxis":{"title":{"text":"Διάρκεια κλήσης (σε δευτερόλεπτα)"},"max":1000}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":["hc_opts.tooltip.formatter"],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-call-duration-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;14: Ιστόγραμμα συνολικής διάρκειας κλήσης (σε δευτερόλεπτα)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell" title="Επανακωδικοποίηση: Προσεγγίσεις σε αυτή τη καμπάνια">
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</details>
</div>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Αριθμός προσεγγίσεων ενός πελάτη">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb20" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"Οι περισσότερες καταθέσεις κυμαίνονται μεταξύ των 0€ και 200€ ευρώ. Το διάμεσο υπόλοιπο λογαριασμού είναι {median(bank_dataset$balance)} €. Το 75ο τεταρτημόριο είναι τα 1480€, άρα το ένα τέταρτο των πελατών έχει καταθέσεις υψηλότερες αυτού του ποσού. Τα ύψη των λογαριασμών κυμαίνονται από {min(bank_dataset$balance)} μέχρι και τα {max(bank_dataset$balance)} $"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-times-of-promoting" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-times-of-promoting-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-1d35b174943282ecaf1d" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-1d35b174943282ecaf1d">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true},"title":{"text":"Αριθμός προσεγγίσεων"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"xAxis":{"type":"category","title":{"text":"Ύψος καταθέσεων σε ευρώ €"}},"series":[{"data":[{"name":"1","y":1734},{"name":"2","y":1264},{"name":"3","y":558},{"name":"4","y":325},{"name":"5","y":167},{"name":"6","y":155},{"name":"7","y":75},{"name":"8+","y":243}],"type":"column"}],"subtitle":{"text":"Οι περισσότερες καταθέσεις κυμαίνονται μεταξύ των 0€ και 200€ ευρώ. Το διάμεσο υπόλοιπο λογαριασμού είναι 444 €. Το 75ο τεταρτημόριο είναι τα 1480€, άρα το ένα τέταρτο των πελατών έχει καταθέσεις υψηλότερες αυτού του ποσού. Τα ύψη των λογαριασμών κυμαίνονται από -3313 μέχρι και τα 71188 $"},"caption":{"text":"Bank Marketing Dataset from UCI"},"legend":{"enabled":false}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-times-of-promoting-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;15: Ραβδόγραμμα αριθμού συνολικών προσεγγίσεων - επικοινωνιών που έγιναν σε έναν πελάτη
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="διμεταβλητή-ανάλυση" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="διμεταβλητή-ανάλυση">Διμεταβλητή ανάλυση</h3>
<p>Στη προηγούμενη υπο-ενότητα εξετάστηκαν κάποια βασικά περιγραφικά στοιχεία ανά μεταβλητή τα οποία μπορούν να μας δώσουν μία αίσθηση για το πελατολόγιο της τράπεζας. Αν εξετάσω αυτά τα στοιχεία από μόνα τους ενδεχομένως να μην επαρκούν για να βγάλω αρκετά συμπεράσματα και η διμεταβλητή ανάλυση (σύγκριση δύο μεταβλητών) είναι αναγκαία. Μία προσέγγιση θα ήταν να εξετάσω τη συσχέτιση (ή συνάφεια) μεταξύ των ποσοτικών (ποιοτικών) μεταβλητών. Στη προκειμένη περίπτωση θα είχε επιπλέον όφελος να συγκρίνουμε τις προηγούμενες μεταβλητές με τη μεταβλητή απόκρισης (δηλαδή με την επιθυμία ανοίγματος προθεσμιακού λογαριασμού).</p>
<p>Μία σημαντική σύγκριση είναι ο κλάδος εργασίας του πελάτη με την τελική του απόφαση - ενδιαφέρον. Με το παρακάτω σχήμα δηλώνεται η χαμηλότερη ποσοστιαία ζήτηση ατόμων με χειρονακτική εργασία, ενώ οι συνταξιούχοι είναι αυτή μρ την υψηλότερη.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Αποκρίσεις τωρινής καμπάνιας ανά επαγγελματικό κλάδο των πελατών της τράπεζας">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb21" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`summarise()` has grouped output by 'job'. You can override using the `.groups`
argument.</code></pre>
</div>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb23" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
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</details><div id="fig-bi-job-deposit" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-bi-job-deposit-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-33629b59256346a0fbfc" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-33629b59256346a0fbfc">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"column"},"title":{"text":"Αποκρίσεις τωρινής καμπάνιας ανά επάγγελμα"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Percentage"},"min":0,"max":100,"labels":{"format":"{value}%"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"column":{"stacking":"percent","dataLabels":{"enabled":true,"format":"{point.y:.0f}%"}}},"xAxis":{"categories":["χειρονακτική εργασία","επιχειρηματίας","παροχή υπηρεσιών","άνεργος","τεχνικός","αυτοαπασχολούμενος","διοικητική εργασία","οικιακός βοηθός","διευθυντικό στέλεχος","άγνωστο","σπουδαστής","συνταξιούχος","συνταξιούχος","σπουδαστής","άγνωστο","διευθυντικό στέλεχος","οικιακός βοηθός","διοικητική εργασία","αυτοαπασχολούμενος","τεχνικός","άνεργος","παροχή υπηρεσιών","επιχειρηματίας","χειρονακτική εργασία"]},"series":[{"name":"Όχι","data":[92.7,91.09999999999999,90.90000000000001,89.8,89.2,89.09999999999999,87.90000000000001,87.5,86.5,81.59999999999999,77.40000000000001,76.5],"color":"#AA5733"},{"name":"Ναι","data":[7.3,8.9,9.1,10.2,10.8,10.9,12.1,12.5,13.5,18.4,22.6,23.5],"color":"#33bb57"}],"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"<b>{series.name}<\/b>: {point.y}%"},"subtitle":{"text":"Μαθητές και συνταξιούχοι είναι οι πληθυσμιακές ομάδες όπου συμμετέχουν ποσοστιαία περισσότερο από τους υπόλοιπους σε ανοίγματα προθεσμιακών λογαριασμών."},"responsive":{"rules":[{"condition":{"maxWidth":500},"chartOptions":{"plotOptions":{"column":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":false}}}}}]}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-bi-job-deposit-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;16: Ραβδόγραμμα αποτελεσμάτων καμπάνιας ανά επάγγελμα
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα ίσως να ήταν αναμενόμενα ως ένα βαθμό εξετάζοντας τη δυνητική οικονομική κατάσταση κάποιου. Υπάρχουν όμως και μεταβλητές υπό εξέταση στις οποίες η απάντηση δεν είναι προφανής, όπως στην οικογενειακή κατάσταση. Στο σχήμα, εξετάζεται η σημαντικά μεγαλύτερη αναλογικά συμμετοχή ατόμων που είναι μόνοι τους (είτε ως ανύπαντροι είτε ως διαζευγμένοι), έχοντας σημαντική απόκλιση από την αντίστοιχη απόκριση ατόμων που έχουν παντρευτεί.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διάγραμμα: Αποκρίσεις τωρινής καμπάνιας ανά επαγγελματικό κλάδο των πελατών της τράπεζας">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb24" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plotmarital</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarize</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span>n <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
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<span>         lbl <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://scales.r-lib.org/reference/percent_format.html">percent</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/desc.html">desc</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`summarise()` has grouped output by 'marital'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.</code></pre>
</div>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb26" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"column"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Job of Respondent by Interest to Term Deposit"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Students and retirees are the population groups with a proportionally lower interest in term deposits compared to other groups."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Disable labels</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>          <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-bi-marital-deposit" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-bi-marital-deposit-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-c44fa3479fd6e3f8e762" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-c44fa3479fd6e3f8e762">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"column"},"title":{"text":"Job of Respondent by Interest to Term Deposit"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Percentage"},"min":0,"max":100,"labels":{"format":"{value}%"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"column":{"stacking":"percent","dataLabels":{"enabled":true,"format":"{point.y:.0f}%"}}},"xAxis":{"categories":["παντρεμένο","ανύπαντρο","διαζευγμένο","διαζευγμένο","ανύπαντρο","παντρεμένο"]},"series":[{"name":"Όχι","data":[90.09999999999999,86,85.40000000000001],"color":"#AA5733"},{"name":"Ναι","data":[9.9,14,14.6],"color":"#33bb57"}],"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"<b>{series.name}<\/b>: {point.y}%"},"subtitle":{"text":"Students and retirees are the population groups with a proportionally lower interest in term deposits compared to other groups."},"responsive":{"rules":[{"condition":{"maxWidth":500},"chartOptions":{"plotOptions":{"column":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":false}}}}}]}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-bi-marital-deposit-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;17: Ραβδόγραμμα αριθμού συνολικών προσεγγίσεων - επικοινωνιών που έγιναν σε έναν πελάτη
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Μία σύνοψη των παραπάνω μπορεί να γίνει και με το παρακάτω διάγραμμα αλληλουχιών. Με τη πρώτη στήλη να δηλώνει τη κατανομή στις οικογενειακές καταστάσεις συνδυαζόμενες από το εκπαιδευτικό υπόβαθρο των συμμετεχόντων και καταλήγω στη τρίτη στήλη που είναι και η τελική απάντηση του πελάτη (αν ενδιαφέρεται να ανοίξει προθεσμιακό λογαριασμό).</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb27" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">custom_df</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">education</span>,</span>
<span>    t <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"{point.from} → {point.to}: &lt;b&gt;{point.weight}&lt;/b&gt;"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-3584c33b586cb2316084" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
<p>Έκρινα σημαντικό να συγκρίνω την διαφορά μεταξύ των προηγούμενων και της τωρινής καμπάνιας και τελικά από που προκύπτουν οι ενδιαφερόμενοι. Έχουν κάνει εκ νέου χρήση των προιόντων ή η τράπεζα κατάφερε να εδραιώσει το πελατολόγιό της / το εύρος των υπηρεσιών προϊόντων που προσφέρει στους πελάτες της; Αυτό θα μελετήσω με άλλο ένα διάγραμμα αλληλουχίας. Αρχικά η τράπεζα διατηρεί μεγάλο μέρος της εμπιστοσύνης των προηγούμενων χρηστών της υπηρεσίας μιας και το 64% αυτών που είχαν συμφωνήσει να ανοίξουν προθεσμιακό λογαριασμό το πράττουν και με τη νέα καμπάνια. Το κρίσιμο δεδομένο βέβαια σε αυτή τη διμεταβλητή ανάλυση είναι το κατά πόσο έπεισε τους πελάτες που αρνήθηκαν την υπηρεσία. Αυτό το νούμερο προσεγγίζει το 13% που είναι μία αρκετά ικανοποιητική επίδοση με βάση ότι είχαν αρνηθεί προηγουμένως.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb28" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">custom_df</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span> , <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">l</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>weight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/context.html">n</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, .groups <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drop"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># links2 = df_sankey %&gt;%</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   group_by(r, t) %&gt;%</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   summarise(weight = sum(weight), .groups = "drop") %&gt;%</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   rename(from = r, to = t)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">links3</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">df_sankey</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">l</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>weight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">weight</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, .groups <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drop"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span>, to <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">l</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">links_all</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/bind_rows.html">bind_rows</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">links3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"sankey"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διάγραμμα αλληλουχιών: Σύγκριση παλιών και νέας καμπάνιας"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στο διάγραμμα τονίζεται τα καλύτερα αποτελέσματα της τωρινής καμπάνιας (δεύτερη στήλη) σε σχέση με τις προηγούμενες. Περίπου 12% (63 άτομα) όσων απέρριψαν το ενδιαφέρον τους για τέτοια προιόντα πείστηκαν με τη τωρινή καμπάνια να ανοίξουν τέτοιο λογαριασμό."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    keys <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"from"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"to"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"weight"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/list_parse.html">list_parse</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">links_all</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Flow"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{point.from} → {point.to}: &lt;b&gt;{point.weight}&lt;/b&gt;"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-305407a42c1ae418a1dc" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
</section></section><section id="κατασκευή-μοντέλου" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="κατασκευή-μοντέλου">Κατασκευή μοντέλου</h2>
<p>Στην R υπάρχουν υπάρχουν δύο αρκετά διαδεδομένοι τρόποι για τη κατασκευή μοντέλων, το <a href="https://topepo.github.io/caret/">caret</a> και το <a href="https://www.tidymodels.org/">tidymodels</a>. Από τη μία μεριά, το πακέτο caret είναι αρκετά εύκολο στη χρήση, υπάρχουν αρκετά άρθα σχετικά με αυτό όπως οδηγοί - tutorials, επεξηγηματικά βίντεο - άρθρα. Από την άλλη μεριά, το tidymodels είναι μία &lt;&lt;όλα σε ένα&gt;&gt; λύση μιας και αποτελεί ένα μεταπακέτο, δηλαδή μία συλλογή πακέτων, που προσπαθεί να δώσει , ωστόσο υπάρχει λιγότερη τεκμηρίωση και άρθρα μιας και έχει δημιουργηθεί αρκετά πρόσφατα.</p>
<section id="διαχωρισμός-συνόλου-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="διαχωρισμός-συνόλου-δεδομένων">Διαχωρισμός συνόλου δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Το πρώτο βήμα είναι να χωρίσουμε το αρχικό σύνολο δεδομένων σε δύο μέρη, όπου το καθένα θα χρησιμοποιηθεί για ένα ξεχωριστό σκοπό. Το πρώτο υποσύνολο χρησιμοποιείται για να εκπαιδεύσω - κατασκευάσω το μοντέλο μου, ενώ το δεύτερο μέρος (test dataset) είναι αναγκαίο ώστε να ελέγξουμε την ακρίβεια του μοντέλου που προέκυψε από το πρώτο υποσύνολο.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Διαχωρισμός συνόλου δεδομένων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb29" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Random.html">set.seed</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">123</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset_split</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">initial_split</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset</span>,</span>
<span>                                prop <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.75</span>,</span>
<span>                                strata <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Create training data</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_train</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset_split</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>                    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">training</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Create testing data</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_test</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset_split</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>                    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testing</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<center>
<div class="cell" title="Σχεδιάγραμμα: Διαχωρισμός δεδομένων" data-layout-align="default">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="fig-diagram-split" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-diagram-split-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div>
<pre class="mermaid mermaid-js" data-label="fig-diagram-split">graph TD;
  A(Σύνολο δεδομένων &lt;br&gt; 4521 παρατηρήσεις) --&gt; B(Σύνολο εκπαίδευσης &lt;br&gt; 3390 παρατηρήσεις)
  A(Σύνολο δεδομένων &lt;br&gt; 4521 παρατηρήσεις) --&gt; C(Σύνολο αξιολόγησης &lt;br&gt; 1131 παρατηρήσεις)
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-diagram-split-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;18: Διαχωρισμός δεδομένων σε δύο μέρη (για εκπαίδευση και έλεγχο απόδοσης του μοντέλου)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</center>
<p>Στο δικό μας παράδειγμα, έχουμε όπως αναφέραμε προηγούμενως 4521 παρατηρήσεις. Η πιο συνήθης είναι ο διαχωρισμός να γίνεται σε ένα ποσοστό 75% (80%) για να εκπαιδεύσω το μοντέλο μου και το άλλο 25% (20%) για την αξιολόγηση αυτού. Έτσι λοιπόν, καταλήγω με δύο νέα υποσύνολα με τον ίδιο αριθμό μεταβλητών, και το σύνολο εκπαίδευσης του μοντέλου αποτελείται από 3390 παρατηρήσεις και το σύνολο για την αξιολόγησή του αποτελείται από 1131.</p>
<section id="δεδομένα-εκπαίδευσης" class="level4"><h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="δεδομένα-εκπαίδευσης">Δεδομένα εκπαίδευσης</h4>
<div class="cell" title="Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων εκπαίδευσης">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb30" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_train</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-preview-train-dataset" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" title="Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων εκπαίδευσης">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-preview-train-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;3: Προεπισκόπηση υποσυνόλου δεδομένων εκπαίδευσης μοντέλου (train dataset)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-preview-train-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<th id="duration" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
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</th>
<th id="campaign" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Αριθμός κλήσεων πελάτη</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">campaign</span>
</th>
<th id="pdays" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Ημέρες από προηγ. κλήση</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">pdays</span>
</th>
<th id="previous" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">previous</span>
</th>
<th id="poutcome" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">poutcome</span>
</th>
<th id="y" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">y</span>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">31</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">68</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">συνταξιούχος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">διαζευγμένο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">δευτεροβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">4189</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">κινητό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">14</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Ιούλιο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">897</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">άγνωστο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">34</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">32</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">διευθυντικό στέλεχος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">ανύπαντρο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">τριτοβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">2536</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">ναι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">σταθερό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">26</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Αύγουστο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">958</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">άγνωστο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">35</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">49</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">τεχνικός</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">παντρεμένο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">τριτοβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">1235</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">σταθερό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">13</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Αύγουστο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">354</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">άγνωστο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">37</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">78</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">συνταξιούχος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">διαζευγμένο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">πρωτοβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">229</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">κινητό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">22</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Οκτώβριος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">97</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">άγνωστο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">39</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">33</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">διευθυντικό στέλεχος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">παντρεμένο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">δευτεροβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">3935</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">ναι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">σταθερό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Μάιο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">765</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">342</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">αποτυχία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="δεδομένα-αξιολόγησης" class="level4"><h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="δεδομένα-αξιολόγησης">Δεδομένα αξιολόγησης</h4>
<div class="cell" title="Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων αξιολόγησης">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb31" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_test</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-preview-test-dataset" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" title="Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων αξιολόγησης">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-preview-test-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;4: Προεπισκόπηση υποσυνόλου δεδομένων αξιολόγησης μοντέλου (test dataset)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-preview-test-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
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</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="ID" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Α/Α</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">ID</span>
</th>
<th id="age" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Ηλικία</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">age</span>
</th>
<th id="job" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Επάγγελμα</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job</span>
</th>
<th id="marital" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Οικογενειακή Κατάσταση</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">marital</span>
</th>
<th id="education" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Εκπαίδευση</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">education</span>
</th>
<th id="default" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Αθέτηση πληρωμών</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">default</span>
</th>
<th id="balance" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Υπόλοιπο</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">balance</span>
</th>
<th id="housing" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Στεγαστικό δάνειο</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">housing</span>
</th>
<th id="loan" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Προσωπικό δάνειο</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">loan</span>
</th>
<th id="contact" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Τρόπος επικοινωνίας</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">contact</span>
</th>
<th id="day" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong></strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">day</span>
</th>
<th id="month" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Μήνας</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month</span>
</th>
<th id="duration" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Διάρκεια κλήσης</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">duration</span>
</th>
<th id="campaign" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Αριθμός κλήσεων πελάτη</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">campaign</span>
</th>
<th id="pdays" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Ημέρες από προηγ. κλήση</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">pdays</span>
</th>
<th id="previous" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">previous</span>
</th>
<th id="poutcome" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">poutcome</span>
</th>
<th id="y" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">y</span>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">35</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">διευθυντικό στέλεχος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">ανύπαντρο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">τριτοβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">747</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">σταθερό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">23</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Φεβρουάριο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">141</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">176</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">αποτυχία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">όχι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">43</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">παροχή υπηρεσιών</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">παντρεμένο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">πρωτοβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">-88</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">ναι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">ναι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">σταθερό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">17</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Απρίλιο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">313</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">147</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">αποτυχία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">όχι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">14</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">20</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">σπουδαστής</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">ανύπαντρο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">δευτεροβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">502</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">σταθερό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">30</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Απρίλιο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">261</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">άγνωστο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">31</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">χειρονακτική εργασία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">παντρεμένο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">δευτεροβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">360</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">ναι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">ναι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">σταθερό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">29</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Ιανουάριο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">89</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">241</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">αποτυχία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">όχι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ID">17</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">56</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job">τεχνικός</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital">παντρεμένο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education">δευτεροβάθμια</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">4073</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan">όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact">σταθερό</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">27</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month">Αύγουστο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="duration">239</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="poutcome">άγνωστο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">όχι</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section></section><section id="επεξεργασία-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="επεξεργασία-δεδομένων">Επεξεργασία δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Βέβαια η κατασκευή των μοντέλων δεν είναι τόσο εύκολη υπόθεση. Ανάμεσα στο διαχωρισμό του συνόλου δεδομένων και τη κατασκευή των μοντέλων παρεμβάλεται η επεξεργασία των δεδομένων. Τα βήματα αυτού του σταδίου δεν είναι δεδομένα και ποικίλουν αναλόγως το είδος του προβλήματος (ταξινόμησης ή πρόβλεψης τιμής) αλλά και το ποιο μοντέλο θα επιλέξω. Ευτυχώς, για εμάς το πακέτο <code>tidymodels</code> προσφέρει έτοιμες εντολές προκειμένου να κάνει ανάλυσή μας ευκολότερη και ιδιαίτερα εντολές του πακέτου recipes, που αποτελούν μέρος του tidymodels μπορούν να φανούν ιδιαίτερα χρήσιμες σε αυτό το στάδιο. Βέβαια, υπάρχουν και άλλα πακέτα που συμπληρώνουν - λύνουν συνήθη προβλήματα στα δεδομένα. Για παράδειγμα, στα δεδομένα μας αναμένεται και είδαμε και στο παραπάνω σχήμα ότι οι περισσότεροι δεν επιθυμούν να ανοίξουν προθεσμιακό λογιαριασμό. Τα δεδομένα μας χαρακτηρίζονται ως ανισσόροπα (imbalanced) όταν η μεταβλητή την οποία προσπαθώ να προβλέψω δεν έχω επαρκείς τιμές αλλά αρκετά μεγάλη διαφορά (90% δεν επιθυμούν / 10%) Σε αυτή τη περίπτωση μπορώ να χρησιμοποιήσω την εντολή <code><a href="https://themis.tidymodels.org/reference/step_smote.html">step_smote()</a></code> από το πακέτο <em>themis</em>, προκειμένου να ισορροπήσω τη μεταβλητή που προσπαθώ να προβλέψω.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Επεξεργασία δεδομένων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb32" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Recipe για tree-based μοντέλα (RF, XGBoost, LightGBM)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tree_recipe</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/recipe.html">recipe</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_train</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/step_rm.html">step_rm</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">poutcome</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ID</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">duration</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/step_corr.html">step_corr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/has_role.html">all_numeric</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, threshold <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.75</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/step_dummy.html">step_dummy</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/has_role.html">all_nominal</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/has_role.html">all_outcomes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://themis.tidymodels.org/reference/step_smote.html">step_smote</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Recipe για distance/linear μοντέλα (Logistic Regression, KNN)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">linear_recipe</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/recipe.html">recipe</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_train</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/step_rm.html">step_rm</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">poutcome</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ID</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">duration</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/step_corr.html">step_corr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/has_role.html">all_numeric</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, threshold <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.75</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/step_dummy.html">step_dummy</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/has_role.html">all_nominal</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/has_role.html">all_outcomes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/step_normalize.html">step_normalize</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/has_role.html">all_numeric_predictors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># &lt;-- επιπλέον βήμα</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://themis.tidymodels.org/reference/step_smote.html">step_smote</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>Ας ρίξουμε τώρα μία ματιά στο σύνολο δεδομένων, αφού κάναμε κάποια βασική επεξεργασία των δεδομένων. Μία προεπισκόπηση των δεδομένων μου αφότου κάναμε τις απαραίτητες αλλαγές για γραμμικά μοντέλα:</p>
<div class="cell" data-tbl-cap-location="top">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb33" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">linear_recipe</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/prep.html">prep</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/juice.html">juice</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">head</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-recipes-df-after-recipes" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" data-tbl-cap-location="top">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-recipes-df-after-recipes-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;5: Σύνολο δεδομένων με εφαρμογή των <code>recipes</code> για γραμμικά μοντέλα
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-recipes-df-after-recipes-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
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<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
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<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
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<th id="age" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Ηλικία</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">age</span>
</th>
<th id="balance" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Υπόλοιπο</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">balance</span>
</th>
<th id="day" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong></strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">day</span>
</th>
<th id="campaign" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Αριθμός κλήσεων πελάτη</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">campaign</span>
</th>
<th id="pdays" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Ημέρες από προηγ. κλήση</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">pdays</span>
</th>
<th id="previous" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">previous</span>
</th>
<th id="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_χειρονακτική.εργασία</span>
</th>
<th id="job_επιχειρηματίας" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_επιχειρηματίας</span>
</th>
<th id="job_οικιακός.βοηθός" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_οικιακός.βοηθός</span>
</th>
<th id="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος</span>
</th>
<th id="job_συνταξιούχος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_συνταξιούχος</span>
</th>
<th id="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος</span>
</th>
<th id="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών</span>
</th>
<th id="job_σπουδαστής" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_σπουδαστής</span>
</th>
<th id="job_τεχνικός" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_τεχνικός</span>
</th>
<th id="job_άνεργος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_άνεργος</span>
</th>
<th id="job_άγνωστο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_άγνωστο</span>
</th>
<th id="marital_παντρεμένο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">marital_παντρεμένο</span>
</th>
<th id="marital_ανύπαντρο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">marital_ανύπαντρο</span>
</th>
<th id="education_δευτεροβάθμια" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">education_δευτεροβάθμια</span>
</th>
<th id="education_τριτοβάθμια" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">education_τριτοβάθμια</span>
</th>
<th id="education_άγνωστο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">education_άγνωστο</span>
</th>
<th id="default_ναι" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">default_ναι</span>
</th>
<th id="housing_ναι" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">housing_ναι</span>
</th>
<th id="loan_ναι" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">loan_ναι</span>
</th>
<th id="contact_κινητό" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">contact_κινητό</span>
</th>
<th id="contact_άγνωστο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">contact_άγνωστο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Αύγουστο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Αύγουστο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Δεκέμβριο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Δεκέμβριο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Φεβρουάριο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Φεβρουάριο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Ιανουάριο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Ιανουάριο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Ιούλιο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Ιούλιο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Ιούνιο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Ιούνιο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Μάρτιο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Μάρτιο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Μάιο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Μάιο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Νοέμβριο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Νοέμβριο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Οκτώβριος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Οκτώβριος</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Σεπτέμβριος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Σεπτέμβριος</span>
</th>
<th id="y" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">y</span>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">2.5273</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">0.89308</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">-0.2259</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">-0.25595</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-0.4102</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">-0.3164</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">-0.5128</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">-0.1915</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">-0.1632</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">-0.5279</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">4.273</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">-0.202</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">-0.3183</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">-0.1284</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">-0.4557</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">-0.1679</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">-0.09448</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">-1.2670</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">-0.5988</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">0.9846</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">-0.6555</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">-0.2044</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">-0.1308</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">-1.1365</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">-0.4208</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">3.8046</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">-0.6435</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">-0.4071</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">-0.06666</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">-0.234</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">-0.184</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">2.3760</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">-0.3657</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">-0.09605</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">-0.6721</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">-0.3064</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">-0.142</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">-0.1065</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">-0.8580</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">0.35750</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">1.2281</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">1.09187</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-0.4102</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">-0.3164</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">-0.5128</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">-0.1915</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">-0.1632</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">1.8937</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">-0.234</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">-0.202</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">-0.3183</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">-0.1284</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">-0.4557</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">-0.1679</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">-0.09448</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">-1.2670</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">1.6694</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">-1.0153</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">1.5252</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">-0.2044</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">-0.1308</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">0.8796</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">-0.4208</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">-0.2628</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">-0.6435</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">2.4559</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">-0.06666</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">-0.234</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">-0.184</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">-0.4208</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">-0.3657</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">-0.09605</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">-0.6721</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">-0.3064</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">-0.142</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">-0.1065</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">0.7406</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">-0.06404</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">-0.3471</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">0.08101</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-0.4102</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">-0.3164</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">-0.5128</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">-0.1915</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">-0.1632</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">-0.5279</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">-0.234</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">-0.202</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">-0.3183</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">-0.1284</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">2.1939</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">-0.1679</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">-0.09448</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">0.7891</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">-0.5988</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">-1.0153</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">1.5252</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">-0.2044</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">-0.1308</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">-1.1365</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">-0.4208</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">-0.2628</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">-0.6435</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">2.4559</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">-0.06666</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">-0.234</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">-0.184</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">-0.4208</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">-0.3657</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">-0.09605</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">-0.6721</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">-0.3064</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">-0.142</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">-0.1065</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">3.4677</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">-0.38999</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">0.7434</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">-0.59290</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-0.4102</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">-0.3164</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">-0.5128</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">-0.1915</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">-0.1632</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">-0.5279</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">4.273</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">-0.202</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">-0.3183</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">-0.1284</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">-0.4557</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">-0.1679</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">-0.09448</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">-1.2670</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">-0.5988</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">-1.0153</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">-0.6555</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">-0.2044</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">-0.1308</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">-1.1365</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">-0.4208</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">3.8046</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">-0.6435</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">-0.4071</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">-0.06666</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">-0.234</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">-0.184</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">-0.4208</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">-0.3657</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">-0.09605</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">-0.6721</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">-0.3064</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">7.041</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">-0.1065</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">-0.7639</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">0.81078</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">-1.1953</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">-0.59290</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">3.0172</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0.8067</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">-0.5128</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">-0.1915</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">-0.1632</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">1.8937</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">-0.234</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">-0.202</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">-0.3183</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">-0.1284</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">-0.4557</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">-0.1679</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">-0.09448</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">0.7891</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">-0.5988</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">0.9846</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">-0.6555</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">-0.2044</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">-0.1308</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">0.8796</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">-0.4208</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">-0.2628</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">-0.6435</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">-0.4071</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">-0.06666</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">-0.234</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">-0.184</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">-0.4208</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">-0.3657</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">-0.09605</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">1.4875</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">-0.3064</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">-0.142</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">-0.1065</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>και προεπισκόπηση των δεδομένων με εφαρμογή των απαραίτητων αλλαγών για μοντέλα δένδρων:</p>
<div class="cell" data-tbl-cap-location="top">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb34" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tree_recipe</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/prep.html">prep</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://recipes.tidymodels.org/reference/juice.html">juice</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">head</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-recipes-df-after-recipes-tree" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" data-tbl-cap-location="top">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-recipes-df-after-recipes-tree-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;6: Σύνολο δεδομένων με εφαρμογή των <code>recipes</code> για μοντέλα δένδρων
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-recipes-df-after-recipes-tree-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_right {
  text-align: right;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_font_normal {
  font-weight: normal;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_font_bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_font_italic {
  font-style: italic;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_footnote_marks {
  font-size: 75%;
  vertical-align: 0.4em;
  position: initial;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_asterisk {
  font-size: 100%;
  vertical-align: 0;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_indent_1 {
  text-indent: 5px;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_indent_2 {
  text-indent: 10px;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_indent_3 {
  text-indent: 15px;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_indent_4 {
  text-indent: 20px;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .gt_indent_5 {
  text-indent: 25px;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd .katex-display {
  display: inline-flex !important;
  margin-bottom: 0.75em !important;
}

#mtqgbvmgxd div.Reactable > div.rt-table > div.rt-thead > div.rt-tr.rt-tr-group-header > div.rt-th-group:after {
  height: 0px !important;
}

.gt_table th, .gt_table td {
  text-align: center !important;
  vertical-align: middle !important;
}

.gt_table {
  margin-left: auto !important;
  margin-right: auto !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

.gt_table tr {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}

.gt_row {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}
</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 2%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="age" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Ηλικία</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">age</span>
</th>
<th id="balance" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Υπόλοιπο</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">balance</span>
</th>
<th id="day" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong></strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">day</span>
</th>
<th id="campaign" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Αριθμός κλήσεων πελάτη</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">campaign</span>
</th>
<th id="pdays" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Ημέρες από προηγ. κλήση</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">pdays</span>
</th>
<th id="previous" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">previous</span>
</th>
<th id="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_χειρονακτική.εργασία</span>
</th>
<th id="job_επιχειρηματίας" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_επιχειρηματίας</span>
</th>
<th id="job_οικιακός.βοηθός" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_οικιακός.βοηθός</span>
</th>
<th id="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος</span>
</th>
<th id="job_συνταξιούχος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_συνταξιούχος</span>
</th>
<th id="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος</span>
</th>
<th id="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών</span>
</th>
<th id="job_σπουδαστής" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_σπουδαστής</span>
</th>
<th id="job_τεχνικός" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_τεχνικός</span>
</th>
<th id="job_άνεργος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_άνεργος</span>
</th>
<th id="job_άγνωστο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">job_άγνωστο</span>
</th>
<th id="marital_παντρεμένο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">marital_παντρεμένο</span>
</th>
<th id="marital_ανύπαντρο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">marital_ανύπαντρο</span>
</th>
<th id="education_δευτεροβάθμια" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">education_δευτεροβάθμια</span>
</th>
<th id="education_τριτοβάθμια" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">education_τριτοβάθμια</span>
</th>
<th id="education_άγνωστο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">education_άγνωστο</span>
</th>
<th id="default_ναι" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">default_ναι</span>
</th>
<th id="housing_ναι" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">housing_ναι</span>
</th>
<th id="loan_ναι" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">loan_ναι</span>
</th>
<th id="contact_κινητό" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">contact_κινητό</span>
</th>
<th id="contact_άγνωστο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">contact_άγνωστο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Αύγουστο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Αύγουστο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Δεκέμβριο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Δεκέμβριο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Φεβρουάριο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Φεβρουάριο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Ιανουάριο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Ιανουάριο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Ιούλιο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Ιούλιο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Ιούνιο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Ιούνιο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Μάρτιο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Μάρτιο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Μάιο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Μάιο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Νοέμβριο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Νοέμβριο</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Οκτώβριος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Οκτώβριος</span>
</th>
<th id="month_Σεπτέμβριος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">month_Σεπτέμβριος</span>
</th>
<th id="y" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>NA</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">y</span>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">68</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">4189</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">14</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">32</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">2536</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">26</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">49</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">1235</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">13</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">78</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">229</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">22</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">-1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="age">33</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="balance">3935</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="day">6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="campaign">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pdays">342</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="previous">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_χειρονακτική.εργασία">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_επιχειρηματίας">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_οικιακός.βοηθός">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_διευθυντικό.στέλεχος">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_συνταξιούχος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_αυτοαπασχολούμενος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_παροχή.υπηρεσιών">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_σπουδαστής">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_τεχνικός">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άνεργος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="job_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_παντρεμένο">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="marital_ανύπαντρο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_δευτεροβάθμια">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_τριτοβάθμια">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="education_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="default_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="housing_ναι">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="loan_ναι">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_κινητό">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="contact_άγνωστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Αύγουστο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Δεκέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Φεβρουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιανουάριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούλιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Ιούνιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάρτιο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Μάιο">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Νοέμβριο">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Οκτώβριος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="month_Σεπτέμβριος">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="y">ναι</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="διασταυρωμένη-επικύρωση" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="διασταυρωμένη-επικύρωση">Διασταυρωμένη επικύρωση</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>Οκ, ήρθε η ώρα να κατασκευάσουμε το μοντέλο μας;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Όχι τόσο γρήγορα. Θεωρητικά θα μπορούσαμε να συνεχίσουμε, ωστόσο η ενδεδειγμένη μέθοδος είναι να μην λαμβάνω απλώς δύο μέρη καθώς η περαιτέρω αξιολογηση βασίζεται ως επί το πλείστον στο πώς έγινε ο διαχωρισμός και ποιες τιμές λήφθηκαν. Για να έχουμε μία πιο ακριβή εκτίμηση της απόδοσης του μοντέλου προτείνετε να κατασκευάσουμε υποσύνολα των δεδομένων μου με σκοπό να βρω τις παραμέτρους οι οποίες οδηγούν συστηματικά, κατά μέσο όρο σε 5 ή 10 υπό-δείγματα σε καλύτερη ακρίβεια.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb35" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Random.html">set.seed</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">123</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cv_folds</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">vfold_cv</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_train</span>, v <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>, strata <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Control objects</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ctrl_grid</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/control_stack.html">control_stack_grid</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ctrl_bayes</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/control_stack.html">control_stack_bayes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># αντί για control_grid(), για stacking</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="κατασκευάζοντας-το-μοντέλο-μου" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="κατασκευάζοντας-το-μοντέλο-μου">Κατασκευάζοντας το μοντέλο μου</h3>
<p>Στη συνέχεια, με το πακέτο <a href="https://github.com/tidymodels/parsnip">parsnip</a> μπορώ να ορίσω τα χαρακτηριστικά των διάφορων μοντέλων που θέλω να κατασκευάσω. Στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση θα ήθελα να ελέγξω διάφορα μοντέλα και αν ελέγξω την απόδοσή τους. Επομένως, θα ορίσω μοντέλα:</p>
<ul>
<li>k Κοντινότερων Γειτόνων (k - Nearest Neighbors)</li>
<li>Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση (Logistic Regression)</li>
<li>Ταξινόμηση Naive Bayes</li>
<li>Τυχαίου δάσους (Random Forest)</li>
<li>LightGBM</li>
<li>XGBoost</li>
</ul>
<p>Το <code>{parnsnip}</code> θα μας βοηθήσει μέσα από ένα ενοποιημένο περιβάλλον να καθορίσουμε τα προβλεπτικά μας μοντέλα. Στο πλαίσιο της ανάλυσης, αναπτύχθηκαν και συγκρίθηκαν πέντε διαφορετικά μοντέλα ταξινόμησης χρησιμοποιώντας το οικοσύστημα <a href="https://tidymodels.tidymodels.org">tidymodels</a> στην R. Συγκεκριμένα, υλοποιήθηκαν τα μοντέλα Λογιστικής Παλινδρόμησης (Logistic Regression), Κοντινότεροι Γείτονες (K-Nearest Neighbors - KNN), Τυχαίο Δάσος (Random Forest), XGBoost και LightGBM, ώστε να αξιολογηθεί η απόδοσή τους στο πρόβλημα πρόβλεψης. Για τη Logistic Regression, χρησιμοποιήθηκε υλοποίηση με κανονικοποίηση μέσω της βιβλιοθήκης glmnet, επιτρέποντας τη βελτιστοποίηση των υπερπαραμέτρων που σχετίζονται με την ένταση της κανονικοποίησης (penalty) και τον τύπο κανονικοποίησης (mixture), που αντιστοιχούν στους μηχανισμούς Ridge και Lasso. Το μοντέλο K-Nearest Neighbors βασίστηκε στον αλγόριθμο kknn, με παραμετροποίηση του αριθμού των γειτόνων (neighbors) και της συνάρτησης στάθμισης των αποστάσεων (weight_func). Για το Random Forest, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η υλοποίηση ranger με 200 δέντρα απόφασης. Οι υπερπαράμετροι που ρυθμίστηκαν περιλάμβαναν τον αριθμό μεταβλητών που εξετάζονται σε κάθε διαχωρισμό (mtry) και το ελάχιστο πλήθος παρατηρήσεων σε κάθε κόμβο (min_n). Παράλληλα, εφαρμόστηκαν δύο μέθοδοι gradient boosting, XGBoost και LightGBM. Και στις δύο περιπτώσεις, το μοντέλο ορίστηκε με 200 δέντρα, ενώ πραγματοποιήθηκε βελτιστοποίηση των υπερπαραμέτρων που σχετίζονται με το βάθος των δέντρων (tree_depth), τον ρυθμό μάθησης (learn_rate) και το ελάχιστο πλήθος παρατηρήσεων ανά κόμβο (min_n). Οι υπερπαράμετροι των μοντέλων που σημειώνονται με tune() επιλέχθηκαν μέσω διαδικασίας βελτιστοποίησης, με στόχο την εύρεση του συνδυασμού που μεγιστοποιεί την προγνωστική απόδοση των μοντέλων. Τέλος, καθορίζεται η κατάλληλη διαδικασία προεπεξεργασίας των δεδομένων μέσω μιας «συνταγής» (recipe) για κάθε ένα από τα οριζόμενα μοντέλα. Οι συνταγές αποτελούν μηχανισμό μετασχηματισμού και προετοιμασίας των δεδομένων, ο οποίος εφαρμόζεται πριν από την εκπαίδευση του μοντέλου. Για τα γραμμικά μοντέλα, όπως η Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση (Logistic Regression) και οι Κοντινότεροι Γείτονες (k-Nearest Neighbors), χρησιμοποιείται η συνταγή που προορίζεται για γραμμικά μοντέλα. Αντίθετα, για τα δενδροειδή μοντέλα (tree-based models), όπως τα XGBoost, LightGBM και το Τυχαίο Δάσος (Random Forest), εφαρμόζεται η συνταγή που έχει σχεδιαστεί για μοντέλα δέντρων.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Ορισμός μοντέλου LightGBM">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb36" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># --- Logistic Regression ---</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_reg_model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parsnip</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/logistic_reg.html">logistic_reg</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  penalty <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  mixture <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_engine.html">set_engine</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"glmnet"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_args.html">set_mode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"classification"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># --- K-Nearest Neighbors ---</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">knn_model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parsnip</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/nearest_neighbor.html">nearest_neighbor</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  neighbors <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  weight_func <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_engine.html">set_engine</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"kknn"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_args.html">set_mode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"classification"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># --- Random Forest ---</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">rf_model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parsnip</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/rand_forest.html">rand_forest</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  trees <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">200</span>,</span>
<span>  mtry  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  min_n <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_engine.html">set_engine</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ranger"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_args.html">set_mode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"classification"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># --- XGBoost ---</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parsnip</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/boost_tree.html">boost_tree</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  trees      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">200</span>,</span>
<span>  min_n      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  learn_rate <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  tree_depth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_engine.html">set_engine</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"xgboost"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_args.html">set_mode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"classification"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># --- LightGBM ---</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lgbm_model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parsnip</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/boost_tree.html">boost_tree</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  trees      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">200</span>,</span>
<span>  min_n      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  learn_rate <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  tree_depth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://hardhat.tidymodels.org/reference/tune.html">tune</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_engine.html">set_engine</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"lightgbm"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/reference/set_args.html">set_mode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"classification"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_wf</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">workflow</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">linear_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_reg_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">knn_wf</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">workflow</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">linear_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">knn_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">rf_wf</span>   <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">workflow</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tree_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>   <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">rf_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_wf</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">workflow</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tree_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>   <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lgbm_wf</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">workflow</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tree_recipe</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>   <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">add_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lgbm_model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="εφαρμόζωντας" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εφαρμόζωντας">Εφαρμόζωντας</h3>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb37" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Random.html">set.seed</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">123</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tune_grid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_wf</span>,</span>
<span>  resamples <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cv_folds</span>,</span>
<span>  grid <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>,</span>
<span>  metrics <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">metric_set</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">accuracy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  control <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ctrl_grid</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># KNN — tune_grid</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">knn_results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tune_grid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">knn_wf</span>,</span>
<span>  resamples <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cv_folds</span>,</span>
<span>  grid <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>,</span>
<span>  metrics <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">metric_set</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">accuracy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  control <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ctrl_grid</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Random Forest — tune_grid (μέτριο κόστος)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">rf_results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tune_grid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">rf_wf</span>,</span>
<span>  resamples <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cv_folds</span>,</span>
<span>  grid <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span>,</span>
<span>  metrics <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">metric_set</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">accuracy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  control <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ctrl_grid</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>i Creating pre-processing data to finalize 1 unknown parameter: "mtry"</code></pre>
</div>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb39" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># XGBoost — tune_bayes</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tune_bayes</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_wf</span>,</span>
<span>  resamples <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cv_folds</span>,</span>
<span>  initial <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>,</span>
<span>  iter <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">25</span>,</span>
<span>  metrics <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">metric_set</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">accuracy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  control <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ctrl_bayes</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># LightGBM — tune_bayes</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lgbm_results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tune_bayes</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lgbm_wf</span>,</span>
<span>  resamples <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cv_folds</span>,</span>
<span>  initial <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>,</span>
<span>  iter <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">25</span>,</span>
<span>  metrics <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">metric_set</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">accuracy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  control <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ctrl_bayes</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>! No improvement for 10 iterations; returning current results.</code></pre>
</div>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb41" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_stack</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/stacks.html">stacks</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/add_candidates.html">add_candidates</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/add_candidates.html">add_candidates</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">knn_results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/add_candidates.html">add_candidates</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">rf_results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/add_candidates.html">add_candidates</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/add_candidates.html">add_candidates</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lgbm_results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Υπολογισμός βαρών για κάθε μοντέλο</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Random.html">set.seed</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">123</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_stack_model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_stack</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/blend_predictions.html">blend_predictions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    penalty <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">^</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,       <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># L1 regularization για επιλογή μοντέλων</span></span>
<span>    metric  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">metric_set</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Εκπαίδευση των επιλεγμένων μοντέλων</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_stack_fit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_stack_model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stacks.tidymodels.org/reference/fit_members.html">fit_members</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="αξιολόγηση-μοντέλων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="αξιολόγηση-μοντέλων">Αξιολόγηση μοντέλων</h3>
<p>Συγκρίνοντας τα μοντέλα μας με βάση το κριτήριο ROC συμπεραίνω ότι το LightGBM είναι αυτό που έχει τη μεγαλύτερη προβλεπτική ισχύ. Συνεπώς, οι όποιες προβλέψεις μας για το ποιοι ενδέχται να εδιαφέρονται για προγράμματα τραπεζικής και ιδιαίτερα για προγράμματα προθεσμιακών καταθέσεων θα πρέπει να βασιστούν στο καλύτερο μας μοντέλο.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb42" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Finalize και last_fit για τα επί μέρους μοντέλα</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">final_results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_results</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"kNN"</span>                 <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">knn_results</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Random Forest"</span>       <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">rf_results</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"XGBoost"</span>             <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_results</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"LightGBM"</span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lgbm_results</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">purrr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/reference/map_dfr.html">imap_dfr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">res</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">best</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">select_best</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">res</span>, metric <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"roc_auc"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">wf</span>   <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/switch.html">switch</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_wf</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"kNN"</span>                 <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">knn_wf</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Random Forest"</span>       <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">rf_wf</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"XGBoost"</span>             <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_wf</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"LightGBM"</span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lgbm_wf</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">last_fit</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">finalize_workflow</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">wf</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">best</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, split <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_dataset_split</span>,</span>
<span>             metrics <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">metric_set</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">accuracy</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">f_meas</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">collect_metrics</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>model <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Stack predictions στο test set</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stack_preds</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_test</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/bind_cols.html">bind_cols</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/predict.html">predict</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_stack_fit</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_test</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"prob"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/bind_cols.html">bind_cols</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/predict.html">predict</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_stack_fit</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_test</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stack_metrics</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stack_preds</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">metrics</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>truth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span>, estimate <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.pred_class</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.pred_ναι</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>model <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Stack Ensemble"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Σύγκριση όλων σε έναν πίνακα</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/bind_rows.html">bind_rows</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">final_results</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stack_metrics</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">model</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.metric</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.estimate</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pivot_wider</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>names_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.metric</span>, values_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.estimate</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/desc.html">desc</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">model</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">accuracy</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span>,</span>
<span>         <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μοντέλο"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">model</span>,</span>
<span>         <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ακρίβεια"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">accuracy</span>,</span>
<span>         <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ROC AUC"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_auc</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>head_max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">8</span>, use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">LightGBM</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Ακρίβεια">0.8798</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ROC AUC">0.7730</td>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">Random Forest</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Ακρίβεια">0.8753</td>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">XGBoost</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Ακρίβεια">0.8780</td>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Ακρίβεια">0.6180</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ROC AUC">0.7368</td>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">kNN</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Ακρίβεια">0.6092</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ROC AUC">0.6539</td>
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<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">Stack Ensemble</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Ακρίβεια">0.8780</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ROC AUC">0.2402</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section></section><section id="αποτελέσματα" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="αποτελέσματα">Αποτελέσματα</h2>
<p>Το βέλτιστο μοντέλο LightGBM που προέκυψε από τη διαδικασία βελτιστοποίησης χαρακτηρίζεται από τρεις βασικές υπερπαραμέτρους. Η παράμετρος min_n (minimum node size), που ισούται με 1, ορίζει τον ελάχιστο αριθμό παρατηρήσεων που απαιτείται σε κάθε τελικό κόμβο του δέντρου — η τιμή 1 επιτρέπει στο μοντέλο να δημιουργεί πολύ εξειδικευμένους κανόνες, κάτι που μπορεί να είναι αποτελεσματικό όταν συνδυάζεται με κατάλληλη ρύθμιση των υπολοίπων παραμέτρων. Η παράμετρος tree_depth (βάθος δέντρου), που ισούται με 2, καθορίζει πόσα επίπεδα διαχωρισμών μπορεί να έχει κάθε δέντρο· μία τιμή 2 σημαίνει σχετικά απλά δέντρα, τα οποία αποφεύγουν την υπερπροσαρμογή (overfitting) στα δεδομένα εκπαίδευσης. Τέλος, ο ρυθμός μάθησης (learn_rate) ισούται με 0.047, και ελέγχει πόσο «βήμα» κάνει το μοντέλο σε κάθε επανάληψη — μικρότερες τιμές οδηγούν σε πιο σταδιακή και συνήθως πιο σταθερή σύγκλιση, αλλά απαιτούν περισσότερα δέντρα για να αποδώσουν πλήρως.</p>
<p>Από την ανάλυση σπουδαιότητας μεταβλητών του μοντέλου LightGBM προκύπτει ότι οι πιο καθοριστικοί παράγοντες για την πρόβλεψη ενδιαφέροντος σε προθεσμιακό λογαριασμό είναι η ύπαρξη στεγαστικού δανείου (<code>housing_ναι</code>, 15.3%) και ο άγνωστος τρόπος επικοινωνίας (<code>contact_άγνωστο</code>, 14.0%), με την οικογενειακή κατάσταση “παντρεμένος” να ακολουθεί (<code>marital_παντρεμένο</code>, 11.7%). Αξιοσημείωτη είναι και η συμβολή του μήνα επικοινωνίας, με τον Μάιο να εμφανίζεται ως ο πιο σημαντικός μήνας (8.2%), ενώ το επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης συμμετέχει επίσης με αξιόλογο βάρος. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά συνάδουν σε μεγάλο βαθμό με τα ευρήματα της περιγραφικής ανάλυσης, επιβεβαιώνοντας ότι δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά όπως η οικογενειακή κατάσταση και το εκπαιδευτικό υπόβαθρο, αλλά και επιχειρησιακές παράμετροι όπως ο τρόπος και η χρονική στιγμή επικοινωνίας, διαδραματίζουν καθοριστικό ρόλο στην απόφαση ενός πελάτη.</p>
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Πίνακας&nbsp;7: Σπουδαίότητα μεταβλητών κατά φθίνουσα σειρά
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Έγγαμος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σπουδαιότητα">15.04</td>
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<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Άγνωστος τρόπος επικοινωνίας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σπουδαιότητα">14.05</td>
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<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Στεγαστικό δάνειο</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σπουδαιότητα">11.65</td>
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<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Μήνας: Μάιος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σπουδαιότητα">9.73</td>
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<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση</td>
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<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Δευτεροβάθμια εκπαίδευση</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σπουδαιότητα">3.76</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">pdays</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σπουδαιότητα">3.39</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Μήνας: Ιούλιος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σπουδαιότητα">3.31</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">month_Οκτώβριος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σπουδαιότητα">2.72</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Επάγγελμα: Χειρονακτική εργασία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σπουδαιότητα">2.63</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><p>Επιπλέον, θα ήθελα να συγκρίνω την απόδοση των τριών καλύτερών μου μοντέλων γραφικά με ένα γράφημα AUC (Area under the curve). Επιπλέον του μοντέλου lightgbm που προσάρμοσα προηγουμένως διάλεξα το μοντέλο λογιστικής παλινδρόμησης και το μοντέλο XGBoost.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb43" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Για αξιολόγηση / ROC / confusion matrix → fit μόνο στο train</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">final_lr</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">finalize_workflow</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_wf</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">select_best</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">log_results</span>, metric <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"roc_auc"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://generics.r-lib.org/reference/fit.html">fit</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_train</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">final_xgb</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">finalize_workflow</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_wf</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">select_best</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">xgb_results</span>, metric <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"roc_auc"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://generics.r-lib.org/reference/fit.html">fit</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_train</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">get_preds</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fitted_wf</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">model_name</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/predict.html">predict</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fitted_wf</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_test</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"prob"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/bind_cols.html">bind_cols</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/predict.html">predict</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fitted_wf</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_test</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/bind_cols.html">bind_cols</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bank_test</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>model <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">model_name</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">all_preds</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/bind_rows.html">bind_rows</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">get_preds</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">final_lgbm_wf</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"LightGBM"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">get_preds</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">final_lr</span>,   <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">get_preds</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">final_xgb</span>,  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"XGBoost"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_all</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">all_preds</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_curve</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>truth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.pred_ναι</span>, event_level <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"second"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">ungroup</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"LightGBM"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#2196F3"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Random Forest"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#4CAF50"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"XGBoost"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF5722"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hchart.html">hchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">roc_all</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">specificity</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sensitivity</span>, group <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ROC Curves"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σύγκριση LightGBM, XGBoost και Λογιστικής Παλινδρόμησης"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1 - Ειδικότητα (False Positive Rate)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ευαισθησία (True Positive Rate)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/unname.html">unname</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>headerFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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<p>Τέλος, η υπεροχή του μοντέλου LightGBM έχει αποδειχτεί όμως κρίνω απαραίτητη την προσθήκη ενός ακόμη εργαλείου για να κάνει ξεκάθαρη όχι απλώς τη διαφορά στην προβλεπτική τους απόδοση, αλλά κυριώς στ αποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά αυτής. Βλέπεται το κάθε μοντέλο έχει τις δικές του δυνάμεις και συνάμα αδυναμίες. Άλλο μοντέλο μπορεί να είναι πιο ευαίσθητο σε κάποιες τιμές και άλλο να κτηγοριοποιεί πιο δύσκολα.</p>
<div class="cell">
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font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_header.html">tab_header</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Confusion Matrices"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_spanner.html">tab_spanner</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>label <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Προβλεφθέν"</span>, columns <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Όχι"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ναι"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cols_align.html">cols_align</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_options.html">tab_options</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        table.background.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>,</span>
<span>        row_group.font.weight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span>,</span>
<span>        column_labels.border.top.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>        column_labels.border.top.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span>,</span>
<span>        column_labels.border.bottom.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        column_labels.border.bottom.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span>,</span>
<span>        table_body.border.bottom.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        table_body.border.bottom.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="XGBoost  Πραγματικό">Ναι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="XGBoost  Όχι">131 (11.6%)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="XGBoost  Ναι">0 (0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="gt_group_heading_row odd">
<th colspan="3" id="Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση" class="gt_group_heading" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" scope="colgroup">Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση</th>
</tr>
<tr class="gt_row_group_first even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση  Πραγματικό">Όχι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση  Όχι">601 (53.1%)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση  Ναι">399 (35.3%)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση  Πραγματικό">Ναι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση  Όχι">33 (2.9%)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση  Ναι">98 (8.7%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Ο παραπάνω πίνακας είναι άκρως αποκαλύπτικός για αυτό που θέλω να περιγράψω. Δεν αρκεί η ακρίβεια ως μέτρο ´συγκρισης. Σκεφτείτε τι θέλαμε, να βρούμε τους πελάτες που ενδαιφέρονται. Στο κομμάτι των δεδομένων που απομονώσαμε για να ελέγξουμε την ισχύ των μοντέλων υπάρχουν 1000 αρνήσεις και 131 θετικές εκβάσεις. Εγώ θεωρητικά ψάχνω το μοντέλο με τη μεγαλύτερη ακρίβεια, δηλαδή το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό στα διαγώνια κελιά, όπου για το LightGBM είναι 87.8%, για το XGBoost 88.4% και για τη Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση 61.8%. Μία βιαστική επιλογή θα ήταν το XGBoost. Ωστόσο, παρατηρώ το εξής ενδιφέρον ότι αυτό το μμοντέλο προβλέπει ότι κανένας δεν ενδιαφέρεται, άρα χάνονται και οι 131 δυντικοί πελάτες. Επομένως η επιλογή του μοντέλου δεν θα πρέπει να βασιστεί στην καλύτερη ταξινόμηση αλλά στην αποδοτικότερη εύρεση των ενδιαφερόμενων (ταύτιση των Ναι, πρόβλεψης και πραγματικότητας). Αν δούμε προσεχτικότερα το ίδιο πρόβλημα έχει και το LightGBM μοντέλο με μόλις 22 θετικές προβλέψεις από τις 131 και το μοντέλο λογιστικής παλινδρόμησης να δίνει μία ανέλπιστα καλή απόδοση βρίσκοντας τα 2/3 των ενδιαφερόμενων. Κάπου εδώ βέβαια έχει σημασία να παρατηρήσουμε και πόσο θα πρέπει να απασχολθούμε για να αντλήσουμε αυτούς τους πελάτες. Το μοντέλο LightGBM προβλέπει 49 δυνητικούς πελάτες - άρα οι οχλήσεις είναι αρκετά μειωμένες σε σχέση με αυτές τις λογιστικής παλινδρόμησης που προσεγγίζουν τις 500.</p>



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</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2022,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Εντοπίζοντας πιθανούς ενδιαφερόμενους πελάτες},
  date = {2022-11-24},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/predict-possible-clients/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2022" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. (2022, November 24). Εντοπίζοντας πιθανούς ενδιαφερόμενους
πελάτες. Retrieved from <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/predict-possible-clients/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/predict-possible-clients/</a>
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>R</category>
  <category>Ταξινόμηση</category>
  <category>Tidymodels</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/predict-possible-clients/</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 24 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/predict-possible-clients/client_predict.png" medium="image" type="image/png" height="93" width="144"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Εγκατάσταση αλγορίθμων ενίσχυσης βαθμίδας στο Linux</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/install-gbm-in-ubuntu/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<p>Η ενασχόληση με τη μηχανική μάθηση είναι ένας αρκετά ενδιαφέρον αλλά μακρύς δρόμος. Οι περισσότεροι μαθαίνουν κάποιες βασικές έννοιες και στη συνέχεια προσπαθούν να μάθουν - εφαρμόσουν με κάποιο απλό μοντέλο. Ένα από τα πρώτα μοντέλα που βλέπεις είτε σε οδηγούς εκμάθησης, είτε στη σχολή είναι η λογιστική παλινδρόμηση, γραμμική παλινδρόμηση κ.α. Αυτά είναι κάποια απλά μοντέλα τα οποία μπορούν να γίνουν αντιληπτά πιο εύκολα για το πώς δουλεύουν και προσφέρουν μία αποδεκτή ακρίβεια. Πλέον αυτά τα μοντέλα σπάνια χρησιμοποιούνται από μόνα τους για να εξάγουμε κάποια συμπεράσματα, μιας και υπάρχουν αξιόλογες εναλλακτικές που μπορούν να μας δώσουν μεγαλύτερα ποσοστά ακρίβειας. Μία από αυτές είναι οι αλγορίθμοι ενίσχυσης βαθμίδας (Gradient Boosting Machines - GBMs). Οι συγκεκριμένοι αλγόριθμοι βελτιώνουν σε μεγάλο βαθμό το μοντέλο μας και δεν είναι ιδιαίτερα δύσκολη η χρήση αυτών. Φυσικά πριν κάνουμε χρήση των μοντέλων αυτών (π.χ. με το πακέτο tidymodels), θα πρέπει να εγκαταστήσουμε τα σχετικά λογισμικά. Επομένως, σε αυτό το άρθρο θα συνοψίσω όλες τις σχετικές πληροφορίες για την εγκατάσταση αυτών.</p>
<div id="tbl-documentation-list-gbm" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-documentation-list-gbm-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;1: Αλγόριθμοι Boosting και ιστοσελίδες τεκμηρίωσης
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-documentation-list-gbm-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<table class="caption-top table">
<thead><tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">Μοντέλο</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Πηγή</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">LightGBM</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://lightgbm.readthedocs.io/en/v3.3.2/Installation-Guide.html">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">CatBoost</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://catboost.ai/en/docs/concepts/installation">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">XGBoost</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/stable/install.html">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="cell fig-cap-location-bottom">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" data-cap-location="bottom" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">highcharter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>keyword <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"LightGBM"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"CatBoost"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"XGBoost"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, gprop <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">interestOverTime</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">googleTrendsData</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"interest_over_time"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>date <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/reference/ymd.html">ymd</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Year <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lubridate</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/reference/year.html">year</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">keyword</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Average <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/mean.html">mean</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, digits <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ενδιαφέρον αναζήτησης σε μηχανές αναζήτησης"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποιος από τους αλγόριθμούς ενίσχυσης βαθμίδας (GBMs) έχει περισσότερες</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">                αναζητήσεις."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/unique.html">unique</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">interestOverTime</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τάση"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"XGBoost"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">interestOverTime</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">keyword</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"XGBoost"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"CatBoost"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">interestOverTime</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">keyword</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"CatBoost"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Average</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"LightGBM"</span>,</span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">interestOverTime</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">keyword</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"LightGBM"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Average</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="lightgbm" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="lightgbm">LightGBM</h2>
<section id="επιλογή-1.-εγκατάσταση-του-πακέτου-r" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="επιλογή-1.-εγκατάσταση-του-πακέτου-r">Επιλογή 1. Εγκατάσταση του πακέτου R</h3>
<p>Αν διαβάζεις αυτή την ιστοσελίδα πιθανότατα γνωρίζεις ήδη ότι προγραμματίζω κυρίως με R. Είναι προφανές ότι θα ξεκινήσω με μία λύση για τους R χρήστες. Στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση εγκαθιστώ το αντίστοιχο πακέτο της R, lightgbm, έτσι ώστε να το χρησιμοποιήσουμε.</p>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>R code</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" data-filename="R code" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">start_time_lightgbm</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Sys.time.html">Sys.time</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/install.packages.html">install.packages</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"lightgbm"</span>, repos <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://cran.r-project.org"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">end_time_lightgbm</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Sys.time.html">Sys.time</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
</section><section id="επιλογή-2.-εγκατάσταση-μέσω-του-cmake" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="επιλογή-2.-εγκατάσταση-μέσω-του-cmake">Επιλογή 2. Εγκατάσταση μέσω του CMAKE</h3>
<p>Στη σελίδα <a href="https://lightgbm.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Installation-Guide.html#linux">τεκμηρίωσης</a> του LightGBM αναφέρονται περισσότερες λεπτομέρειες, ωστόσο οι βασικές εντολές για εγκατάσταση μέσω του terminal είναι οι εξής:</p>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>Terminal</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" data-filename="Terminal" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode bash code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sudo</span> apt install cmake</span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>Terminal</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" data-filename="Terminal" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode bash code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> clone <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--recursive</span> https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM</span>
<span id="cb4-2"><span class="bu" style="color: null;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cd</span> LightGBM</span>
<span id="cb4-3"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mkdir</span> build</span>
<span id="cb4-4"><span class="bu" style="color: null;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cd</span> build</span>
<span id="cb4-5"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cmake</span> ..</span>
<span id="cb4-6"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">make</span> <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-j4</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
</section></section><section id="catboost" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="catboost">CatBoost</h2>
<p>Για το CatBoost μπορείτε να βρείτε <a href="https://github.com/catboost/catboost/releases">εδώ τις εκδόσεις του λογισμικού</a>. Στην δική μου περίπτωση όταν προσπάθησα να εγκαταστήσω τη βιβλιοθήκη <code>devtools</code> προέκυψε ένα σφάλμα που δεν μου επέτρεψε την εγκατάσταση του πακέτου. Σύμφωνα με το μήνυμα σφάλματός στον υπολογιστή μου (στον οποίο τρέχω Ubuntu 22) μου έλειπαν οι βιβλιοθήκες <code>libharfbuzz-dev</code> και <code>libfribidi-dev</code>. Αφού πρόσθεσα τα παραπάνω πακέτα και επανεκκίνησα το RStudio, η εγκατάσταση του <code>devtools</code> ολοκληρώθηκε κανονικά. Αφού εγκαταστήσω το <a href="https://devtools.r-lib.org/">devtools</a> μπορώ να χρησιμοποιήσω την εντολή <code>install_url</code>, καθώς δεν υπάρχει (ή τουλάχιστον δεν γνωρίζω) πακέτο αντίστοιχο του lightgbm. Έτσι χρησιμοποιώ έναν σύνδεσμο αναλόγως της έκδοσης που χρειάζομαι από την επίσημη σελίδα του CatBoost project στο GitHub.</p>
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/install-gbm-in-ubuntu/images/error_message_devtools_install.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>R code</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb5" data-filename="R code" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">start_time_catboost</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Sys.time.html">Sys.time</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">devtools</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">install_url</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://github.com/catboost/catboost/releases/download/v1.1.1/catboost-R-Linux-1.1.1.tgz"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span>, INSTALL_opts <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"--no-multiarch"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"--no-test-load"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">end_time_catboost</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Sys.time.html">Sys.time</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
</section><section id="xgboost" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="xgboost">XGBoost</h2>
<p>Τέλος, μας έχει απομείνει ίσως το πιο γνωστό πακέτο μεταξύ των gradient boosting. Η συγκεκριμένη υλοποίηση είναι ίσως αυτή που βελτιώνει περισσότερο τις εκτιμήσεις μας σε μεθόδους μηχανικής μάθησης. Σταθερά σε πάρα πολλά προβλήματα ξεπερνάει σε απόδοση τις υπόλοιπες συμβατές μεθόδους (λογιστική / γραμμική παλινδρόμηση, Naive Bayes κτλ.). Βέβαια όταν προσπαθήσω να κατασκευάσω ένα μοντέλο μηχανικής μάθησης με το XGBoost, ενδεχομένως να είναι το πιο χρονοβόρο σε σχέση με τις υπόλοιπες υλοποιήσεις. Η εγκατάσταση του πακέτου είναι αντίστοιχα εύκολη με αυτή του lightgbm, μέσω του ομόνυμου πακέτου, xgboost.</p>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>R code</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" data-filename="R code" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">start_time_xgboost</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Sys.time.html">Sys.time</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/install.packages.html">install.packages</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"xgboost"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">end_time_xgboost</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Sys.time.html">Sys.time</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
</section><section id="σύνοψη" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="σύνοψη">Σύνοψη</h2>
<p>Οι αλγόριθμοι ενίσχυσης βαθμίδας μας δίνουν προβλεπτικά μοντέλα με αυξημένη απόδοση (προβλεπτική ικανότητα) σε σχέση με άλλες συμβατικές μεθόδους μηχανικής μάθησης. Σε αυτό το άρθρο διαπιστώθηκε ότι η R κατά κύριο λόγο έχει εύκολους τρόπους για να εγκαταστήσουμε και εν τέλει να χρησιμοποιήσουμε. Για να ολοκληρώσω, θα ήθελα να αναφέρω με ένα μικρό πείραμα που έκανα. Παρατήρησα ότι η εγκατάσταση αυτών των πακέτων είναι ιδιαίτερα χρονοβόρα και σκέφτηκα να χρονομετρήσω τη διάρκεια για την εγκατάστασή τους. Έτσι λοιπόν, κατέγραψα ότι περισσότερη ώρα διήρκησε η εγκατάσταση του πακέτο LightGBM, κάνοντας σχεδόν 8 λεπτά, ακολουθούμενο από το XGBoost, και τέλος το CatBoost για το οποίο διήρκησε μόλις 2 λεπτά!</p>
<div class="table-responsive">
<div id="tbl-install-times" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-install-times-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;2: Χρόνοι εγκατάστασης γνωστών αλγόριθμων ενίσχυσης βαθμίδας
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-install-times-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<table class="caption-top table">
<thead><tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">Μοντέλο</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Μέθοδος εγκατάστασης</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Χρόνος εγκατάστασης</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">LightGBM</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">R πακέτο</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">7.79 λεπτά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">CatBoost</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">R πακέτο (χωρίς devtools)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">2.1 λεπτά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">XGBoost</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">R πακέτο</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">6.16 λεπτά</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>


</section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2022,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Εγκατάσταση αλγορίθμων ενίσχυσης βαθμίδας στο Linux},
  date = {2022-11-13},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/install-gbm-in-ubuntu/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2022" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. (2022, November 13). Εγκατάσταση αλγορίθμων ενίσχυσης βαθμίδας
στο Linux. Retrieved from <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/install-gbm-in-ubuntu/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/install-gbm-in-ubuntu/</a>
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>Linux</category>
  <category>LightGBM</category>
  <category>CatBoost</category>
  <category>XGBoost</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/install-gbm-in-ubuntu/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 13 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/install-gbm-in-ubuntu/images/installation_ubuntu.png" medium="image" type="image/png" height="81" width="144"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Παραμετροποίηση του Git</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/git-commands/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<section id="τι-είναι-το-version-control-system" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="τι-είναι-το-version-control-system">Τι είναι το Version Control System</h3>
<p>Ένα σύστημα ελέγχου εκδόσεων (Version Control System - VCS) είναι ένας τρόπος διαχείρισης και παρακολούθησης αλλαγών στον κώδικα που γράφουμε. Καθώς αναπτύσσουμε μία εφαρμογή, προσθέτουμε λειτουργίες, διορθώνουμε σφάλματα με αποτέλεσμα να διορθώνουμε το κώδικά μας συνεχώς. Το VCS μας επιτρέπει να καταγράφουμε τις αλλαγές μας σε διάφορες στάδια κατά τη διάρκεια υλοποίσης του κώδικά μας.</p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/git-commands/images/workflow_without_vcs.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Workflow without Version Control</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p>Από τα πιο γνωστά προγράμματα ελέγχου εκδόσεων πηγαίου κώδικα είναι τα εξής :</p>
<ul>
<li>Git</li>
<li>Apache Subversion (SVN)</li>
<li>Mercurial</li>
<li>Bazaar</li>
</ul></section><section id="δημοφιλία-vcs" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="δημοφιλία-vcs">Δημοφιλία VCS</h3>
<p>Έχοντας περιγράψει τι είναι το VCS, θα ήταν χρήσιμο να μελετήσουμε ποιο ήταν το πιο γνωστό ή πιο χρησιμοποιούμενο διαχρονικά. Για να το μελετήσω θα χρησιμοποιήσω ιστορικά δεδομένα αναζητήσεων στη μηχανή αναζήτησης της Google και πιο συγκεκριμένα από τη πλατφόρμα <a href="https://trends.google.com/trends/">Google Trends</a> που διατηρεί δεδομένα τάσεων αναζητήσεων ορισμένων όρων.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή R πακέτων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">readr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">dplyr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org">lubridate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">highcharter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Show the code</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">avgPercentageGit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">trends_vcs_tidy</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">VCS</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"git: (Worldwide)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">AVG</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">avgPercentageSVN</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">trends_vcs_tidy</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">VCS</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"svn: (Worldwide)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">AVG</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τάσεις στα λογισμικά διαχείρισης εκδόσεων κώδικα (VCS)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;span style='display: inline-block; align-items: center; text-align: center;'&gt;Σύγκριση τάσεων μεταξύ του  &lt;img height='16' style='margin: 0px 6px;' src='https://git-scm.com/images/logos/downloads/Git-Icon-1788C.png'&gt; Git και του &lt;img height='16' style='margin: 0px 6px;' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Apache_Subversion_logo.svg/250px-Apache_Subversion_logo.svg.png '&gt; SVN (Subversion) από το 2004 μέχρι το 2022&lt;/span&gt;"</span>, useHTML<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>    text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">'&lt;b&gt;Πηγή: &lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="https://trends.google.com/trends/" target="_blank"&gt;Google Trends&lt;/a&gt;'</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    series <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_annotations.html">hc_annotations</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      point <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">12</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">70</span>, xAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, yAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Git"</span>,</span>
<span>      rotation <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">30</span>,</span>
<span>      backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(255,255,255,0.7)"</span>,</span>
<span>      borderColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"black"</span>,</span>
<span>      style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      point <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">12</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>, xAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, yAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Subversion (SVN)"</span>,</span>
<span>      rotation <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>      backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"rgba(255,255,255,0.7)"</span>,</span>
<span>      borderColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"black"</span>,</span>
<span>      style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/unique.html">unique</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">trends_vcs_tidy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τάση αναζήτησης"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>           max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">90</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Git"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">avgPercentageGit</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"orange"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"SVN"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">avgPercentageSVN</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"steelblue"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-vcs-trends" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-vcs-trends-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-121899df29edd2ec7f4d" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-121899df29edd2ec7f4d">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true},"title":{"text":"Τάσεις στα λογισμικά διαχείρισης εκδόσεων κώδικα (VCS)"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Τάση αναζήτησης"},"max":90},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0,"marker":{"enabled":false}},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"<span style='display: inline-block; align-items: center; text-align: center;'>Σύγκριση τάσεων μεταξύ του  <img height='16' style='margin: 0px 6px;' src='https://git-scm.com/images/logos/downloads/Git-Icon-1788C.png'> Git και του <img height='16' style='margin: 0px 6px;' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Apache_Subversion_logo.svg/250px-Apache_Subversion_logo.svg.png '> SVN (Subversion) από το 2004 μέχρι το 2022<\/span>","useHTML":true},"caption":{"useHTML":true,"text":"<b>Πηγή: <\/b> <a href=\"https://trends.google.com/trends/\" target=\"_blank\">Google Trends<\/a>"},"annotations":[{"labels":[{"point":{"x":12,"y":70,"xAxis":0,"yAxis":0},"text":"Git","rotation":-30,"backgroundColor":"rgba(255,255,255,0.7)","borderColor":"black","style":{"fontSize":"12px"}},{"point":{"x":12,"y":10,"xAxis":0,"yAxis":0},"text":"Subversion (SVN)","rotation":0,"backgroundColor":"rgba(255,255,255,0.7)","borderColor":"black","style":{"fontSize":"12px"}}]}],"xAxis":{"categories":[2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022]},"series":[{"data":[6.2,7,9,10.7,16.4,33.7,31.4,37.1,47.6,49.2,58.2,63.2,69.2,78.40000000000001,79.5,85.2,73.7,60.8,90],"name":"Git","type":"line","color":"orange"},{"data":[5.1,13.3,24.3,30.1,34.9,36.2,32.8,28.4,22.4,18.9,15.3,12.3,9.9,8.5,6.8,5.7,4.2,3.1,3.1],"name":"SVN","type":"line","color":"steelblue"}],"tooltip":{"shared":true}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-vcs-trends-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;1: Χρονοσειρές σύγκρισης των τάσεων μεταξύ λογισμικών ελέγχου εκδόσεων κώδικα (Version Control Systems - VCS)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Το διάγραμμα Σχήμα&nbsp;1 ξεκαθαρίζει ως κυρίαρχο εργαλείο για την διαχείριση των εκδόσεων (VCS) του κώδικά μας, το Git. Το Subversion (SVN) ήταν δημοιλέστερο του Git μέχρι και το 2010, ενώ από εκείνη τη χρονιά και έπειτα άρχισε και είχε πτωτική πορεία η οποία δεν έχει ανακάμψει για το προαναφερόμενο λογισμικό μέχρι και σήμερα. Σήμερα το de facto λογισμικό για τη διαχείριση του κώδικα είναι το Git και κυριαρχούν πλατφόρμες που υποστηρίζουν τη φιλοξενεία στο διαδίκτυο όπως το GitHub και το GitLab.</p>
</section><section id="πλεονεκτήματα" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="πλεονεκτήματα">Πλεονεκτήματα</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>Για ποιο λόγο να χρησιμοποιήσω ένα τέτοιο λογισμικό;</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Εύκολη μετάβαση σε προηγούμενες εκδόσεις του κώδικα</li>
<li>Εξοικονόμηση χρόνου, όταν μία νέα έκδοση παράγει σφάλματα</li>
<li>Διευκολύνει τη συνεργασία με άλλους προγραμματιστές, ειδικά μέσω πλατφορμών συνεργασίας όπως το GitHub</li>
</ul></section><section id="αδυναμίες" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="αδυναμίες">Αδυναμίες</h3>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>Εντάξει, τα πλεονεκτήματα είναι σαφή. Υπάρχει όμως και άλλη μεριά;</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Προσθέτουμε ένα νέο εργαλείο στη ροή της εργασίας μας</li>
<li>Απαιτεί κάποιο χρόνο για τη σωστή χρήση του</li>
</ul></section><section id="φιλοξενία-κώδικα" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="φιλοξενία-κώδικα">Φιλοξενία κώδικα</h3>
<p>Αναφέραμε ήδη μερικά από τα πιο σημαντικά διαχείρισης κώδικα. Αυτά όμως τα προγράμματα έχουν ως σκοπό τη διαχείριση του κώδικα στην ίδια τη συσκευή. Αν θέλουμε να μοιραστούμε τον κώδικα θα πρέπει να τον αποθηκεύσουμε και να τον έχουμε διαθέσιμο κάπου διαδικτυακά. Οι πιο γνωστές υπηρεσίες φιλοξενίας κώδικα είναι το <strong>GitHub</strong>, το <strong>GitLab</strong> και το <strong>Bitbucket</strong>. Αν καμία από αυτές τις επιλογές , in case none of the options outlined earlier satisfy us, there is also the self-host solution. For example, if I had concerns about the terms of the above services, I could host <a href="https://gitea.io/en-us/">Gitea</a> on my own server or even to rent a cloud server. That way I would have my own “GitHub”, without depending on a third party service.</p>
</section></section><section id="ρυθμίσεις-του-git" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ρυθμίσεις-του-git">Ρυθμίσεις του Git</h2>
<section id="ορισμός-ονόματος-και-email" class="level3 page-columns page-full"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ορισμός-ονόματος-και-email">Ορισμός ονόματος και email</h3>
<p>Αποφάσισες να χρησιμοποιήσεις το Git, ώστε να το δοκιμάσεις σε κάποια απλά project ή απλά να κρατάς αρχείο εκδόσεων για τις εργασίες σου; Είσαι σε καλό δρόμο. Όταν χρησιμοποιήσεις το Git για πρώτη φορά θα σου ζητήσει να θέσεις ένα όνομα και ένα email. Το Git δεν θα σου επιτρέψει να καταγράψεις τη σύνθεση - έκδοση του project σου προτού τα καθορίσεις.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/git-commands/images/linus.webp" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Φωτογραφία του Linus Torvalds το 2018</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p><strong>Πηγή φωτογραφίας: </strong>Wikimedia Commons, 2021 - Άδεια χρήσης: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC BY 3.0</a>. Για τη πρωτότυπη φωτογραφία μπορείτε να πατήσετε τον <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Walker.jpg">σύνδεσμο</a></p>
</div></div><div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>Terminal</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" data-filename="Terminal" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode bash code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> user.name <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"YourName"</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> user.email your_email</span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-note callout-titled">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
Σημείωση
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>Αν σχεδιάζεις να φιλοξενήσεις τον κώδικά σου στο GitHub, ίσως να έχει νόημα να κρύψεις τη προσωπική σου διεύθυνση email. Σε μία τέτοια περίπτωση το GitHub προσφέρει ένα <code>noreply</code> email προκειμένου να μην την εκθέτεις στο διαδίκτυο. Αν επιθυμείτε, μπορείτε να διαβάσετε περισσότερα για αυτό το θέμα <a href="https://docs.github.com/en/account-and-profile/setting-up-and-managing-your-personal-account-on-github/managing-email-preferences/setting-your-commit-email-address">στον ακόλουθο σύνδεσμο</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="προτιμόμενο-πρόγραμμα-επεξεργασίας" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προτιμόμενο-πρόγραμμα-επεξεργασίας">Προτιμόμενο πρόγραμμα επεξεργασίας</h3>
<p>Γενικότερα το GIt A part that I considered a little bit hard is editing Git commits. By default, Ubuntu has installed Vim, so this was my first editor for my commits. I think this choice is good if you are writing short commit messages or you are acquainted with Vim options/shortcuts. In case you are in a hurry, the use of an alterantive (most familiar) IDE is justified.</p>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>Terminal</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" data-filename="Terminal" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode bash code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> core.editor <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"editor_name"</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>Most notable is Visual Studio Code, which is the most popular IDE, according to <a href="https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021#section-most-popular-technologies-integrated-development-environment">recent Stackoveflow’s survey</a>.</p>
<table class="caption-top table">
<thead><tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">Editor</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Command</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Atom</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">git config –global core.editor “atom –wait”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Visual Studio Code</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">git config –global core.editor “code –wait”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></section><section id="προεπιλεγμένο-όνομα" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προεπιλεγμένο-όνομα">Προεπιλεγμένο όνομα</h3>
<p>In October of 2020, GitHub <a href="https://github.blog/changelog/2020-10-01-the-default-branch-for-newly-created-repositories-is-now-main/">announced</a> that will change the default name of initial branch from <code>master</code> to <code>main</code>. <br></p>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>The default branch name for new repositories is now main. <br><span style="float:right">GitHub.blog - October 1,2020</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Therefore, it would be good to make this change in our local environment as well, as follows :</p>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>Terminal</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb5" data-filename="Terminal" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode bash code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> init.defaultBranch main</span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
</section><section id="merge-method" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="merge-method">Merge method</h3>
<p>One change that is not exactly necessary but helps me is to change the defaults regarding merge. Let’s say that I want to add a new feature in my application. Most of the times I will make a branch on which I will start developing my new feature. When I implement this function and I’m ready to merge my changes into the main code there are two situations.</p>
<p><strong>1. There are commits to main branch </strong></p>
<p>The predefined action is to merge. The branch is visible. Our setting has not any effect on this case.</p>
<p><strong>2. There are no commits to main branch</strong></p>
<p>The predefined action of Git is to take the feature branch and paste it on the top of main branch. By making the setting above I am telling Git to keep the branch and react like the first case. The branch is visible again.</p>
<p>With simple words, I am forcing Git to keep branch, regardless of changes to main branch.</p>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>Terminal</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" data-filename="Terminal" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode bash code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb6-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> merge.ff false</span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
</section><section id="auto-sign-your-commits" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="auto-sign-your-commits">Auto-sign your commits</h3>
<p>In a previous <a href="https://stesiam.github.io/blog/2022-10-03-Verified-Commits/2022-10-03-Verified-Commits.html">article</a> we saw how to sign our commits as well as the reasons for doing so. In short, we made a PGP key which we added to our GitHub account. From that moment to sign my commits I had to write <code>git commit -S -m "something"</code>, instead of <code>git commit -m "something"</code>. Of course, that method is a little bit problematic. It is a little bit longer, little different in comparison to what I am used to type and most importantly I may forget some times to sign it manually. The last one happened to me A LOT. Thankfully, there is a way to be carefree about that anymore. I can set git config in a way that my commits will be signed automatically.</p>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-warning callout-titled">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
Προειδοποίηση
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>If you do not have already a GPG key, you can have a look in this <a href="https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/managing-commit-signature-verification/generating-a-new-gpg-key">guide</a> in order to generate one. Also, depending your hosting platform for your code, you can link your GPG with your account : <br></p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/managing-commit-signature-verification/adding-a-gpg-key-to-your-github-account">GitHub and GPG keys</a> <br>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://confluence.atlassian.com/bitbucketserver/using-gpg-keys-913477014.html">BitBucket and GPG keys</a> <br>
</li>
<li><a href="https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/repository/gpg_signed_commits/">GitLab and GPG keys</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>Terminal</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" data-filename="Terminal" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode bash code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb7-1"><span class="ex" style="color: null;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gpg</span> <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--list-secret-keys</span> <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--keyid-format</span> LONG</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config user.signingkey key_id</span>
<span id="cb7-3"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config commit.gpgsign true</span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
</section><section id="ελέγχοντας-τις-ρυθμίσεις-του-git" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ελέγχοντας-τις-ρυθμίσεις-του-git">Ελέγχοντας τις ρυθμίσεις του Git</h3>
<p>Making the above settings, we can have a summary of those with the corresponding command:</p>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>Terminal</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb8" data-filename="Terminal" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode bash code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb8-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--list</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>Here is the output on my machine :</p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/git-commands/images/git_config_output.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Output of git-config command</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p>The image above sums up the settings of Git. Although, each user has different needs and for that reason it would be good in case you want to learn more about <code>git config</code> to see their <a href="https://git-scm.com/docs/git-config">documentation page</a>.</p>
</section></section><section id="συνοψίζοντας" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="συνοψίζοντας">Συνοψίζοντας</h2>
<p>Μία σύνοψη των εντολών που χρησιμοποιήσαμε για τη ρύθμιση του Git.</p>
<div class="code-with-filename">
<div class="code-with-filename-file">
<pre><strong>Terminal</strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb9" data-filename="Terminal" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode bash code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> user.name <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"YourName"</span></span>
<span id="cb9-2"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> user.email your_email</span>
<span id="cb9-3"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> core.editor <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"editor_name"</span></span>
<span id="cb9-4"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> init.defaultBranch main</span>
<span id="cb9-5"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--global</span> merge.ff false</span>
<span id="cb9-6"></span>
<span id="cb9-7"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Add PGP key to your commits</span></span>
<span id="cb9-8"></span>
<span id="cb9-9"><span class="ex" style="color: null;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gpg</span> <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--list-secret-keys</span> <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--keyid-format</span> LONG</span>
<span id="cb9-10"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config user.signingkey key_id</span>
<span id="cb9-11"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config commit.gpgsign true</span>
<span id="cb9-12"></span>
<span id="cb9-13"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># check git config settings</span></span>
<span id="cb9-14"></span>
<span id="cb9-15"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">git</span> config <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--list</span> <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">--show-origin</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>Of course you can access your git config file on your Home directory (at least on Ubuntu installation).</p>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-warning callout-titled">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
Προειδοποίηση
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>Note that the .gitconfig file, which contains our settings, may not be visible in the Home directory. In general, files whose names begin with a period are not displayed. However, if everything has been done correctly, it’s probably there. For example, in Ubuntu you should choose to show hidden files.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section id="ευχαριστίες" class="level2 appendix unlisted"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Ευχαριστίες</h2><div class="quarto-appendix-contents">
<p>Φωτογραφία από <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/skorec-16694100/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=7522129">Daniel Skovran</a> από το <a href="https://pixabay.com//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=7522129">Pixabay</a></p>



</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-bibliography"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορές</h2><div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" data-line-spacing="2">
<div id="ref-chacon2014pro" class="csl-entry">
Chacon, S., &amp; Straub, B. (2014). <em>Pro git</em>. Springer Nature.
</div>
</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2022,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Παραμετροποίηση του Git},
  date = {2022-11-04},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/git-commands/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2022" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. (2022, November 4). Παραμετροποίηση του Git. Retrieved from <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/git-commands/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/git-commands/</a>
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>Git</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/git-commands/</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 04 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/git-commands/images/git_new.png" medium="image" type="image/png" height="83" width="144"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Συγκεντρωμένο υλικό για την R στα ελληνικά</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 






<section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2 page-columns page-full">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<p>Καλησπέρα σας.</p>
<p>Πρώτο άρθρο στα ελληνικά και ελπίζω να μην τα γράφω τζάμπα και κάποιος, κάπου, κάποτε να βρει αυτή τη σελίδα αν ποτέ τη χρειαστεί 😁. Εγώ προσωπικά ασχολούμαι με την <i class="fa-brands fa-r-project" aria-label="r-project"></i> από το 2018 περίπου. Ένα από τα πράγματα που με εντυπωσίασαν είναι η κοινότητά της που είναι πρόθυμη να βοηθήσει τους νέους χρήστες. Αρκετοί νέοι χρήστες έχουν βρει βοήθεια σε προβλήματα με τη γλώσσα είτε στο <i class="fa-brands fa-stack-overflow" aria-label="stack-overflow"></i> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/r">Stackoverflow</a>, στο <i class="fa-brands fa-mastodon" aria-label="mastodon"></i> <a href="https://fosstodon.org/tags/rstats">Mastodon</a> ή στο κανάλι <i class="fa-brands fa-reddit" aria-label="reddit"></i> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rstats/">/rstats</a> του Reddit. Βέβαια, η συνεισφορά της κοινότητας δεν σταματάει εκεί καθώς πολλοί έχουν συμβάλει γράφοντας ακόμα και βιβλία για την <i class="fa-brands fa-r-project" aria-label="r-project"></i> καθιστώντας μία απαιτητική γλώσσα προγραμματισμού πιο προσβάσιμη στο ευρύ κοινό. Πλειάδα αυτών των βιβλίων διατίθεται δωρεάν στο διαδίκτυο με πιο γνωστό από όλα το <a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/">R for Data Science</a>, το οποίο ήταν και το πρώτο βιβλίο που διάβασα για την R. Εκτός από την κοινότητα και το απεριόριστο δωρεάν υλικό, έχουν δημιουργηθεί και ομάδες που προωθούν την R ή που έχουν ως κοινό χαρακτηριστικό την R σε ομάδες που υποεκπροσωπούνται στο πεδίο της επιστήμης δεδομένων (π.χ. κοινότητες <a href="https://rladies.org/">R-ladies</a>, etc.), γεγονός που την καθιστά συμπεριληπτική.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/images/Rlogo.png" height="100" class="figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Λογότυπο γλώσσας προγραμματισμού R</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div></div><p>Στα αγγλικά η συλλογή δωρεάν υλικού είναι χαώδης και πραγματικά για το κάθε πεδίο υπάρχει και ένα βιβλίο. Ενδεικτικά, από τη σελίδα <a href="https://bookdown.org/home/archive/">bookdown</a>, η οποία φιλοξενεί μία από τις βασικές και εκτεταμένες συλλογές δωρεάν βιβλίων για την R (πάνω από 1500 βιβλία), μπορώ να διακρίνω βιβλία τόσο για την R και για διάφορα πακέτα της (σχετικά με την ανάλυση, οπτικοποίηση και πρόβλεψη δεδομένων), όσο και για πιο εξειδικευμένα θέματα όπως <a href="https://bookdown.org/MathiasHarrer/Doing_Meta_Analysis_in_R/">Μετα-ανάλυση</a>, <a href="https://www.econometrics-with-r.org/">Οικονομετρία</a>, κ.α. Ωστόσο, τι γίνεται με τη πρόσβαση σε ελληνικό περιεχόμενο για την R; Πρόσφατα (το 2024) ο <a href="https://fosstodon.org/@hadleywickham/112299845231321009">Hadley Wickham</a> με δημοσίευσή του στο Mastodon έδωσε ίσως το καλύτερο νέο για τους Έλληνες χρήστες μιας και πλέον υπάρχει και ελληνική μετάφραση του γνωστού βιβλίου R for Data Science, <a href="https://gr.r4ds.hadley.nz/">Η R για την Επιστήμη Δεδομένων</a>.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/images/bookdown.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Λογότυπο του R πακέτου bookdown</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Το bookdown είναι ένα λογισμικό που δίνει τη δυνατότητα στους χρήστες της R να φτιάχνουν εύκολα έγγραφα ή και βιβλία. Η χρήση της συνεπώς γίνεται ως επί το πλείστον από χρήστες της R. Ωστόσο, στη συλλογή δεν αποκλείεται να δείτε και άσχετα βιβλία ή ακόμα και βιβλία για τη Python.</p>
</div></div><p>Βέβαια δεν είναι μόνο το βιβλίο RfDS, αφού και άλλοι μικροί ήρωες της καθημερινότητας έχουν προσφέρει υλικό για την R στα ελληνικά. Προκειμένου να συμπεριληφθεί κάτι στη σελίδα θα πρέπει να πληρεί τις εξής προϋποθέσεις :</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>Να είναι δωρεάν</li>
<li>Να είναι στα ελληνικά</li>
<li>Να είναι κατανοητό για όλο το φάσμα των χρηστών της R</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="βιβλία-για-την-r" class="level2 page-columns page-full">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="βιβλία-για-την-r">Βιβλία για την R</h2>
<p>Συνολικά 6 βιβλία έχουν βρεθεί να είναι ελεύθερα διαθέσιμα ηλεκτρονικά. Τα τέσσερα από τα έξι αποτελούν βιβλία από το <a href="https://repository.kallipos.gr/">Κάλλιπο</a>, όπου διαθέτει ηλεκτρονικά συγγράμματα για διάφορα επιστημονικά πεδία.</p>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 31%">
<col style="width: 37%">
<col style="width: 31%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">Τίτλος βιβλίου</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Συγγραφέας</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Σύνδεσμος</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">R για την Επιστήμη Δεδομένων <br> (2η έκδοση)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Hadley Wickham <br> Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel <br> Garrett Grolemund <br> P Togias (tr) <br> MT Pandi (tr)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://gr.r4ds.hadley.nz/" target="_blank">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">Εισαγωγή στην R Πρόχειρες σημειώσεις</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Φωκιανός, Κ. <br> Χαραλάμπους, Χ.</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/mainfokianoscharalambous.pdf" target="_blank">Σύνδεσμος</a> <br> (απευθείας κατέβασμα)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">Προγραμματισμός σε R</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Νικολαΐδης, Β.</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://repository.kallipos.gr/handle/11419/8588" target="_blank">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">Εισαγωγή στον προγραμματισμό και στη στατιστική ανάλυση με R</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Ντζούφρας, Ι. <br> Καρλής, Δ.</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://repository.kallipos.gr/handle/11419/2601" target="_blank">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">Η επιστήμη των δεδομένων μέσα από τη γλώσσα R</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Βερύκιος, Β. <br> Καγκλής, Β. <br> Σταυρόπουλος, Η.</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://repository.kallipos.gr/handle/11419/2965" target="_blank">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">Εισαγωγή στην επιχειρησιακή έρευνα και στον γραμμικό προγραμματισμό</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Κουνέτας, Κ <br> Χατζησταμούλου, Ν.</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://repository.kallipos.gr/handle/11419/5699" target="_blank">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">Εισαγωγή στην εκπαιδευτική και ψυχολογική μέτρηση με τη χρήση της R</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Albano, A. <br> Markos, A. (tr)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://repository.kallipos.gr/handle/11419/8143" target="_blank">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Όπως είναι προφανές, οι επιλογές μας σε σχέση με το υλικό που υπάρχει στα αγγλικά (ελεύθερα διαθέσιμο) είναι περιορισμένες. Ωστόσο, υπάρχουν κάποιες πολύ καλές επιλογές (ανάλογα το επίπεδο και τον σκοπό του χρήστη).</p>
<p>Η καλύτερη επιλογή (από το 2024) κατά τη γνώμη μου είναι το πλέον μεταφρασμένο βιβλίο R for Data Science, <a href="https://gr.r4ds.hadley.nz/">Η Επιστήμη Δεδομένων με την R</a>. Αυτό το βιβλίο κατά τη γνώμη μου είναι το πιο πλήρες καθώς μας βάζει στη λογική ότι θα πρέπει η ανάλυση των δεδομένων δεν είναι απλά ένα διάγραμμα ή ένα μοντέλο. Αυτό είναι το αποτέλεσμα της ανάλυσης. Το βιβλίο με πολύ ωραίο τρόπο περιγράφει τη διαδικασία που προηγείται αυτού, όπως τη συλλογή, τη μεταφόρτωση των δεδομένων. Συνεχίζει με τον μετασχηματισμό αυτών προκειμένου να αποκτήσουν μορφή έτοιμη για ανάλυση. Τέλος, αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι το βιβλίο δίνει έμφαση στο μετα-πακέτο (συλλογή από πακέτα) <code>tidyverse</code>, που είναι το πιο ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενο στις μέρες μας και περιέχει αρκετά γνωστά πακέτα όπως το <code>readr</code> (μεταφόρτωση δεδομένων), <code>dplyr</code> (μετασχηματισμό δεδομένων), <code>tidyr</code> (τακτοποίηση δεδομένων), <code>ggplot2</code> (οπτικοποίηση) κ.α. Αυτό είναι σημαντικό καθώς ορισμένα από τα επόμενα βιβλία είναι πιο παλιά και βασίζονται στη λεγόμενη base R (εντολές που περιλαμβάνονται στην R) για την όποια ανάλυση. Κατά τη γνώμη μου η χρήση του tidyverse είναι προτιμητέα αρχικά επειδή υπάρχει πολύ διαθέσιμο υλικό (ιστοσελίδες / documentation) έχει αρκετή υποστήριξη (τόσο από τη κοινότητα της R, όσο και από την <a href="https://posit.co/">Posit</a>, πρώην RStudio) και είναι πιο εύκολη στη χρήση. Αν δεν σας έχω πείσει ακόμα να σας ενημερώσω ότι πολλά από τα εντυπωσιακά διαγράμματα που βλέπετε κατά καιρούς στο Twitter (συνήθως στο hashtag #TidyTuesday) ή σε εφημερίδες / τηλεοπτικά δίκτυα (π.χ. <a href="https://github.com/bbc/bbplot">BBC</a>) χρησιμοποιούν το πακέτο ggplot2 της R για τα γραφήματά τους.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/images/cover_RfDS.jpg" height="200" class="figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Εξώφυλλο πρωτότυπης έκδοσης RfDS</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Το βιβλίο <a href="https://gr.r4ds.hadley.nz/">R for Data Science</a> (Η R για την Επιστήμη των Δεδομένων) είναι ένα βιβλίο που ασχολείται με τη σύγχρονη R (με βάση το πακέτο tidyverse), η πρώτη αγγλική έκδοση εκδόθηκε το 2017 και η δεύτερη το 2023. Η πρωτότυπη, αγγλική, έκδοση έχει συγγραφεί από τους Hadley Wickham, Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel και Garrett Grolemund Η ελληνική έκδοση μεταφράστηκε από τους Παναγιώτη Τόγια και Θεοδώρα Πανδή.</p>
</div></div><p>Η δεύτερη επιλογή μου (και η μέχρι πρότινος αγαπημένη μου που δεν υπήρχε η μετάφραση του RfDS) είναι το βιβλίο “<strong>Εισαγωγή στην R - Πρόχειρες σημειώσεις</strong>” των κυρίων Φωκιανού και Χαραλάμπους. Είναι ένας συνδυασμός σημειώσεων και εφαρμογής των εντολών για κατηγορίες προβλημάτων. Αναφέρεται σε ένα μεγάλο εύρος θεμάτων (κυρίως στατιστικής). Πιο συγκεκριμένα από τα πιο απλά (έλεγχοι t-test) μέχρι πιο σύνθετα θέματα (ανάλυση κατά συστάδες). Ένα πολύ ωραίο στοιχείο είναι ότι κάθε κεφάλαιο συνοδεύεται από ένα μικρό παράδειγμα κώδικα R, γεγονός που το καθιστά πολύ καλό για φοιτητές στατιστικής (μάλλον για αυτό μου αρέσει). Οι συγκεκριμένες σημειώσεις έχουν μόνο δύο μικρά μειονεκτήματα που αφορούν στη πληρότητα και την υλοποίηση του κώδικα. Το βιβλίο αναλύει ένα αρκετά τεράστιο εύρος θεμάτων στατιστικής σε σχεδόν 300 σελίδες και κάπου εδώ προκύπτει ένα εμπόδιο. Κατά πόσο αναλύονται όλα τα στοιχεία που οφείλει να γνωρίζει ένας στατιστικός ή ένας τυπικός αναγνώστης με σχετικά ενδιαφέροντα; Οι συγγραφείς του βιβλίου αποφάσισαν να γράψουν ένα βιβλίο που θα εκθέτει τον αναγνώστη στις διάφορες μεθοδολογίες και να του κεντρίσουν το ενδιαφέρον και να του δώσουν μία σύνοψη για τις βασικές έννοιες και θεωρίες που χειριζόμαστε στο προπτυχιακό επίπεδο. Αυτή η απόφαση κατά τη γνώμη μου είναι ενδιαφέρουσα μιας και δίνεις χώρο στον αναγνώστη να πάρει ιδέες, να μάθει και εν τέλει να συνθέσει μόνος του ένα κεφάλαιο μιας μεθοδολογίας που του κέντρισε το ενδιαφέρον. Ο περιορισμός λοιπόν είναι στο ότι για να το κάνει αυτό θυσίασε μία πιο εμπεριστατωμένη ανάλυση της θεωρίας που να συνοδεύει το κεφάλαιο. Γενικότερα το κάθε κεφάλαιο είναι περίπου 10 σελίδες, επομένως αν θέλουμε να μάθουμε περισσότερα πράγμα. Τέλος, υπάρχει άλλο ένα μικρό πρόβλημα στην υλοποίηση του κώδικα, ωστόσο αυτό δεν αποτελεί λάθος των συγγραφέων. Οι σημειώσεις δημοσιεύτηκαν το 2012 και βασίζονται στη διάλεκτο base R. Σε αντιπαραβολή με την διάλεκτο tidyverse R, δεν παρέχει χρήσιμες λειτουργίες όπως τον τελεστή pipe <code>%&gt;%</code>. Αυτό όμως δεν μας επηρεάζει πολύ μιας και το βιβλίο περιορίζεται στην υλοποίηση του στατιστικού ελέγχου και όχι σε μία αλληλουχία εντολών επεξεργασίας των δεδομένων. Αν μας ενδιαφέρει αποκλειστικά η υλοποίηση του στατιστικού ελέγχου, το βιβλίο κάνει χρήση εντολών που έχουν στην ουσία καθιερωθεί και χρησιμοποιούνται καθολικά από όλο το φάσμα των R χρηστών. Στη περίπτωση διαγραμμάτων προσωπικά αποθαρρύνω την χρήση της εντολής plot, αλλά αν θέλετε να φτιάξετε εντυπωσιακά διαγράμματα και να έχετε έλεγχο σε περισσότερα στοιχεία του γραφήματος προτείνω να μη σταθείτε στην υλοποίηση του βιβλίου, αλλά να αφιερώσετε χρόνο για τη ggplot2. Για τα διαγράμματα με το πακέτο <code>{ggplot2}</code>μπορείτε να διαβάσετε το [κεφάλαιο 9] του προηγούμενου βιβλίου.</p>
<p>Μία τρίτη επιλογή είναι το βιβλίο «Πρόβλεψη (Αρχές και Πρακτική) το οποίο αποτελεί την ελληνική μετάφραση του γνωστού βιβλίου Forecasting: Principles and Practice. Αυτό το βιβλίο είναι αξιόλογο, όμως δεν αποτελεί βιβλίο εκμάθησης της R. Απευθύνεται σε έναν καλό γνώστη της γλώσσας που τον ενδιαφέρει η θεωρία των χρονοσειρών, αναγνώριση υποδειγμάτων και πρόβλεψη αυτών. Στο βιβλίο γίνεται καλή ανάλυση της θεωρίας η οποία συνδυάζεται από την αντίστοιχη πρακτική εφαρμογή στην γλώσσα R. Για αυτό το λόγο θεωρώ ότι είναι ένα από τα ποιοτικότερα βιβλία στη κατηγορία του μιας και δεν εφαρμόζεις απλά εντολές, αλλά μαθαίνεις τη θεωρία και μέσα από αυτή κατανοείς τους λόγους που εφαρμόζουμε διάφορα υποδείγματα ή τι εντολές χρειάζεται να εκτελέσουμε. Για τις χρονοσειρές είναι ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενο το forecast πακέτο, ωστόσο στο βιβλίο θα δείτε να χρησιμοποιούνται εξειδικευμένα πακέτα χρονοσειρών της σουίτας tidyverts (π.χ. fable). Είναι το αντίστοιχο του tidyverse, αλλά εξειδικευμένο για την τακτοποίηση των χρονοσειρών. Το πρωτότυπο βιβλίο έχει γραφτεί στα αγγλικά, αλλά έχει γίνει μία καλή μετάφραση η οποία συμπεριλαμβάνει και τους αντίστοιχους ελληνικούς επιστημονικούς όρους που είναι αρκετά χρήσιμο σε εξειδικευμένα πεδία που οι περισσότερες πηγές είναι στα αγγλικά. Το εύρος των θεμάτων με τα οποία καταπιάνεται είναι από χρονοσειρές Box-Jenkins (ARIMA), εκθετική εξομάλυνση, μοντέλα δυναμικής παλινδρόμησης καθώς και πιο σύνθετες τεχνικές πρόβλεψης.</p>

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<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/images/fppgr_front_cover.jpg" height="200" class="figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Εξώφυλλο ελληνικής έκδοσης Forecasting (Principles and Practice) (2022), Πρόβλεψη (Αρχές και Πρακτική)</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Hyndman, R.J., &amp; Athanasopoulos, G. (2021) Forecasting: principles and practice, 3rd edition, OTexts: Melbourne, Australia. <a href="https://otexts.com/fppgr/">σύνδεσμος ελληνικής έκδοσης του βιβλίου</a></p>
</div></div><p>Ένα βιβλίο το οποίο δεν είχα προσέξει είναι το «Προγραμματισμός σε R». Αυτό θυμίζει αρκετά περισσότερο το βιβλίο του Hadley μιας και ασχολείται με τη σύγχρονη εκδοχή της R. Ξεκινάει αναλύοντας τις ιδιοτροπίες της R, τα αντικείμενά της. Συνεχίζει αναλύοντας βασικές λειτουργίες του προγραμματισμού όπως του ελέγχους ροής, βρόχους επανάληψης και τη δημιουργία συναρτήσεων. Το βιβλίο κλείνει με αναφορά πιο σύνθετων θεμάτων σχετικά με αντικειμενοστραφή προγραμματισμό (βασικά εξηγώντας το χάος αυτού στην R) και με μία εισαγωγή στον τρόπο δημιουργίας πακέτων στην R. Μία φιλότιμη προσπάθεια και ένα βιβλίο που αξίζει να διαβαστεί με στόχο να κατανοήσουμε περισσότερο τη γλώσσα R και τις ιδιοτροπίες της. Το σημείο που χάνει το βιβλίο είναι η μη σημαντική αναφορά σε στατιστικές μεθόδους σε σχέση με τις σημειώσεις των Φωκιανού, Χαραλάμπους και αυτό μπορεί να δυσαρεστήσει μερικούς αναγνώστες μιας και ο λόγος ασχολίας μας με την R είναι η ανάλυση των δεδομένων και η στατιστική ανάλυση. Τέλος, ένα αρνητικό που υπάρχει είναι η μικρή έκταση του βιβλίου κατά κάποιο τρόπο δημιουργεί μία σημαντική επικάλυψη των θεμάτων του από το βιβλίο του Hadley, γεγονός που ίσως να μην είναι η πρώτη επιλογή τώρα που το προαναφερόμενο βιβλίο έχει ελληνική μετάφραση.</p>

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<p><a href="https://repository.kallipos.gr/handle/11419/2601"><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/images/cover_nikolaidis.jpg" height="200" class="figure-img"></a></p>
<figcaption>Εξώφυλλο Νικολαϊδη (2023)</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div></div><p>Η 4η επιλογή “Εισαγωγή στον προγραμματισμό και στη στατιστική ανάλυση με R” των Καρλή &amp; Ντζούφρα κινείται σε παρόμοια νερά. Είναι ένα βιβλίο που με προβλημάτισε κάπως. Αυτό το βιβλίο είχε τα φόντα να γίνει το προσωπικό μου αγαπημένο, διότι δεν σου δείχνει απλά τις εντολές. Σου μαθαίνει να προγραμματίζεις με την R, αφού δίνει μεγαλύτερη σημασία σε ελέγχους ροής, συναρτήσεις και άλλα θέματα. Αυτό είναι πολύ σημαντικό, αν θες να φτιάξεις κάτι πιο περίπλοκο (π.χ. μία περίπλοκη ανάλυση, ένα πακέτο στην R, κτλ.). Αν και προγραμματισμός μαθαίνεται κυρίως κάνοντας και όχι διαβάζοντας πιστεύω ότι είναι μία σημαντική προσθήκη στη λίστα. Μπόνους πόντους ότι είχε κεφάλαια στα οποία έκανε κάποια βασική στατιστική ανάλυση. Αν και το βιβλίο είναι ελαφρώς πιο καλογραμμένο από το προηγούμενο έχει δημοσιευτεί το 2015 και έχει κώδικα σε base R και για αυτό δεν είναι στις πρώτες μου επιλογές.</p>

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<p><a href="https://repository.kallipos.gr/handle/11419/2601"><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/images/Ntzoufras.jpg" height="200" class="figure-img"></a></p>
<figcaption>Εξώφυλλο Καρλή &amp; Ντζούφρα (2015)</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div></div><p>Η 5η μου επιλογή είναι το “Επιστήμη των δεδομένων μέσα από τη γλώσσα R”. Πιθανότατα αυτό το βιβλίο πλησιάζει περισσότερο στη λογική των notebooks και στο να ανεβάσεις δικά σου project. Σε βάζει σε μία λογική να αρχίσεις να κάνεις αναλύσεις και να ξεκινήσεις δοκιμάζοντας. Αρκετά καλό, αν κάποιος θέλει να πειραματιστεί με τη γλώσσα ή αν θέλει να φτιάξει τα δικά του project. Το τελευταίο είναι <strong>πολύ</strong> σημαντικό για να βρεις εργασία (εγώ με αυτή την ελπίδα ζω ακόμα), μιας και το πεδίο της ανάλυσης δεδομένων και της επιστήμης δεδομένων είναι αρκετά ανταγωνιστικό. Προσωπικά πιστεύω ότι είναι καλό για κάποιον που έχει ήδη κάποια εξοικείωση στην R. Ο κλασσικός λόγος για τον οποίο χάνει πόντους είναι η παλαιότητά του (έκδοση του 2015). Αν λάβω υπόψιν ότι αυτό που ξεχωρίζει το βιβλίο είναι η αμεσότητα και το κίνητρο να φτιάξω τα δικά μου project τότε αυτό μετράει πιο αρνητικά</p>
<p>Τα τελευταία 2 βιβλία της λίστας μου ασχολούνται με αρκετά εξειδικευμένα θέματα και γίνεται χρήση της R συνεπικουρικά. Κάτι τέτοιο δεν καθιστά τα βιβλία ως ακατάλληλα, απλώς η χρήση αυτών να ενδείκνυται σε πιο προχωρημένους χρήστες.</p>
</section>
<section id="βίντεομαθήματα-για-την-r" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="βίντεομαθήματα-για-την-r">Βίντεομαθήματα για την R</h2>
<table class="caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%">
<col style="width: 50%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">Όνομα καναλιού</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Σύνδεσμος</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">Christos Malliarakis</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hKAwLUbgjQ&amp;list=PLB8VXMjsTRosUahxJqnAWNQM3h66kJSjc" target="_blank">Σύνδεσμος</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Πέρα όμως από τα βιβλία έψαξα να βρω και υλικό για την R στο Youtube. Το υλικό είναι επίσης αρκετά περιορισμένο. Προς το παρόν θα αφήσω μία επιλογή η οποία είναι και η πιο πλήρης. Στη σειρά βιντεομαθημάτων (playlist) του κ. Χρήστου Μαλλιαράκη γίνεται μία αναφορά σε βασικά στοιχεία της R ενώ σε επόμενα μαθήματα ασχολείται με κάποια απλά παραδείγματα μηχανικής μάθησης.</p>
</section>
<section id="επίλογος" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="επίλογος">Επίλογος</h2>
<p>Προφανώς η συμπερίληψη ελληνικών πηγών είναι ενθαρρυντική, τόσο για τη δημοφιλία της R στην Ελλάδα, όσο και για την δημιουργία ενεργής κοινότητας. Ωστόσο, σε καμία περίπτωση δεν μπορεί να αποτελέσουν αυτές οι πηγές εναλλακτική, αλλά μία χρήσιμη προσθήκη. Συνοπτικά, αν είστε ένας χρήστης που θέλει να μάθει την R σας προτείνω το βιβλίο R for Data Science καθώς είναι το μόνο βιβλίο που χρησιμοποιεί τα πιο πρόσφατα πακέτα της. Μία σύγχρονη εναλλακτική θα μπορούσε να αποτελέσει το βιβλίο του Νικολαίδη «Προγραμμαιτσμός σε R». Σε περίπτωση που θέλουμε να λύσουμε πρόβλημα χρονοσειρών τότε μόνο θα πρότεινα ως το ιδανικότερο το «Πρόβλεψη» των Hyndman &amp; Αθανασόπουλου.</p>
<p>Όσον αφορά τα υπόλοιπα βιβλία έχω τους ενδοιασμούς μου όχι τόσο στο αν είναι χρήσιμα (ναι, είναι), αλλά στο κατά πόσο θα τα πρότεινα. Τα άλλα βιβλία χρησιμοποιούν ως επί το πλείστον εντολές που βασίζονται στη base R, το οποίο δεν είναι απαραίτητα κακό, αλλά η R έχει εξελιχθεί και πλέον υπάρχουν αποδοτικότεροι τρόποι/πακέτα για να κάνουμε μία αντίστοιχη ανάλυση. Ορισμένα τα κρίνω ακόμα εξαιρετικά για να εισάγεις τον χρήστη στην ανάλυση δεδομένων όπως οι σημειώσεις του Φωκιανού, αλλά η σύγχρονη και πιο αποδοτική πρακτική τείνει να είναι η tidyverse R. Προσωπικά πέρα από πολύ απλούς στατιστικούς ελέγχους, δεν έχω δει κάποιον που να χρησιμοποιεί base R σε εκτεταμένο επίπεδο. Καλό είναι να γνωρίζουμε τα βασικά στοιχεία της γλώσσας που θέλουμε να γίνουμε γνώστες, αλλά να έχουμε υπόψιν μας ότι η κοινότητα έχει καταλήξει σε άλλες λύσεις.</p>
<p>Καλό διάβασμα. 📖</p>


</section>

<div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">BibTeX citation:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2022,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Συγκεντρωμένο υλικό για την R στα ελληνικά},
  date = {2022-10-23},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Εναλλακτικά, μπορείτε να αναφερθείτε στο παραπάνω άρθρο ως εξής:</div><div id="ref-2022" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. 2022. <span>“Συγκεντρωμένο υλικό για την R στα
ελληνικά.”</span> October 23, 2022. <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/</a>.
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>R</category>
  <category>Υλικο</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 23 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/greek-material-for-r/book.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Προβλέποντας την Ανεργία στην Ελλάδα</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/forecasting-greek-unemployment/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<section id="υπόβαθρο" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="υπόβαθρο">Υπόβαθρο</h3>
<p>Η ανεργία αποτελεί ένα χρόνιο πρόβλημα της χώρας μας, καθώς ιστορικά τα τελευταία 25 χρόνια είναι σε υψηλότερα επίπεδα του ευρωπαϊκού μέσου και τις χώρες του ΟΟΣΑ. Το φαινόμενο επιδεινώθηκε τα χρόνια της οικονομικής κρίσης όπου στις χειρότερες στιγμές της το ένα τέταρτο του εργατικού δυναμικού δεν μπορούσε να βρει εργασία. Ακόμα χειρότερη ήταν η κατάσταση για τους νέους της χώρας μιας και η νεανική ανεργία ανήλθε στο 46% , η οποία είναι και χειρότερη επίδοση στην ΕΕ.</p>
<p>Πριν ξεκινήσουμε να αναλύουμε, κρίνω σημαντικό να αποσαφηνίσουμε τι σημαίνει ακριβώς ο όρος «άνεργος». Ο ορισμός είναι πιο αυστηρός και δεν αρκεί απλώς να μην εργάζεσαι. Για να χαρακτηριστεί κάποιος άνεργος πρέπει να πληροί τρία κριτήρια ταυτόχρονα: να μην εργάζεται, να είναι διαθέσιμος για εργασία και να την αναζητά ενεργά. Έτσι εξαιρούνται από τον υπολογισμό σπουδαστές, συνταξιούχοι και γενικότερα όσοι δεν συμμετέχουν στο εργατικό δυναμικό. Το ποσοστό ανεργίας προκύπτει τότε ως: Για να υπολογιστεί το ποσοστό ανεργίας:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7B%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%20%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%7D%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctext%7B%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82%20%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD%7D%7D%7B%5Ctext%7B%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%20%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%7D%7D"></p>
<p>Βέβαια, για να υπολογιστεί ο αριθμός των ανέργων είναι αρκετά δύσκολο για διάφορους λόγους όπως την ύπαρξη της υποαπασχόλησης ή εποχικής εργασίας. Υπάρχουν δύο μεθοδολογίες για τον καθορισμό τους. Ο πιο εύκολος τρόπος είναι η καταγραφή τους με βάσει τον αριθμό επιδομάτων ανεργίας που δίνονται από τη ΔΥΠΑ (πρώην ΟΑΕΔ). Το πρόβλημα είναι ότι οι προϋποθέσεις για την λήψη τέτοιου επιδόματος είναι οι:</p>
<ul>
<li>Απαιτείται απόλυση και όχι παραίτηση</li>
<li>125 μέρες εργασίας τους τελευταίους 14 μήνες (δεν υπολογίζονται οι δύο τελευταίοι μήνες)</li>
<li>Μη επιδότηση για άνω των 400 ημέρων (ανά 4ετία ανεργίας)</li>
</ul>
<p>Με δεδομένο ότι το επίδομα ανεργίας έχει κάποια αυστηρά σχετικά κριτήρια, το ποσοστό ενδέχεται να υποεκτιμάται σημαντικά, αν ο υπολογισμός βασίζεται στα επιδόματα ανεργίας που δίνει το κράτος. Όσοι παραιτούνται ή δεν έχουν συμπληρώσει το κατώτατο όριο ημερών εργασίας δεν «φαίνονται» ως άνεργοι. Επιπλέον, υπάρχει σημαντικό ποσοστό αδήλωτης εργασίας ή πρόσκαιρης εργασίας η οποία γίνεται εκτός εργασιακού πλαισίου. Για αυτό πολλές οντότητες ή εθνικοί στατιστικοί οργανισμοί έχουν καθιερώσει να μετρούν την ανεργία μέσω έρευνας η οποία δίνει μία πιο αντιπροσωπευτική εικόνα της ανεργίας.</p>
</section><section id="συνοπτική-απάντηση" class="level3 page-columns page-full"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="συνοπτική-απάντηση">Συνοπτική Απάντηση</h3>
<p>Σε αυτό το άρθρο έχω ως σκοπό τη πρόβλεψη της πορείας της ανεργίας τους επόμενους μήνες. Έτσι λοιπόν πήρα κάποια ιστορικά δεδομένα για την ανεργία στην ΕΕ, τον ΟΟΣΑ και την χώρα μας. Θα χρησιμοποιήσω ένα απλό μοντέλο (S)ARIMA, προκειμένου να κάνω μία εκτίμηση του μεγέθους της τους επόμενους μήνες. Τα δεδομένα που χρησιμοποιώ κυμαίνονται από τη περίοδο του 1998 μέχρι και το 2022. Αν θέλετε μία γρήγορη απάντηση, στη συγκεκριμένη ανάλυση προβλέπω ότι η πτωτική τάση της ανεργίας αναμένεται να συνεχιστεί τους επόμενους μήνες. Τον Φεβρουάριο του 2023, αυτή θα κυμαίνεται μεταξύ του 10% - 13%.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p>Οι χρονοσειρές με μοντέλα ARIMA πολλές φορές αναφέρονται και ως χρονοσειρές Box-Jenkins.</p>
</div></div></section></section><section id="προαπαιτούμενα" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προαπαιτούμενα">Προαπαιτούμενα</h2>
<section id="εισαγωγή-βιβλιοθηκών" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή-βιβλιοθηκών">Εισαγωγή βιβλιοθηκών</h3>
<p>Για την ανάλυση αυτή θα χρειαστούμε τυπικές βιβλιοθήκες για την εισαγωγή και την επεξεργασία των δεδομένων μου, όπως οι readr <span class="citation" data-cites="R-readr">(Wickham, Hester, &amp; Bryan, 2025)</span> και dplyr <span class="citation" data-cites="R-dplyr">(Wickham, François, Henry, Müller, &amp; Vaughan, 2023)</span>. Το πακέτο kableExtra <span class="citation" data-cites="R-kableExtra">(Zhu, 2024)</span> χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την αποτύπωση των αποτελεσμάτων σε μορφή πίνακα, ενώ το πακέτο flextable <span class="citation" data-cites="R-flextable">(Gohel &amp; Skintzos, 2025)</span> χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τους πίνακες των αποτελεσμάτων των τεστ Dickey-Fuller και KPSS.</p>
<p>Στη συνέχεια, λόγω της φύσης των δεδομένων (χρονοσειρές) κρίθηκε απαραίτητη η χρήση σχετικών βιβλιοθηκών όπως τα πακέτα lubridate<span class="citation" data-cites="R-lubridate">(Spinu, Grolemund, &amp; Wickham, 2024)</span>, tseries<span class="citation" data-cites="R-tseries">(Trapletti &amp; Hornik, 2026)</span> &amp; forecast<span class="citation" data-cites="R-forecast">(R. Hyndman κ.ά., 2026)</span>.</p>
<p>Τέλος, χρησιμοποιήθηκε το highcharter, ώστε να δημιουργήσω βασικά τα διαγράμματα pacf, acf μέσω ραβδογραμμάτων και κάποια διαγράμματα πρόβλεψης τάσης της ανεργίας με απλά γραφήματα γραμμών.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή R πακέτων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># General purpose R libraries</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">dplyr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">readr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/">kableExtra</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://ardata-fr.github.io/flextable-book/">flextable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/">reactable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/">purrr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/">tibble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/ramnathv/htmlwidgets">htmlwidgets</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com">gt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Graphs</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">highcharter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Time Series </span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">urca</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org">lubridate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tseries</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.robjhyndman.com/forecast/">forecast</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tsibble.tidyverts.org">tsibble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="http://feasts.tidyverts.org/">feasts</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org">fable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.mitchelloharawild.com/fable.prophet/">fable.prophet</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">strucchange</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://geobosh.github.io/uroot/">uroot</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://geobosh.github.io/FinTSDoc/">FinTS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lmtest</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="εισαγωγή-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή-δεδομένων">Εισαγωγή δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Αφού συμπεριλάβω τις απολύτως απαραίτητες βιβλιοθήκες, μπορώ να εισάγω τα δεδομένα μου, μέσω της βιβλιοθήκης readr. Το αρχείο δεδομένων μου είναι ένα τυπικό αρχείο csv και για την χρήση αυτού θα χρησιμοποιήσω την εντολή <code><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org/reference/read_delim.html">read_csv()</a></code>. Το αρχείο περιέχει δεδομένα ανεργίας</p>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή δεδομένων">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org/reference/read_delim.html">read_csv</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"data/unemployment.csv"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">LOCATION</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">LOCATION</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">!=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"EA19"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="ορισμός-συναρτήσεων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ορισμός-συναρτήσεων">Ορισμός συναρτήσεων</h3>
<p>Προκειμένου να αποφύγω την επανάληψη του κώδικά μου θα ορίσω και μερικές συναρτήσεις. Αρχικά, θέλω να έχω πίνακες που βασίζονται στη βιβλιοθήκη <code>reactable</code> με ορισμένες αλλαγές στην εμφάνιση για να φαίνονται ωραία. Για αυτό σε πολλούς πίνακες θα δείτε χρήση της <code>reactable_custom</code> αντί απλώς της <code>reactable</code> εντολής.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">head_max</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">use_labels</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_subset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/as.data.frame.html">as.data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">head</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">head_max</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_subset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/gt.html">gt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cols_align.html">cols_align</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>, columns <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/everything.html">everything</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_style.html">tab_style</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cell_text.html">cell_text</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                v_align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"middle"</span>,</span>
<span>                weight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span>,</span>
<span>                whitespace <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"normal"</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            locations <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cells_column_labels.html">cells_column_labels</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_options.html">tab_options</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            row.striping.include_table_body <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,</span>
<span>            table.background.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.background.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>,</span>
<span>            table.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/pct.html">pct</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, </span>
<span>            table.font.size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">13</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,           </span>
<span>            data_row.padding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, </span>
<span>            column_labels.padding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            table.border.top.style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>,</span>
<span>            table.border.bottom.style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>,</span>
<span>            table_body.hlines.style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>, </span>
<span>            column_labels.border.top.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.border.top.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.border.bottom.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.border.bottom.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span>,</span>
<span>            table_body.border.bottom.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            table_body.border.bottom.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/opt_css.html">opt_css</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>css <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_table th, .gt_table td { </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        text-align: center !important; </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        vertical-align: middle !important;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_table { </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        margin-left: auto !important; </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        margin-right: auto !important; </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        width: 100% !important;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_table tr { background-color: transparent !important; }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_row { background-color: transparent !important; }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">    "</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Apply labels only if requested</span></span>
<span>    <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">use_labels</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cols_label_with.html">cols_label_with</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                fn <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>                    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/html.html">html</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;"</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">greek_labels</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;/b&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;'&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;/span&gt;"</span></span>
<span>                    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/function.html">return</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">reactable_custom</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">head_max</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/reactable.html">reactable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">head</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">head_max</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  bordered <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,     <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># No borders (booktabs style)</span></span>
<span>  striped <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># No stripes for a clean look</span></span>
<span>  highlight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># No hover highlighting</span></span>
<span>  defaultColDef <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/colDef.html">colDef</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"14px"</span>, border <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  theme <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/reactableTheme.html">reactableTheme</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    borderColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>, <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Remove border</span></span>
<span>    cellStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      borderBottom <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Subtle line between rows</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    headerStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      borderBottom <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2px solid rgb(117, 117, 117)"</span>, <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Thick top rule</span></span>
<span>      borderTop <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2px solid rgb(117, 117, 117)"</span>,</span>
<span>      fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> </span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>Επιπλέον, έχω γράψει και άλλες δύο συναρτήσεις για τη κατασκευή διαγραμμάτων αυτοσυσχέτισης (ACF) και μερικής αυτοσυσχέτισης (pACF). Τις έχω ονομάσει <code>acf_plot_function</code> και <code>pacf_plot_function</code> αντίστοιχα. Και οι δύο συναρτήσεις βασίζονται στη βιβλιοθήκη <code>highcharter</code> για τη δημιουργία των αντίστοιχων διαγραμμάτων.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_plot_function</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">min</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span>,</span>
<span>                             <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ts_data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">N</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ts_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Compute confidence limit</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">conf_limit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/Normal.html">qnorm</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.975</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/MathFun.html">sqrt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">N</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Use forecast::Acf (biased estimator, recommended for ARIMA)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_obj</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/acf.html">acf</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ts_data</span>, plot <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>, lag.max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">20</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Extract lags and values</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Note: Acf() returns acf_obj$acf as a matrix; acf_obj$lag as a matrix</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lags_acf</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/numeric.html">as.numeric</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_obj</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lag</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>             <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># skip lag 0</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_values</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/numeric.html">as.numeric</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_obj</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>           <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># skip lag 0</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Build the highcharter ACF plot</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_chart</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"column"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title_text</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lags_acf</span>, title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"# Υστέρηση"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">min</span>, max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max</span>,</span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ACF"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    plotLines <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>value <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#000000"</span>, width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>value <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">conf_limit</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF0000"</span>, dashStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ShortDash"</span>, width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>value <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">conf_limit</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF0000"</span>, dashStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ShortDash"</span>, width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ACF"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_values</span>, digits <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Show chart</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_chart</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_plot_function</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">min</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span>,</span>
<span>                             <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ts_data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">N</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ts_data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Compute confidence limit (same formula as for ACF)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">conf_limit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/Normal.html">qnorm</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.975</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/MathFun.html">sqrt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">N</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Compute PACF using forecast::Pacf (biased estimator, recommended for ARIMA)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_obj</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">forecast</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.robjhyndman.com/forecast/reference/Acf.html">Pacf</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ts_data</span>, plot <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>, lag.max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">20</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Extract lags and PACF values</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lags_pacf</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/numeric.html">as.numeric</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_obj</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lag</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># already excludes lag 0</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_values</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/numeric.html">as.numeric</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_obj</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Build the highcharter PACF plot</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_chart</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">highcharter</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">highcharter</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"column"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title_text</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">highcharter</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lags_pacf</span>, title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"# Υστέρηση"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">highcharter</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">min</span>, max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max</span>,</span>
<span>      title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"PACF"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      plotLines <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>value <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#000000"</span>, width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>value <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">conf_limit</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF0000"</span>, dashStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ShortDash"</span>, width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>value <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">conf_limit</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF0000"</span>, dashStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ShortDash"</span>, width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">highcharter</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">highcharter</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"PACF"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_values</span>, digits <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Show chart</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_chart</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="δομή-δεδομένων" class="level3 page-columns page-full"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="δομή-δεδομένων">Δομή δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Το αρχείο περιέχει δεδομένα ανεργίας για διάφορες χώρες ή οντότητες χωρών όπως η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση και οι χώρες του ΟΟΣΑ (Οργανισμός Οικονομικής Συνεργασίας και Ανάπτυξης), γεγονός που μας επιτρέπει να συγκρίνουμε την ανεργία της Ελλάδας με αυτή των υπολοίπων αναπτυγμένων οικονομιών.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OECD_logo.svg/120px-OECD_logo.svg.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Λογότυπο ΟΟΣΑ</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p>O ΟΟΣΑ (Οργανισμός Οικονομικής Συνεργασίας και Ανάπτυξης είναι ένας διεθνής οργανισμός στον οποίο συμμετέχουν 38 χώρες. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η Αυστραλία, η Αυστρία, το Βέλγιο, η Γαλλία, η Γερμανία, η Δανία, η Ελβετία, η Ελλάδα, η Εσθονία, οι Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής, το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, η Ιαπωνία, η Ιρλανδία, η Ισλανδία, η Ισπανία, το Ισραήλ, η Ιταλία, ο Καναδάς, η Κολομβία, η Νότια Κορέα, η Κόστα Ρίκα, η Λετονία, η Λιθουανία, το Λουξεμβούργο, το Μεξικό, η Νέα Ζηλανδία, η Νορβηγία, η Ολλανδία, η Ουγγαρία, η Πολωνία, η Πορτογαλία, η Σλοβακία, η Σλοβενία, η Σουηδία, η Τουρκία, η Τσεχία, η Φινλανδία και η Χιλή. Αποτελείται από μία ομάδα χωρών που: - θεωρούνται αναπτυγμένες - με αντιπροσωπευτική δημοκρατία και - οικονομία ελεύθερης αγοράς</p>
</div></div><div class="cell" title="Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων">
<div id="tbl-preview-dataset" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" title="Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-preview-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;1: Προεπισκόπηση δεδομένων (πρώτες 6 σειρές)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-preview-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
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<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33%">
<col style="width: 33%">
<col style="width: 33%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="LOCATION" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Οντότητα</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">LOCATION</span>
</th>
<th id="TIME" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Μήνας</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">TIME</span>
</th>
<th id="Value" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Παρατήρηση</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">Value</span>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="LOCATION">GRC</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="TIME">1998-04</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Value">10.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="LOCATION">GRC</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="TIME">1998-05</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Value">11.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="LOCATION">GRC</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="TIME">1998-06</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Value">10.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="LOCATION">GRC</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="TIME">1998-07</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Value">11.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="LOCATION">GRC</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="TIME">1998-08</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Value">11.2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Τα δεδομένα μου αποτελούνται από 3 μεταβλητές (στήλες). Πιο συγκεκριμένα οι στήλες μου είναι οι εξής:</p>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 22%">
<col style="width: 32%">
<col style="width: 45%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">Μεταβλητή</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Τύπος Μεταβλητής</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Περιγραφή</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>LOCATION</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>Ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Χώρα ή Οντότητα χωρών</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>TIME</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>Ποιοτική</em> <br> (διατάξιμη)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Μήνας-Έτος που αναφέρεται η μέτρηση</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Value</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>Ποσοτική</em> <br> (συνεχής)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Ύψος ανεργίας (βάσει περιοχής και μήνα)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Συνεπώς, το δείγμα μου αποτελείται από 3 μεταβλητές, εκ των οποίων οι δύο είναι ποιοτικές και μία ποσοτική που είναι και η τιμή που θέλω να προβλέψω (ανεργία). Σε αυτό το σημείο ίσως να πρέπει να τονιστεί ότι στη μεταβλητή LOCATION έχει τρεις τιμές, την Ελλάδα, τις χώρες του ΟΟΣΑ και τις χώρες των 27 Ευρωπαϊκών χωρών. Τέλος, όσον αφορά τη κατηγοριοποίηση της μεταβλητής του χρόνου, καθώς οι τιμές μου έχουν τη μορφή μήνα-έτος (μμ/ετος), δεν είναι ξεκάθαρο το είδος της. Θα μπορούσαμε να τη χωρίσουμε σε δύο επιπλέον μεταβλητές όπου η μία να είναι το έτος και να τη χαρακτηρίσουμε ως μία ποσοτική μεταβλητή και ο μήνας μία ποιοτική διατάξιμη μεταβλητή.</p>
</section></section><section id="προεπεξεργασία-χρονοσειρών" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προεπεξεργασία-χρονοσειρών">Προεπεξεργασία χρονοσειρών</h2>
<p>Η μεταβλητή που δηλώνει το μήνα για τον οποίο αναφέρεται η αντίστοιχη ανεργία (<code>TIME</code>) αναγνωρίζεται αυτόματα ως ένα διάνυσμα χαρακτήρων. Ένα από τα πρώτα πράγματα που πρέπει να κάνουμε όταν χειριζόμαστε δεδομένα που δηλώνουν διάστημα χρόνου είναι να τα μετατρέψουμε στο αντίστοιχο είδος μεταβλητής, που στην R, αυτό το είδος καλείται Date. Ο παρακάτω πίνακας δηλώνει τις υπάρχουσες μεταβλητές, καθώς και το είδος το οποίο τους έχει αποδοθεί αυτόματα με βάση τις τιμές που περιέχουν. Η R έκανε καλή δουλειά και εντόπισε ότι η μεταβλητή <code>Value</code> πρόκειται για ένα διάνυσμα αριθμών μιας και αντιπροσωπεύει το ύψος της ανεργίας. Η αντιστοίχιση των τριών ονοτήτων είναι και αυτή σωστή μιας και αναφερόμαστε σε ονόματα αυτών και άρα θα είναι ένα διάνυσμα χαρακτήρων.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb5" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/reference/map.html">map_chr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">class</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/enframe.html">enframe</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Όνομα μεταβλητής"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τύπος μεταβλητής"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> </span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-extract_type_of_variables-before" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-extract_type_of_variables-before-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;2: Σύνοψη τύπων μεταβλητών (χωρίς προεπεξεργασία)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-extract_type_of_variables-before-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΌνομα-μεταβλητής" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Όνομα μεταβλητής</th>
<th id="aΤύπος-μεταβλητής" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τύπος μεταβλητής</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Όνομα μεταβλητής">LOCATION</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τύπος μεταβλητής">character</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Όνομα μεταβλητής">TIME</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τύπος μεταβλητής">character</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Όνομα μεταβλητής">Value</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τύπος μεταβλητής">numeric</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Παραπάνω επισημάνθηκε ότι οι ημερομηνίες έχουν την μορφή “ΕΕΕΕ-ΜΜ” (Έτος-Μήνας) και από το λογισμικό αναγνωρίστηκαν αυτόματα ως χαρακτήρες. Με τη βοήθεια του πακέτου <code>lubridate</code> θα μετατρέψω τη μεταβλητή του χρόνου σε τύπου Date. Και αφού κάναμε τη μετατροπή, αν ελέγξουμε άλλη μία φορά θα δούμε ότι η αλλαγή ήταν επιτυχημένη, με τη μεταβλητή να έχει τύπο Date.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>TIME <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/reference/ymd.html">ym</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemploymentType</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>TIME <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tsibble.tidyverts.org/reference/year-month.html">yearmonth</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tsibble.tidyverts.org/reference/as-tsibble.html">as_tsibble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>index <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span>, key <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">LOCATION</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/reference/map.html">map_chr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">class</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/enframe.html">enframe</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Όνομα μεταβλητής"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τύπος μεταβλητής"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> </span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-extract_type_of_variables-after" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-extract_type_of_variables-after-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;3: Σύνοψη τύπων μεταβλητών (μετά από προεπεξεργασία)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-extract_type_of_variables-after-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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}

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}

#gdaohpxniz .katex-display {
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}

#gdaohpxniz div.Reactable > div.rt-table > div.rt-thead > div.rt-tr.rt-tr-group-header > div.rt-th-group:after {
  height: 0px !important;
}

.gt_table th, .gt_table td {
  text-align: center !important;
  vertical-align: middle !important;
}

.gt_table {
  margin-left: auto !important;
  margin-right: auto !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

.gt_table tr {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}

.gt_row {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}
</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΌνομα-μεταβλητής" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Όνομα μεταβλητής</th>
<th id="aΤύπος-μεταβλητής" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τύπος μεταβλητής</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Όνομα μεταβλητής">LOCATION</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τύπος μεταβλητής">character</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Όνομα μεταβλητής">TIME</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τύπος μεταβλητής">Date</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Όνομα μεταβλητής">Value</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τύπος μεταβλητής">numeric</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="ελλείπουσες-τιμές" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ελλείπουσες-τιμές">Ελλείπουσες τιμές</h2>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/NA.html">is.na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>Ούφ! Έχουμε κάποια καλά νέα. Σε αυτό το σύνολο δεδομένων υπάρχουν συνολικά 0 ελλείπουσες τιμές. Σε περίπτωση που το σύνολό μου έλειπαν παρατηρήσεις θα έπρεπε να ερευνήσω σε πρώτη φάση ποια από τις μεταβλητές αυτές παρατηρήθηκαν. Σε δεύτερη φάση και αναλόγως του τύπου της μεταβλητής θα έπρεπε είτε να διώξω εντελώς εκείνες τις σειρές - παρατηρήσεις ή θα μπορούσα να προσπαθήσω με διάφορες μεθόδους να προβλέψω τις τιμές τους.</p>
</section><section id="περιγραφικά-στοιχεία" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="περιγραφικά-στοιχεία">Περιγραφικά στοιχεία</h2>
<p>Τα δεδομένα της ανεργίας για την Ελλάδα αναφέρονται στη περίοδο του Απριλίου του 1998 μέχρι και τον Αύγουστο του 2022. Όσον αφορά τα δεδομένα της ΕΕ, ξεκινάνε από τον Ιανουάριο του 2000 μέχρι και τον Αύγουστο το 2022. Τα τελευταία 20 χρόνια έχουν γίνει σοκαριστικά μεγάλες αλλαγές όσον αφορά το ποσοστό ανεργίας στη χώρα μας με την πιο απότομη μεταβολή να σημειώνεται τις περιόδους τις οικονομικής κρίσης (μετά το 2009). Ενδεικτικά μπορούμε να παρατηρήσουμε τη διαφορά στο ύψος της ανεργίας μεταξύ του Σεπτεμβρίου του 2010, που ήταν στο 10% και τρία χρόνια αργότερα, τον Σεπτέμβριο του 2013, έφτασε στο 28.1%. Για λόγους πληρότητας παρακάτω επισυνάπτονται πίνακες που δείχνουν τους 5 μήνες με τη μεγαλύτερη και τη μικρότερη ανεργία στην Ελλάδα και στην Ευρώπη τα τελευταία 20 χρόνια.</p>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb8" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemploymentType</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIMEchr</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/format.html">format</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemploymentType</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"%Y %b"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemploymentType</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/deprecated.html">as.tibble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">LOCATION</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"GRC"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIMEchr</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">tail</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/setNames.html">setNames</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μήνας"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemploymentType</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/deprecated.html">as.tibble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">LOCATION</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"EU27_2020"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIMEchr</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">tail</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/setNames.html">setNames</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μήνας"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates" class="quarto-layout-panel anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;4: Υψηλότερα ποσοστά ανεργίας
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="quarto-layout-row quarto-layout-valign-center">
<div class="cell-output-display quarto-layout-cell-subref quarto-layout-cell" data-ref-parent="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: center;">
<div id="sddcqwqmre" style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;">
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</style>
<div id="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates-1" class="gt_table do-not-create-environment quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" data-quarto-disable-processing="false" data-quarto-postprocess="true" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-tbl" id="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates-1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(a) Ελλάδα
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates-1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<table id="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates-1" class="gt_table do-not-create-environment caption-top table" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜήνας" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;" scope="col">Μήνας</th>
<th id="aΠοσοστό-ανεργίας-(%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;" scope="col">Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2013 Νοε</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">27.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2013 Απρ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">28.0</td>
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<tr class="odd">
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">28.0</td>
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<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2013 Ιουλ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">28.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2013 Σεπ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">28.1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</figure>
</div>

</div>
</div>
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<div id="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates-2" class="gt_table do-not-create-environment quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" data-quarto-disable-processing="false" data-quarto-postprocess="true" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
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(b) Ευρώπη των 27 (εκτός Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates-2-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<table id="tbl-higher-unemployment-rates-2" class="gt_table do-not-create-environment caption-top table" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜήνας" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;" scope="col">Μήνας</th>
<th id="aΠοσοστό-ανεργίας-(%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;" scope="col">Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2013 Ιουν</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">11.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2013 Ιαν</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">11.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2013 Φεβ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">11.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2013 Μαρ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">11.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2013 Απρ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">11.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</figure>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Από την άλλη μεριά έχει ενδιαφέρον να παρατηρήσουμε και τις περιόδους με τη χαμηλότερη παρατηρούμενη ανεργία. Στην Ελλάδα αυτή η περίοδος ήταν λίγο πριν την οικονομική κρίση, το 2008, ενώ η Ευρώπη των 27 διανύει μία από τις καλύτερες περιόδους όσον αφορά την ανεργία, με ιστορικό χαμηλό 20ετίας, στο 6%.</p>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb9" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates" class="quarto-layout-panel anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;5: Χαμηλότερα ποσοστά ανεργίας
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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</style>
<div id="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-1" class="gt_table do-not-create-environment quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" data-quarto-disable-processing="false" data-quarto-postprocess="true" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-tbl" id="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(a) Ελλάδα
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<table id="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-1" class="gt_table do-not-create-environment caption-top table" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜήνας" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;" scope="col">Μήνας</th>
<th id="aΠοσοστό-ανεργίας-(%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;" scope="col">Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2008 Μαΐ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">7.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2008 Ιουν</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">7.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2008 Ιουλ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">7.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2008 Οκτ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">7.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2008 Ιαν</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">7.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</figure>
</div>

</div>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display quarto-layout-cell-subref quarto-layout-cell" data-ref-parent="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: center;">
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  text-align: center !important;
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<div id="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-2" class="gt_table do-not-create-environment quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored" data-quarto-disable-processing="false" data-quarto-postprocess="true" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-tbl" id="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-2-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(b) Ευρώπη των 27 (εκτός Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-2-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<table id="tbl-lower-unemployment-rates-2" class="gt_table do-not-create-environment caption-top table" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜήνας" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;" scope="col">Μήνας</th>
<th id="aΠοσοστό-ανεργίας-(%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;" scope="col">Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2022 Ιουλ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">6.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2022 Αυγ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">6.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2022 Απρ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">6.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2022 Μαΐ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">6.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Μήνας">2022 Ιουν</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="text-align: left;" headers="Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)">6.1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</figure>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Όλα αυτά μπορούν να συνοψιστούν και στο παρακάτω διάγραμμα, όπου ξεχωρίζουν οι τεράστιες μεταβολές στη χώρα μας. Μπορούμε να διακρίνουμε ότι η κρίση του 2008 επηρέασε την ανεργία στην ΕΕ και γενικότερα σε όλο τον αναπτυγμένο κόσμο, μιας και υπάρχει μία ανοδική πορεία την ίδια περίοδο. Πλέον η ΕΕ επανήλθε, αλλά η Ελλάδα δεν έχει καταφέρει να φτάσει τα προ κρίσης επίπεδα, αν και η τάση είναι πτωτική.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb10" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">g</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemploymentType</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/as.data.frame.html">as.data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Year <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/reference/year.html">year</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">LOCATION</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>mean_unemployment <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/mean.html">mean</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, </span>
<span>            .groups <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drop"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">country_colors</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#000"</span>,<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1f77b4"</span>,<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#2ca02c"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># clean white background</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό ανεργίας"</span>, style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20px"</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ανά χώρα / οντότητα (μέση ανεργία ανά έτος)"</span>, style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#666"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έτος"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    gridLineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>    labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ανεργία (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    gridLineDashStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ShortDot"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># subtle dashed grid</span></span>
<span>    labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>format <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{value} %"</span>, style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-level-plot-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;1: Σύγκριση χρονοσειρών ανεργίας μεταξύ της Ελλάδας, των χωρών του ΟΟΣΑ και των 27 χωρών της Ευρώπης (λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν και την έξοδο του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου από την ΕΕ)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="εξέταση-τάσης-και-εποχικότητας" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εξέταση-τάσης-και-εποχικότητας">Εξέταση τάσης και εποχικότητας</h2>
<p>Στην ανάλυση χρονοσειρών είναι σημαντικό να ξεχωρίσουμε τις πηγές της διασποράς μιας χρονοσειράς και να διαπιστώσουμε από που προέρχεται αυτή. Οι χρονοσειρές έχουν τρία βασικά στοιχεία, τη τάση (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?T">), την εποχικότητα (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S">) και την τυχαιότητα (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?E">). Η τάση περιγράφει τη γενική κατεύθυνση που ακολουθεί η χρονοσειρά με το πέρασμα του χρόνου — ανοδική, καθοδική ή οριζόντια. Στη δική μας περίπτωση, για παράδειγμα, η απότομη άνοδος της ανεργίας μετά το 2009 αποτελεί χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα ισχυρής ανοδικής τάσης. Η εποχικότητα αναφέρεται σε μοτίβα που επαναλαμβάνονται με σταθερή περιοδικότητα παραδείγματος χάριν αν η ανεργία τείνει να αυξάνεται κάθε χειμώνα και να μειώνεται το καλοκαίρι, τότε μιλάμε για εποχική συνιστώσα. Τέλος, η τυχαιότητα (ή υπόλοιπο) είναι ό,τι απομένει αφού αφαιρεθούν η τάση και η εποχικότητα, δηλαδή οι απρόβλεπτες διακυμάνσεις που δεν μπορούν να αποδοθούν σε κάποιο συστηματικό μοτίβο, όπως για παράδειγμα η απότομη αύξηση της ανεργίας κατά τη διάρκεια της πανδημίας τον Μάρτιο του 2020.</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Ay_t%20=%20S_t%20+%20T_t%20+%20E_t%0A"></p>
<p>Όπου: - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?y_t"> δηλώνουν τα δεδομένα που έχουμε διαθέσιμα, - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S_t"> εποχική συνιστώσα - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?T_t"> τάση χρονοσειράς - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?E_t"> τυχαία συνιστώσα</p>
<p>Παρόμοια, το πολλαπλασιαστικό μοντέλο:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Ay_t%20=%20S_t%20%5Ccdot%20T_t%20%5Ccdot%20E_t%0A"></p>
<p>όπου τα στοιχεία που συνθέτουν τη χρονοσειρά πολλαπλασιάζονται, αντί να προστίθενται.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb11" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Build highchart with multiple y-axes (stacked)</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατάτμηση χρονοσειράς σε τάση, εποχικότητα και θόρυβο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τα ιστορικά δεδομένα της ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα δείχνουν ότι δεν υπάρχει κάποια ξεκάθαρη τάση. Επιπλέον, παρατηρούμε μία ανεμική εποχικότητα μέχρι το 2012, ενώ τα επόμενα χρόνια παρατηρείται εντονότερα το φαινόμενο αυτής."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span>text<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"stesiam, 2023"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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<span></span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Observed</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">decomp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/datetime_to_timestamp.html">datetime_to_timestamp</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Trend</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">decomp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/datetime_to_timestamp.html">datetime_to_timestamp</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">trend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τάση"</span>, yAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Seasonal</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">decomp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/datetime_to_timestamp.html">datetime_to_timestamp</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">season_year</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εποχικότητα"</span>, yAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Random</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">decomp</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/datetime_to_timestamp.html">datetime_to_timestamp</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">remainder</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Θόρυβος"</span>, yAxis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># </span></span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># # Define 4 stacked y-axes</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis_multiples</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δεδομένα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    height <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"25%"</span>, top <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"0%"</span>,</span>
<span>    offset<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, gridLineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τάση"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    height <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"25%"</span>, top <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"25%"</span>,</span>
<span>    offset<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, gridLineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εποχικότητα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    height <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"25%"</span>, top <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>,</span>
<span>    offset<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, gridLineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υπόλοιπο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    height <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"25%"</span>, top <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"75%"</span>,</span>
<span>    offset<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>, labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, gridLineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, valueDecimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_rangeSelector.html">hc_rangeSelector</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_scrollbar.html">hc_scrollbar</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_navigator.html">hc_navigator</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-decomp" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-decomp-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-f7d3a4529bcde9205348" style="width:100%;height:650px;"></div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-decomp-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;2: Αποσύνθεση χρονοσειράς με τη μέθοδο STL
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Από το παραπάνω γράφημα είναι πολύ σημαντικό να διακρίνουμε τον παράγοντα της εποχικότητας μιας και θέλω να ξέρω αν έχω να μελετήσω ένα μοντέλο χωρίς αυτή με χρονοσειρές ARIMA ή ένα αυτοπαλίνδρομο μοντέλο AR ή ένα μοντέλο κινούμενου μέσου MA. Αν τυχόν διαπιστώσω εποχικότητα θα πρέπει να χρησιμοποιήσω μοντέλο που τη συμπεριλαμβάνει όπως εποχικό ARIMA (SARIMA) είτε εποχικό αυτοπαλίνδρομο μοντέλο (SAR) ή ένα εποχικό MA. Η εποχικότητα βλέπω ότι δεν έχει το ίδιο μοτίβο σε όλη τη διάρκεια της χρονοσειράς. Μέχρι το 2004 η εποχικότητα κρίνεται αμελητέα, στη συνέχεια μέχρι το 2014 υπάρχουν ενδείξεις ασθενούς εποχικότητας Από το 2014 και έπειτα υπάρχουν η εποχικότητα είναι πιο έντονη από οποιαδήποτε άλλη περίοδο μετά το 1998. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι όλες κατά προσέγγιση οι περισσότερες κορυφώσεις είναι τους μήνες Φεβρουάριο και Μάρτιο.</p>
<p>Έλαβα μία αμφιλεγόμενη εικόνα με ιστορικά μία αδύναμη εποχικότητα, η οποία υπάρχει σε μεγάλο βαθμό τα τελευταία χρόνια. Μία απλή μέθοδος για να πάρουμε μία σύντομη απάντηση είναι μέσω της εντολης nsdiffs του πακέτου {forecast}. Σε αυτή τη περίπτωση λάβαμε ως απόκριση μηδέν που με κάνει να υποθέτω πώς μάλλον η όποια εποχικότητα ήταν γενικά αδύναμη.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb12" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">LOCATION</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"GRC"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/ts.html">ts</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, start <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1998</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, frequency <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">12</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.robjhyndman.com/forecast/reference/nsdiffs.html">nsdiffs</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span>, test <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ch"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 0</code></pre>
</div>
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb14" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έλεγχος"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Canova-Hansen (CH)"</span>, </span>
<span>                <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"OCSB"</span>, </span>
<span>                <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εποχική Επιρροή (STL)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τιμή"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NA</span>, <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NA</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.153</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αποτέλεσμα"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δεν απαιτείται εποχική διαφορά"</span>,</span>
<span>                   <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δεν απαιτείται εποχική διαφορά"</span>,</span>
<span>                   <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ασθενής εποχικότητα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  check.names <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/sub_missing.html">sub_missing</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/everything.html">everything</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, missing_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"-"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-seasonality-check" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-seasonality-check-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;6: Αποτελέσματα διάφορων ελέγχων για αξιολόγηση εποχικότητας
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-seasonality-check-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
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<th id="aΈλεγχος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Έλεγχος</th>
<th id="aΤιμή" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τιμή</th>
<th id="aΑποτέλεσμα" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Αποτέλεσμα</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">Canova-Hansen (CH)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τιμή">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αποτέλεσμα">Δεν απαιτείται εποχική διαφορά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">OCSB</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τιμή">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αποτέλεσμα">Δεν απαιτείται εποχική διαφορά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">Εποχική Επιρροή (STL)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τιμή">0.153</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αποτέλεσμα">Ασθενής εποχικότητα</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="έλεγχος-για-τομές-breaks" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="έλεγχος-για-τομές-breaks">Έλεγχος για τομές (breaks)</h2>
<p>Οι χρονoσειρές γενικότερα δεν είναι ένα μέτρο το οποίο μπορεί να ερμηνευτεί και συνεπώς να προβλεφθεί αξιόπιστα δίχως να λαμβάνουμε υπόψη μας διάφορους εξωγενείς παράγοντες. Στη δική μας περίπτωση μελετάμε και θέλουμε να προβλέψουμε την ανεργία στην χώρα μας τους επόμενους μήνες. Η αποστολή μας γίνεται ακόμα πιο δύσκολη αν αναλογιστούμε ότι δεν μπορούμε να το κάνουμε αυτό ικανοποιητικά, καθώς η χρονοσειρά δεν μπορεί να κατανοήσει τα μοτίβα των μεταβολών της και πώς αυτά προέκυψαν. Πολλές μεταβολές στη χρονοσειρά μπορεί να έχουν επέλθει από εξωτερικούς παράγοντες οι οποίοι να επηρεάζουν τον καθορισμό του μοντέλου μας. Έτσι είναι σημαντικό να καθορίσουμε αν υπάρχουν τέτοια διαρθρωτικά σημεία (structural breaks) - καθοριστικά γεγονότα που μπορεί να επηρέασαν την κίνηση της χρονοσειράς. Η περίπτωσή της Ελλάδας είναι μία τέτοια σύνθετη περίπτωση. Αυτά τα χρονικά σημεία θα μπορούσαν να είναι διάφορες ημερομηνίες όπου συνέβησαν σημαντικά γεγονότα που μπορεί να επηρέασαν τη συμπεριφορά της χρονοσειράς. Στην δική μας περίπτωση αναλύουμε την ανεργία της Ελλάδας η οποία εκτοξεύτηκε μετά την οικονομική κρίση του 2009 και στα μέσα αυτής είχαμε ιστορικό υψηλό. Επιπλέον, οι σειρές περιλαμβάνουν και τη περίοδο της πανδημίας που επηρέασε το συντελεστή ανεργίας.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb15" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">breakPoints</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/summary-methods.html">summary</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/strucchange/man/breakpoints.html">breakpoints</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>, h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.15</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">summaryBreakPoints</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/t.html">t</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">breakPoints</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"RSS"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/as.data.frame.html">as.data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/across.html">across</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/everything.html">everything</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"spline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># spline = smooth line</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Απόδοση ανά αριθμό διαρθρωτικών τομών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Το με βάση το Μπεύζιανό πληροφοριακό κριτήριο μας δηλώνει την ύπαρξη δύο διαρθρωτικών τομών. Όσο μικρότερος ο αριθμός, τόσο το καλύτερο."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># custom colors (muted, professional palette)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#0072B2"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#E69F00"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># series</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">summaryBreakPoints</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">RSS</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"RSS"</span>, lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">summaryBreakPoints</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">BIC</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"BIC"</span>, lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># axes</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"integer"</span>,</span>
<span>        lineColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e6e6e6"</span>,</span>
<span>        tickColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e6e6e6"</span>,</span>
<span>        title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"(#) Αριθμός διαρθρωτικών τομών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#333333"</span>, fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τιμή"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        gridLineColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#f0f0f0"</span>,</span>
<span>        labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#333333"</span>, fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># tooltip</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>        crosshairs <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>        backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#ffffff"</span>,</span>
<span>        borderColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#cccccc"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#333333"</span>, fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        xDateFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"%b %Y"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># plot options for styling</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        series <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>, radius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span>, symbol <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"circle"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            states <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>hover <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>lineWidthPlus <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># legend</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>        verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span>,</span>
<span>        layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>,</span>
<span>        itemStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"13px"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#333333"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-number-of-struc-changes" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-number-of-struc-changes-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-c8bc456c93f610556cf8" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-c8bc456c93f610556cf8">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"spline"},"title":{"text":"Απόδοση ανά αριθμό διαρθρωτικών τομών"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Τιμή"},"gridLineColor":"#f0f0f0","labels":{"style":{"color":"#333333","fontSize":"12px"}}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0,"marker":{"enabled":false,"radius":4,"symbol":"circle"},"states":{"hover":{"lineWidthPlus":1}}},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Το με βάση το Μπεύζιανό πληροφοριακό κριτήριο μας δηλώνει την ύπαρξη δύο διαρθρωτικών τομών. Όσο μικρότερος ο αριθμός, τόσο το καλύτερο."},"colors":["#0072B2","#E69F00"],"series":[{"data":[11913.47,3255.88,1356.96,1243.73,1207.46,1146.21],"name":"RSS","lineWidth":3},{"data":[1928.5,1559.78,1314.7,1300.53,1303.22,1299.33],"name":"BIC","lineWidth":3}],"xAxis":{"type":"integer","lineColor":"#e6e6e6","tickColor":"#e6e6e6","title":{"text":"(#) Αριθμός διαρθρωτικών τομών"},"labels":{"style":{"color":"#333333","fontSize":"12px"}}},"tooltip":{"shared":true,"crosshairs":true,"backgroundColor":"#ffffff","borderColor":"#cccccc","style":{"color":"#333333","fontSize":"12px"},"xDateFormat":"%b %Y"},"legend":{"align":"center","verticalAlign":"bottom","layout":"horizontal","itemStyle":{"fontSize":"13px","color":"#333333"}}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"months":["Ιανουάριος","Φεβρουάριος","Μάρτιος","Απρίλιος","Μάιος","Ιούνιος","Ιούλιος","Αύγουστος","Σεπτέμβριος","Οκτώβριος","Νοέμβριος","Δεκέμβριος"],"shortMonths":["Ιαν","Φεβ","Μαρ","Απρ","Μάι","Ιουν","Ιουλ","Αυγ","Σεπ","Οκτ","Νοε","Δεκ"],"weekdays":["Κυριακή","Δευτέρα","Τρίτη","Τετάρτη","Πέμπτη","Παρασκευή","Σάββατο"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-number-of-struc-changes-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;3: Διάγραμμα σφαλμάτων ανά αριθμό διαρθρωτικών τομών
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-number-of-struc-changes" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-number-of-struc-changes-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;7: Πίνακας ένδειξης αριθμού τομών
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-number-of-struc-changes-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="snjatiifmt" style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;">
<style>#snjatiifmt table {
  font-family: system-ui, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji';
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  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
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#snjatiifmt thead, #snjatiifmt tbody, #snjatiifmt tfoot, #snjatiifmt tr, #snjatiifmt td, #snjatiifmt th {
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#snjatiifmt p {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_table {
  display: table;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  line-height: normal;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 13px;
  font-weight: normal;
  font-style: normal;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  width: 100%;
  border-top-style: none;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_caption {
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_title {
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  font-size: 125%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-bottom-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  border-bottom-width: 0;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_subtitle {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 85%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 3px;
  padding-bottom: 5px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  border-top-width: 0;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_heading {
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  text-align: center;
  border-bottom-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_bottom_border {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_col_headings {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #757575;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #757575;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_col_heading {
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  font-weight: normal;
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  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_column_spanner_outer {
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  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
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  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_column_spanner_outer:first-child {
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#snjatiifmt .gt_column_spanner_outer:last-child {
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#snjatiifmt .gt_column_spanner {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #757575;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 15px;
  padding-bottom: 15px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_spanner_row {
  border-bottom-style: hidden;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_group_heading {
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  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
  text-align: left;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_empty_group_heading {
  padding: 0.5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_from_md > :first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_row {
  padding-top: 15px;
  padding-bottom: 15px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  margin: 10px;
  border-top-style: none;
  border-top-width: 1px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
  overflow-x: hidden;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_stub_row_group {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  vertical-align: top;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_row_group_first td {
  border-top-width: 2px;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_row_group_first th {
  border-top-width: 2px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_first_summary_row {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_first_summary_row.thick {
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#snjatiifmt .gt_last_summary_row {
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  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
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#snjatiifmt .gt_grand_summary_row {
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  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
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  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_last_grand_summary_row_top {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-bottom-style: double;
  border-bottom-width: 6px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #757575;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_right {
  text-align: right;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_font_normal {
  font-weight: normal;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_font_bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_font_italic {
  font-style: italic;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_footnote_marks {
  font-size: 75%;
  vertical-align: 0.4em;
  position: initial;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_asterisk {
  font-size: 100%;
  vertical-align: 0;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_indent_1 {
  text-indent: 5px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_indent_2 {
  text-indent: 10px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_indent_3 {
  text-indent: 15px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_indent_4 {
  text-indent: 20px;
}

#snjatiifmt .gt_indent_5 {
  text-indent: 25px;
}

#snjatiifmt .katex-display {
  display: inline-flex !important;
  margin-bottom: 0.75em !important;
}

#snjatiifmt div.Reactable > div.rt-table > div.rt-thead > div.rt-tr.rt-tr-group-header > div.rt-th-group:after {
  height: 0px !important;
}

.gt_table th, .gt_table td {
  text-align: center !important;
  vertical-align: middle !important;
}

.gt_table {
  margin-left: auto !important;
  margin-right: auto !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

.gt_table tr {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}

.gt_row {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}
</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΤομές" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τομές</th>
<th id="RSS" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">RSS</th>
<th id="BIC" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">BIC</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομές">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RSS">11913.47</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1928.50</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομές">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RSS">3255.88</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1559.78</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομές">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RSS">1356.96</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1314.70</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομές">3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RSS">1243.73</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1300.53</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομές">4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RSS">1207.46</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1303.22</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομές">5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RSS">1146.21</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1299.33</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><p>Υπάρχει αρκετά μεγάλη μείωση του Μπεϋζιανού κριτηρίου πληροφορίας (BIC) όταν μεταβαίνω από ένα μοντέλο με καμία διαρθρωτική τομή, σε ένα άλλο με δύο διαρθρωτικές τομές, με μικρότερη αυτή των τριών τομών. Αυτό είναι μία σημαντική ένδειξη ότι η ανεργία μου όντως επηρεάστηκε από ξαφνικούς παράγοντες. Φυσικά το υποψιαζόμασταν αυτό καθώς έχουμε τη περίοδο της κρίσης που συνετέλεσε σε υψηλά ποσοστά ανεργίας. Αφού καθορίσαμε τον αριθμό των τομών, είναι η στιγμή να καθορίσουμε ποια είναι τα κομμάτια που πρέπει να αναλυθούν, κοινώς να διαπιστώσουμε ποια είναι αυτά τα εύρη ημερομηνιών που εντοπίστηκε σημαντική διαφοροποίηση στη συμπεριφορά της χρονοσειράς. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα έχω:</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb16" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bp</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">breakPoints</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">breakpoints</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max_breaks</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/nrow.html">nrow</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bp</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/matrix.html">matrix</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NA</span>, nrow <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max_breaks</span>, ncol <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max_breaks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">for</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">in</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max_breaks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># take non-NA values from row i</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">valid_breaks</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bp</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">!</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/NA.html">is.na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">bp</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># put them in first positions of row i</span></span>
<span>  <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">valid_breaks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">valid_breaks</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cool_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/as.data.frame.html">as.data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/colnames.html">colnames</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cool_table</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τομή A"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τομή B"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τομή Γ"</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τομή Δ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τομή Ε"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max_breaks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cool_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cool_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός τομών"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">max_breaks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός τομών"</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/everything.html">everything</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cool_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/sub_missing.html">sub_missing</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/everything.html">everything</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, missing_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"-"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-results-breakpoints" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-results-breakpoints-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;8: Αποτελέσματα σημείων τομών, ανά αριθμό τομών (0 πίνακας διαβάζεται καλύτερα οριζόντια, ανά αριθμό τομών)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-results-breakpoints-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="wqvmykkhlj" style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;">
<style>#wqvmykkhlj table {
  font-family: system-ui, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji';
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</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΑριθμός-τομών" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Αριθμός τομών</th>
<th id="aΤομή-A" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τομή A</th>
<th id="aΤομή-B" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τομή B</th>
<th id="aΤομή-Γ" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τομή Γ</th>
<th id="aΤομή-Δ" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τομή Δ</th>
<th id="aΤομή-Ε" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τομή Ε</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αριθμός τομών">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή A">155</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Ε">-</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αριθμός τομών">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή A">159</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">240</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Ε">-</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αριθμός τομών">3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή A">159</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">207</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">250</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Ε">-</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αριθμός τομών">4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή A">45</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">159</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">207</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">250</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Ε">-</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αριθμός τομών">5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή A">48</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">119</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">162</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">207</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Ε">250</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>και οι ημερομηνίες των αντίστοιχων τομών:</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb17" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">start_date</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Extremes.html">min</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">date_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cool_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/across.html">across</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/starts_with.html">starts_with</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τομή"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>            </span>
<span>            <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># create empty Date vector</span></span>
<span>            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">out</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/zoo/man/yearmon.html">as.Date</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/rep.html">rep</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NA</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>            </span>
<span>            <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># convert only non-NA entries</span></span>
<span>            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">idx</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/which.html">which</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">!</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/NA.html">is.na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
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<span>            </span>
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font-style: inherit;">idx</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">start_date</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/reference/mplus.html">%m+%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/weekday.POSIXt.html">months</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>            </span>
<span>            <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/function.html">return</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">out</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">date_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/sub_missing.html">sub_missing</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/everything.html">everything</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"-"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-results-breakpoints-dates" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-results-breakpoints-dates-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;9: Αποτελέσματα ημερομηνιών των τομών, ανά αριθμό τομών (0 πίνακας διαβάζεται καλύτερα οριζόντια, ανά αριθμό τομών)
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">-</td>
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<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αριθμός τομών">2</td>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">2018-04-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Ε">-</td>
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<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αριθμός τομών">3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή A">2011-07-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">2015-07-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">2019-02-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Ε">-</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αριθμός τομών">4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή A">2002-01-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">2011-07-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">2015-07-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">2019-02-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Ε">-</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αριθμός τομών">5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή A">2002-04-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή B">2008-03-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Γ">2011-10-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Δ">2015-07-01</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τομή Ε">2019-02-01</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Γενικότερα, με βάση τα αποτελέσματα των σφαλμάτων θα επιλέξω είτε 2 ή 3 διαρθρωτικές τομές μιας και έχω σημαντική μείωση του κριτηρίου BIC σε αυτό τον αριθμό. Στη τρίτη τομή υπάρχει μία μικρή μείωση ενώ στην τέταρτη αυξάνεται Ας μελετήσουμε όμως τις προτεινόμενες τομές τους ξεχωριστά. Από τη μία το μοντέλο των 2 τομών προτείνει τομές τον Ιούνιο του 2011 και το Μάρτιο του 2018 και από την άλλη το μοντέλο των 3 τομών προτείνει τομές επίσης τον Ιούνιο του 2011, τον Ιούνιο του 2015 και τον Ιανουάριο του 2019. Γενικότερα δεν μπορούσα να αποφασίσω μόνος μου ποια ήταν μία καθοριστική στιγμή της κρίσης, καθώς αυτό είναι ενδεχομένως και λίγο υποκειμενική άποψη, για αυτό προτιμώ να το υπολογίσει το μοντέλο μου. Επιπλέον όλη η περίοδος ήταν αρκετά ταραχώδης και γεμάτη αρνητικές εξελίξεις που στη πραγματικότητα δεν μπορείς να καθορίσεις μία ξεκάθαρη τομή.</p>
<p>Κοιτώντας τις ημερομηνίες ενδεχομένως αυτή με τις τρεις τομές να είναι αυτή που βγάζει νόημα σε όσους το δουν. Το 2011 που είχαμε ήδη προβλήματα και τα οποία ήδη φαίνονται στο δείκτη της ανεργίας, το 2015 που είχαμε μία περίοδο αβεβαιότητας και τον Ιανουάριο του 2019, όπου η χώρα ανέκαμψε, με λίγους μήνες νωρίτερα να ανακοινώνει την έξοδο από τα μνημόνια, τον Αύγουστο του 2018.</p>
</section><section id="έλεγχος-στασιμότητας" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="έλεγχος-στασιμότητας">Έλεγχος στασιμότητας</h2>
<section id="ορισμός-στασιμότητας" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ορισμός-στασιμότητας">Ορισμός στασιμότητας</h3>
<p>Μία σημαντική έννοια στις χρονοσειρές είναι η <strong>στασιμότητα</strong>. Μία χρονοσειρά καλείται στάσιμη <span class="citation" data-cites="appliedtimeseriespenn">(<span>‘Applied Time Series Analysis’</span>, χ.χ.)</span> αν: </p>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?E(X_t):%5Ctext%7B%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AE%7D"> </li>
<li>
<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Var(X_t):%20%5Ctext%7B%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AE%7D"> </li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Cov(X_t,%20X_s):%20%5Ctext%7B%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AE%7D"></li>
</ol></section><section id="εξέταση-στασιμότητας-γραφικά" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εξέταση-στασιμότητας-γραφικά">Εξέταση στασιμότητας γραφικά</h3>
<p>Από αυτό το Σχήμα&nbsp;1 είναι εμφανέστατο ότι η σειρά μας δεν κινείται γύρω από κάποια συγκεκριμένη τιμή, παραβιάζοντας την πρώτη προϋπόθεση για να θεωρηθεί μία χρονοσειρά στατική. Αυτό μας υποδεικνύει την ανάγκη χρήσης διαφορών πρώτης τάξης για την ανεργία της Ελλάδας. Από τη πρώτη διαφορά (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CDelta%20y%20=%20%20y_t%20-%20y_%7Bt-1%7D">) παρατηρώ μεγάλη βελτίωση μιας και δεν έχουμε τις τεράστιες αποκλίσεις του προηγούμενου διαγράμματος. Οι τιμές ως επί το πλείστον δεν παρουσιάζουν κάποια τάση και κινούνται σε τιμές σχετικά κοντά στο μηδέν. Αυτό είναι ένα καλό στοιχείο, όμως έχω έναν ελαφρύ προβληματισμό καθώς υπάρχουν δύο σημεία στη χρονοσειρά με σχετικά μεγάλες αποκλίσεις από το μηδέν. Η πρώτη είναι μεταξύ των σημείων 120 και 170 καθώς η κύμανση γύρω από το μηδέν έχει ξεφύγει ελαφρώς, τα οποία αναφέρονται στη περίοδο μεταξύ 2008 και 2012 (κρίση &amp; επιδείνωση οικονομικών δεικτών). Ένα άλλο ελαφρώς προβληματικό σημείο είναι το 266ο που αναφέρεται στο Μάρτιο - Απρίλιο του 2020 και στην θέσπιση περιορισμού μετακινήσεων για να περιοριστεί η μετάδοση του κορωνοϊού μιας και είχαν βρεθεί τα πρώτα κρούσματα στη χώρα μας.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb18" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">LOCATION</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"GRC"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/diff.html">diff</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, differences <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πρώτες διαφορές ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Οι διαφορές κυμάινονται στο 0, με εξάιρεση τα πρώτα χρόνια της ελληνικής κρίσης χρέους και με τον περιορισμό μετακινήσεων λόγω κορωνοϊού."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διαφορά ανεργίας"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment_diff1</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-diff1-plot" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-diff1-plot-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-aa6a275c4bc9ba3a89a5" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-diff1-plot-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;4: Χρονοσειρά διαφορών πρώτης τάξης της ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
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<p>Λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν τους παραπάνω προβληματισμούς μου, έλαβα και τις δεύτερες διαφορές (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CDelta%5E2y%20=%20%5CDelta%20y%20-%20%5CDelta_%7By-1%7D">) και τις οπτικοποίησα. Το διάγραμμα είναι σχεδόν το ίδιο, με τις τιμές να κυμαίνονται στο μηδέν ακόμα και στο προβληματικό σημείο κοντά στο 150ο σημείο. Στις δεύτερες παρατηρήσεις παρατηρώ μία πιο συνεπή κύμανση γύρω από το μηδέν, αλλά ταυτόχρονα υπάρχει ακόμα μεγαλύτερη διαφορά απόκλιση στην έναρξη λήψης μέτρων κατά του κορωνοϊού στη χώρα μας (3.6% έναντι 2.6% των πρώτων διαφορών).</p>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb19" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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</details><div id="fig-diff2-plot" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-diff2-plot-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-diff2-plot-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;5: Χρονοσειρά διαφορών δεύτερης τάξης της ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="εξέταση-στασιμότητας-με-στατιστικούς-ελέγχους" class="level3 page-columns page-full"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εξέταση-στασιμότητας-με-στατιστικούς-ελέγχους">Εξέταση στασιμότητας με στατιστικούς ελέγχους</h3>
<p>Ο γραφικός έλεγχος της στασιμότητας είναι ένας αρκετά εύκολος τρόπος για να διαπιστώσουμε την ύπαρξη τάσεων ή αν η σειρά μας έχει γενικότερα σταθερή συμπεριφορά. Αν εξαιρέσουμε κάποιες αρκετά ξεκάθαρες περιπτώσεις, θα υπάρχουν φορές που πολλοί μπορεί να διαφωνήσουν ως προς τη στασιμότητα της σειράς απλώς από τη πορεία της. Αυτό είναι λογικό μιας και ως μέτρο είναι κατά κάποιο τρόπο υποκειμενικό μιας και βασίζεται στην άποψη / ερμηνεία του καθενός που θα δώσει στη κίνηση της χρονοσειράς. Έτσι λοιπόν η χρήση αυτού του τρόπου μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε μη συνεπείς ή σταθερές αποφάσεις μιας και ένα άτομο μπορεί να θεωρήσει μία ελαφριά αυξητική τάση που επανέρχεται ως στάσιμη σε και κάποιο άλλο άτομο να μεταφράσει το μοτίβο ως ισχνή αλλά υπαρκτή τάση. Σε αναλογία των ελέγχων κανονικότητας που έχουμε γραφικούς (quantile-quantile γράφημα) αλλά και στατιστικούς ελέγχους (έλεγχος Kolmogorov-Smirnov, έλεγχος Shapiro-Wilk), έτσι έχουμε ανάλογες εναλλακτικές και για τον έλεγχο στασιμότητας. Με αυτό το τρόπο μπορούμε να έχουμε ένα πιο αντικειμενικό κριτήριο για το αν οι σειρές μας είναι στάσιμες ή όχι. Κάποιοι από τους πιο γνωστούς ελέγχους στασιμότητας, οι οποίοι είναι γνωστοί και ως έλεγχοι μοναδιαίας ρίζας, είναι οι εξής:</p>
<ul>
<li>Ο <strong>έλεγχος DF</strong> (Dickey - Fuller)</li>
<li>Ο <strong>έλεγχος ADF</strong> (Augmented Dickey - Fuller)</li>
<li>Ο <strong>έλεγχος ADF-GLS</strong>
</li>
<li>Ο <strong>έλεγχος PP</strong> (Phillips - Perron)</li>
<li>Ο <strong>έλεγχος KPSS</strong> (Kwiatkowski - Phillips - Schmidt - Shin) και</li>
<li>Ο <strong>έλεγχος ZA</strong> (Zivot - Andrews)</li>
</ul>
<p>Και κάπου εδώ ξεκινάει το χάος που άρχισα να συνειδητοποιώ όταν ξεκίνησα να μαθαίνω την R. Χρησιμοποιώντας μία γλώσσα προγραμματισμού δεν έχουμε ωραία μενού και κουτάκια με επιλογές για τον κάθε έλεγχο. Στην R αλλά και σε άλλες γλώσσες, όπως στη Python, υπάρχουν πακέτα που προσθέτουν λειτουργίες και δυνατότητες κάθε γλώσσας. Για τους ελέγχους στασιμότητας έχουν κατασκευαστεί αρκετά πακέτα της R, που επιτελούν παρόμοιο σκοπό. Κάποια αρκετά διάσημα πακέτα που προσφέρουν ελέγχους στασιμότητας είναι τα:</p>
<ul>
<li>tseries</li>
<li>urca</li>
</ul>
<p>Οκ. Ποιο από όλα όμως να διαλέξω; Έχουν διαφορά; Θα πρέπει να μελετήσουμε προσεκτικά τις επιλογές μας. Στα έτοιμα προγράμματα το λογισμικό λαμβάνει κάποιες λογικές αποφάσεις για εμάς ή μας δίνει τη δυνατότητα να διαλέξουμε κάποιες τιμές ή ελέγχους. Όταν κάνουμε αυτή τη μετάβαση σε μία γλώσσα προγραμματισμού έχουμε την ελευθερία να δούμε πώς προέκυψε αυτό το αποτέλεσμα (μελετώντας τον αντίστοιχο κώδικα του πακέτου). Αυτή η αυξημένη ελευθερία κινήσεων συνοδεύεται με αυξημένες ευθύνες από τη μεριά του αναλυτή αφού θα πρέπει να ελέγξει τι υπολογίζει το κάθε πακέτο, ποιες είναι οι δυνατότητές του και οι περιορισμοί του. Σε αυτή τη περίπτωση και τα τρία πακέτα και ειδικά τα δύο πρώτα, το tseries και το urca προωθούνται ως πακέτα που παρέχουν ελέγχους στασιμότητας, δηλαδή παρόμοια λειτουργικότητα . Εν συντομία, το πακέτο <code>tseries</code> με το οποίο έχω τη μεγαλύτερη εξοικείωση είναι αυτό που είναι αρκετά περιοριστικό. Παρά το γεγονός ότι πολλοί οδηγοί χρησιμοποιούν αυτό το πακέτο, συνειδητοποίησα ότι δεν μπορούσα να θέσω τα lags για τους ελέγχους ή να θέσω χαρακτηριστικά της χρονοσειράς, όπως αν έχει (αυξητική ή μειούμενη) τάση. Από την άλλη μεριά έχουμε το πακέτο <code>urca</code>, το οποίο απαντάει σε αυτούς τους περιορισμούς επιτρέποντας στους χρήστες να θέτουν τον αριθμό των lags καθώς και στοιχεία της χρονοσειράς. Το μοναδικό μειονέκτημα του <code>urca</code> πακέτου είναι η μη παροχή ενός p-value στα αποτελέσματα των ελέγχων του, το οποίο είναι και το πιο γνωστό μέτρο ερμηνείας των ελέγχων. Για τον έλεγχο της υπόθεσης υπολογίζεται η στατιστική τιμή και ελέγχεται με την αντίστοιχη κριτική τιμή και αν η στατιστική τιμή είναι μεγαλύτερη της τελευταίας τότε ο έλεγχος απορρίπτεται στο αντίστοιχο επίπεδο σημαντικότητας.</p>
<section id="σύνοψη-αποτελεσμάτων" class="level4"><h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="σύνοψη-αποτελεσμάτων">Σύνοψη αποτελεσμάτων</h4>
<p>Συνοψίζοντας τα αποτελέσματα των στατιστικών ελέγχων στασιμότητας συμπεραίνω ότι οι παρατηρήσεις της ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα δεν μπορούν να χαρακτηριστούν ως στάσιμες. Επιπλέον, όλοι οι κλασσικοί έλεγχοι συμφωνούν στη ύπαρξη στασιμότητας στις διαφορές πρώτης και δεύτερης τάξης.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-general-results" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-general-results-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;10: Σύνοψη αποτελεσμάτων ελέγχων στασιμότητας
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<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΈλεγχος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Έλεγχος</th>
<th id="aΑποτέλεσμα" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Αποτέλεσμα</th>
<th id="aΣτασιμότητα-έχω..." class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Στασιμότητα έχω...</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">ADF</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αποτέλεσμα">I(1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στασιμότητα έχω...">πρώτη διαφορά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">PP</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αποτέλεσμα">I(1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στασιμότητα έχω...">πρώτη διαφορά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">KPSS</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αποτέλεσμα">I(1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στασιμότητα έχω...">πρώτη διαφορά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">ZA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αποτέλεσμα">I(1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στασιμότητα έχω...">πρώτη διαφορά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">LS</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Αποτέλεσμα">I(1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στασιμότητα έχω...">πρώτη διαφορά</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="έλεγχος-df" class="level4 page-columns page-full"><h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="έλεγχος-df">Έλεγχος DF</h4>
<p>Ο έλεγχος Dickey - Fuller είναι ένας από τους πιο απλούς ελέγχους μοναδιαίας ρίζας για να διαπιστώσουμε τη στασιμότητα ή μη μίας χρονοσειράς. Αυτός ο έλεγχος βασίζεται στο αυτοπαλίνδρομο μοντέλο πρώτης τάξης, <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BAR%7D(1)">:</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/forecasting-greek-unemployment/walker.webp" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Φωτογραφία του φυσικού - στατιστικού (Sir) Gilbert Walker</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p>Ο (Sir) Gilbert Thomas Walker (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, 1868 - 1958) είναι φυσικός και στατιστικός, με σπουδές στο Trinity College του Πανεπιστημίου του Cambridge όπου αναδείχτηκε κορυφαίος προπτυχιακός φοιτητής το 1889. Κατά τη θητεία του στην Ινδική Μετεωρολογική Υπηρεσία ανέπτυξε τις εξισώσεις Yule-Walker (μαζί με τον George Udny Yule) που σήμερα αποτελούν βασικό εργαλείο για τα αυτοπαλίνδρομα (AR) μοντέλα. Με αυτές τις μεθόδους κατάφερε να προβλέψει σωστά τα μοτίβα των μουσώνων.<br></p>
<p><strong>Πηγή φωτογραφίας: </strong>Wikimedia Commons, 2021 - Άδεια χρήσης: Public Domain (δημοσιεύτηκε το 1925). Για τη πρωτότυπη φωτογραφία μπορείτε να πατήσετε τον <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Walker.jpg">σύνδεσμο</a></p>
</div></div><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Ay_t%20=%20%5Cphi%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20e_t%0A"></p>
<p>Όπου <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?y_t"> είναι η τιμή της χρονοσειράς και το <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e_t"> ο όρος του σφάλματος. Δηλαδή είναι μία χρονοσειρά που η τιμές της επηρεάζονται - εξαρτώνται από τις προηγούμενες τιμές της.</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Bequation%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Ay_t%20&amp;%20=%20%5Crho%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20e_t%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0Ay_t%20-%20y_%7Bt-1%7D&amp;%20=%20%5Crho%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20-%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20e_t%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A%5CDelta%20y_t%20&amp;%20=%20(%5Crho%20-%201)%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20e_t%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A%5CDelta%20y_t%20&amp;%20=%20%5Cgamma%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20e_t%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cend%7Bequation%7D%0A"></p>
<p>Ο έλεγχος έχει συγκεκριμένες παραλλαγές οι οποίες βασίζονται στη συμπεριφορά της εκάστοτε χρονοσειράς. Πιο συγκεκριμένα υπάρχουν τρεις παραλλαγές:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Χωρίς σταθερό όρο και χωρίς τάση, όπου η χρονοσειρά κινείται γύρω από το μηδέν και έχει τη μορφή που γράψαμε παραπάνω: <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CDelta%20y_t%20=%20%5Cgamma%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20e_t"></p></li>
<li><p>Με σταθερό όρο, όταν η χρονοσειρά κινείται γύρω από μία σταθερή τιμή (διάφορη του μηδενός) : <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CDelta%20y_t%20=%20%5Calpha%20+%20%5Cgamma%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20e_t"> και</p></li>
<li><p>Με σταθερό όρο και τάση, όταν η χρονοσειρά φαίνεται με το πέρασμα του χρόνου να έχει πτωτική ή αυξανώμενη πορεία: <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CDelta%20y_t%20=%20%5Calpha%20+%20%5Cbeta%20t%20+%20%5Cgamma%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20e_t"> Ο συγκεκριμένος έλεγχος έχει κάποια προβλήματα στην εφαρμογή μιας και κάνει υποθέσεις:</p></li>
<li><p>η σειρά μας βασίζεται σε ένα αυτοπαλίνδρομο μοντέλος <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p=1"></p></li>
<li><p>τα σφάλματα είναι ομοσκεδαστικά και</p></li>
<li><p>τα σφάλματα είναι ασυσχέτιστα</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Η σειρά είναι καταφανώς μη στάσιμη στις πρωτότυπες παρατηρήσεις, ενώ παρατηρείται εξάλειψη της τάσης στις διαφορές πρώτης τάξης. Για αυτό το λόγο θα ελέγξω και τις υποθέσεις που κάνει ο έλεγχος Dickey - Fuller απλώς για να διαπιστώσουμε και στην πράξη ότι αυτός ο έλεγχος έχει κάποιες σημαντικές αδυναμίες. Αρχικά θα ελέγξω την υπόθεση των αυτοσυσχέτιστων σφαλμάτων. Αρχικά θα κατασκευάσω ένα μοντέλο παλινδρόμησης με βάση τους τύπους του DF. Στη περίπτωση των πρώτων διαφορών έχω εξαλείψει την τάση, ενώ και ο σταθερός όρος είναι γύρω από το μηδέν. Συνεπώς, θα κατασκευάσω ένα μοντέλο της πρώτης περίπτωσης:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5CDelta%20y_t%20=%20%5Cgamma%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20e_t%0A"></p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb20" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dy</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/diff.html">diff</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># DF regression without intercept (because Δy ~ 0)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y_lag</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>       <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># y_{t-1} aligned with dy</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mod</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/lm.html">lm</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dy</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y_lag</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># 0 = no intercept</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#summary(mod)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Tdy</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">h</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">floor</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/MathFun.html">sqrt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Tdy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">res_ljung</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/box.test.html">Box.test</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/residuals.html">residuals</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mod</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, type<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ljung-Box"</span>, lag<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">h</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dwtest_res</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/lmtest/man/dwtest.html">dwtest</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mod</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">arch_res</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://geobosh.github.io/FinTSDoc/reference/ArchTest.html">ArchTest</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/residuals.html">residuals</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mod</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, lags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">12</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  </span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έλεγχος"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ljung-Βοχ"</span>,<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Durbin-Watson"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έλεγχος ARCH"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική Τιμή"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">res_ljung</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"statistic"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dwtest_res</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"statistic"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">arch_res</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"statistic"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βαθμοί ελευθερίας"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">res_ljung</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parameter</span>, </span>
<span>                            <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"-"</span>,</span>
<span>                            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">arch_res</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parameter</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"p value"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;0.0001"</span>,</span>
<span>                  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dwtest_res</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p.value</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">arch_res</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p.value</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    check.names <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-check_autocorrlation" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-check_autocorrlation-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;11: Έλεγχος υποθέσεων σφαλμάτων (αυτοσυσχέτισης &amp; ομοσκεδαστικότητας)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-check_autocorrlation-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΈλεγχος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Έλεγχος</th>
<th id="aΣτατιστική-Τιμή" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Στατιστική Τιμή</th>
<th id="aΒαθμοί-ελευθερίας" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Βαθμοί ελευθερίας</th>
<th id="p-value" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">p value</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">Ljung-Βοχ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">158.036</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Βαθμοί ελευθερίας">17</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="p value">&lt;0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">Durbin-Watson</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">1.655</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Βαθμοί ελευθερίας">-</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="p value">0.0015</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">Έλεγχος ARCH</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">39.874</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Βαθμοί ελευθερίας">12</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="p value">7.5e-05</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Από τους ελέγχους Ljung-Box και Durbin-Watson, απορρίπτω την υπόθεση ότι τα σφάλματα είναι ασυσχέτιστα. Τέλος, από τον έλεγχο ARCH προκύπτει ότι τα σφάλματα δεν είναι ομοσκεδαστικά (διαφορετική διακύμανση). Από αυτά είναι εμφανές ότι ο έλεγχος DF δεν είναι καλός και συνήθως δεν χρησιμοποιείται, καθώς οι υποθέσεις του είναι αρκετά περιοριστικές και συνήθως παραβιάζονται. Οι έλεγχοι όπως ο ADF και ο PP αντιμετωπίζουν με διάφορους τρόπους αυτή τη συμπεριφορά των σφαλμάτων, προκειμένου να λάβουμε έγκυρα αποτελέσματα κατά τη κρίση της στασιμότητας μίας σειράς.</p>
</section><section id="έλεγχος-adf" class="level4"><h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="έλεγχος-adf">Έλεγχος ADF</h4>
<p>Ένας απο τους πιο χρησιμοποιούμενους ελέγχους μοναδιαίας ρίζας - στασιμότητας είναι ο <strong>επαυξημένος έλεγχος ADF</strong> (Augmented Dickey - Fuller) και αποτελεί γενίκευση του απλού ελέγχου Dickey - Fuller, μιας και εξαρτάται από ένα αυτοπαλίνδρομο μοντέλο μεγαλύτερης τάξης (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Crho%20%3E1">). Δηλαδή εννοούμε ότι η τιμή της χρονοσειράς δεν εξαρτάται μόνο από τη προηγούμενη τιμή της αλλά και από άλλες <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Crho"> προηγούμενες. Ένα αυτοπαλίνδρομο μοντέλο <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Crho"> τάξης έχει την εξής μορφή:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?y_t%20=%20%5Cphi_1%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20%5Cphi_2%20y_%7Bt-2%7D%20+%20%5Ccdots%20+%20%5Cphi_p%20y_%7Bt-p%7D%20+%20%5Cepsilon_t"> Αντίστοιχα με τον απλό έλεγχο Dickey-Fuller υπάρχουν ορίζονται παραλλαγές οι οποίες βασίζονται στη συμπεριφορά της εκάστοτε χρονοσειράς:</p>
<ul>
<li>Χωρίς σταθερό όρο και χωρίς τάση, όπου η χρονοσειρά κινείται γύρω από το μηδέν και έχει τη μορφή που γράψαμε παραπάνω: <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CDelta%20y_t%20=%20%5Cgamma%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bp%7D%20%5Cdelta_i%20%5CDelta%20y_%7Bt-i%7D+%20u_t">
</li>
<li>Με σταθερό όρο, όταν η χρονοσειρά κινείται γύρω από μία σταθερή τιμή (διάφορη του μηδενός) :</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%5CDelta%20y_t%20&amp;%20=%20%5Calpha%20+%20%5Cgamma%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&amp;%5Cquad%20%20+%20%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bp%7D%20%5Cdelta_i%20%5CDelta%20y_%7Bt-i%7D+%20u_t%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"> και - Με σταθερό όρο και τάση, όταν η χρονοσειρά φαίνεται με το πέρασμα του χρόνου να έχει πτωτική ή αυξανώμενη πορεία: <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%5CDelta%20y_t%20&amp;%20=%20%5Calpha%20+%20%5Cbeta_t%20+%20%5Cgamma%20y_%7Bt-1%7D%20+%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&amp;%5Cquad%20%20+%20%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bp%7D%20%5Cdelta_i%20%5CDelta%20y_%7Bt-i%7D+%20u_t%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"> Ο <strong>έλεγχος ADF</strong> έχει την εξής μορφή υποθέσεων: <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AH_0%20:%20%5Cgamma%20%20=%200%20%20%5Ctextsf%7B,%20%CE%B7%20%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%20%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BD%20%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B7%7D%5C%5C%0AH_1%20:%20%5Cgamma%20%5Cneq%200%20%5Ctext%7B,%20%CE%B7%20%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%20%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B7%7D%0A"> Δηλαδή, αν τα αποτελέσματά μου απορρίψουν τη μηδενική υπόθεση τότε αυτό μας υποδεικνύει ότι η χρονοσειρά είναι στάσιμη. Ας εφαρμόσουμε τον παραπάνω έλεγχο για την ανεργία της Ελλάδας και της Ευρώπης. Όμως πριν το κάνω αυτό θα πρέπει να διαπιστώσω πόσες χρονικές υστερήσεις (lags) πρέπει να λάβω υπόψη μου. Αρχικά, θα πρέπει να θέσω το μέγιστο αριθμό τον οποίο μπορούν να λάβουν οι υστερήσεις μου, <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p_%7Bmax%7D">. Αυτό μπορεί να προκύψει εμπειρικά από τη μορφή των δεδομένων μου, αν είναι ανά τετράμηνο θα θέσω <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p_%7Bmax%7D%20=%204"> ή αν είναι μηνιαία ενδείκνυται να θέσω <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p_%7Bmax%7D%20=%2012">. Ένας πιο διαδεδομένος τρόπος είναι ο κανόνας του Schwert, ο οποίος βασίζεται στο πλήθος των παρατηρήσεων:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Bequation%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Ap_%7Bmax%7D%20&amp;%20=%20%5Cleft%5B12%20%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%20%20%5Cfrac%7BT%7D%7B100%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B0.25%7D%20%5Cright%5D%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;%20=%20%5Cleft%5B%2012%20%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%20%20%5Cfrac%7B293%7D%7B100%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B0.25%7D%20%5Cright%5D%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;%20=%20%5Cleft%5B%2015.7%20%20%5Cright%5D%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;%20=%2015%20%5Ctext%7B%20%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82%7D%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cend%7Bequation%7D%0A"></p>
<p>Στη βιβλιογραφία υπάρχει και μία πιο συντηρητική μέθοδος καθορισμού μέγιστων υστερήσεων με παράγοντα 4 αντί για 12,</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbegin%7Bequation%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Ap_%7Bmax%7D%20&amp;%20=%20%5Cleft%5B4%20%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%20%20%5Cfrac%7BT%7D%7B100%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B0.25%7D%20%5Cright%5D%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;%20=%20%5Cleft%5B%204%20%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%20%20%5Cfrac%7B293%7D%7B100%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B0.25%7D%20%5Cright%5D%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;%20=%20%5Cleft%5B%205.23%20%20%5Cright%5D%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;%20=%205%20%5Ctext%7B%20%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82%7D%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cend%7Bequation%7D"></p>
<p>Προς αποφυγή οποιασδήποτε σύμπτωσης, αυτή τη στιγμή δεν βρήκα τις υστερήσεις που ενδείκνυται να λάβω για τον επαυξημένο έλεγχο Dickey-Fuller. Έθεσα το άνω όριο αυτών που με βάση τον κανόνα του Schwerz είναι <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p_%7Bmax%7D">. Δηλαδή ο αριθμός των υστερήσεων <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Crho"> είναι ένας ακέραιας αριθμός ανάμεσα μεταξύ του 1 και του 15, το οποίο μπορεί να εκφραστεί ως εξής:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Crho%20%5Cin%20%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D,%201%20%5Cleq%20%5Crho%20%5Cleq%20%5Crho_%7Bmax%7D%20=%2015%0A"></p>
<p>Αρκετά όμως με αυτά. Ώρα να βρούμε τις ιδανικές υστερήσεις. Υπάρχουν δύο τρόποι για να διευκρινίσω τις υστερήσεις μου:</p>
<ul>
<li>Ο διαδοχικός έλεγχος t, όπου</li>
<li>ή κάνοντας χρήση διάφορων κριτηρίων πληροφορίας, όπως το AIC και το BIC</li>
</ul>
<p>Πλέον είμαι σε θέση να εκτελέσω τον επαυξημένο έλεγχο Dickey - Fuller μέσω του πακέτου urca με την εντολή <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.df.html">ur.df()</a></code>, θέτοντας τη παράμετρο <em>lags</em> ίσης με τη μέγιστη τιμή των υστερήσεων <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p_%7Bmax%7D%20=%2012">. Μη ξεγελιέσται από το όνομα της παραμέτρου, δεν θέτετε τις υστερήσεις, αλλά μέγιστο αριθμό αυτών.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb21" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">types</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drift"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"trend"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># run ur.df for each case</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/lapply.html">lapply</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">types</span>, <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.df.html">ur.df</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span>, lags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span>, selectlags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"AIC"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έλεγχος"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ADF (none)"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ADF (drift)"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ADF (trend)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική Τιμή"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υστέρηση"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>, </span>
<span>                   <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>                   <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    check.names <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-adf-results" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-adf-results-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;12: Αποτελέσματα επαυξημένου ελέγχου Dickey - Fuller (ADF)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-adf-results-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΈλεγχος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Έλεγχος</th>
<th id="aΣτατιστική-Τιμή" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Στατιστική Τιμή</th>
<th id="aΥστέρηση" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Υστέρηση</th>
<th id="aΚρίσιμη-Τιμή-(1%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)</th>
<th id="aΚρίσιμη-Τιμή-(5%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">ADF (none)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-0.870</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-2.58</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-1.95</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">ADF (drift)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-1.889</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.44</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-2.87</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">ADF (trend)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-2.039</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.98</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-3.42</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Δεδομένου ότι τα αποτελέσματα του πίνακα Πίνακας&nbsp;12 δεν είναι στατιστικά σημαντικά μπορώ να συμπεράνω ότι η χρονοσειρά μου δεν είναι στάσιμη. Συνεπώς η χρήση των διαφορών των παρατηρήσεων έχει νόημα και ο επανέλεγχος αυτών ως προς τη στασιμότητα. Αξίζει να υπενθυμίσουμε ότι αυτές τις διαφορές τις έχουμε στο Σχήμα [].. και σε αυτό το σχήμα παρατηρούμε ότι εξαλείφθηκε τόσο η τάση όσο και η κύμανση της σειράς σε παρατηρήσεις με τιμές διάφορες του μηδενός. Έτσι το πιο ακριβές σε αυτή τη περίπτωση είναι να κρίνουμε τον έλεγχο ως προς το πιο απλό μοντέλο του όπου δεν έχει ούτε σταθερό όρο (drift), ούτε και κάποιου είδους τάση. Στα αποτελέσματα για λόγους πληρότητας θα συμπεριλάβουν όλες τις περιπτώσεις.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb22" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">types</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drift"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"trend"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># run ur.df for each case</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/lapply.html">lapply</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">types</span>, <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.df.html">ur.df</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/diff.html">diff</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span>, lags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>, selectlags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Fixed"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έλεγχος"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ADF (none)"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ADF (drift)"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ADF (trend)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική Τιμή"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/reference/glue.html">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"*"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                          <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υστέρηση"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>, </span>
<span>                   <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>                   <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                            <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    check.names <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-adf-results-diff1" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-adf-results-diff1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;13: Αποτελέσματα επαυξημένου ελέγχου Dickey - Fuller (ADF) στις διαφορές των αρχικών παρατηρήσεων
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-adf-results-diff1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_column_spanner_outer {
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#kyxdlcrdii .gt_column_spanner_outer:first-child {
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#kyxdlcrdii .gt_column_spanner {
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}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_spanner_row {
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}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_empty_group_heading {
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  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
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  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_from_md > :first-child {
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#kyxdlcrdii .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
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#kyxdlcrdii .gt_row {
  padding-top: 15px;
  padding-bottom: 15px;
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  padding-right: 5px;
  margin: 10px;
  border-top-style: none;
  border-top-width: 1px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
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  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
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  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
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}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
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  font-weight: initial;
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  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_stub_row_group {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
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  font-weight: initial;
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  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  vertical-align: top;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_row_group_first td {
  border-top-width: 2px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_row_group_first th {
  border-top-width: 2px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_first_summary_row {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_first_summary_row.thick {
  border-top-width: 2px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_last_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_grand_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_last_grand_summary_row_top {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-bottom-style: double;
  border-bottom-width: 6px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
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  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #757575;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
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  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
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  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_right {
  text-align: right;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_font_normal {
  font-weight: normal;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_font_bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_font_italic {
  font-style: italic;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_footnote_marks {
  font-size: 75%;
  vertical-align: 0.4em;
  position: initial;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_asterisk {
  font-size: 100%;
  vertical-align: 0;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_indent_1 {
  text-indent: 5px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_indent_2 {
  text-indent: 10px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_indent_3 {
  text-indent: 15px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_indent_4 {
  text-indent: 20px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .gt_indent_5 {
  text-indent: 25px;
}

#kyxdlcrdii .katex-display {
  display: inline-flex !important;
  margin-bottom: 0.75em !important;
}

#kyxdlcrdii div.Reactable > div.rt-table > div.rt-thead > div.rt-tr.rt-tr-group-header > div.rt-th-group:after {
  height: 0px !important;
}

.gt_table th, .gt_table td {
  text-align: center !important;
  vertical-align: middle !important;
}

.gt_table {
  margin-left: auto !important;
  margin-right: auto !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

.gt_table tr {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}

.gt_row {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}
</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΈλεγχος" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Έλεγχος</th>
<th id="aΣτατιστική-Τιμή" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Στατιστική Τιμή</th>
<th id="aΥστέρηση" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Υστέρηση</th>
<th id="aΚρίσιμη-Τιμή-(1%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)</th>
<th id="aΚρίσιμη-Τιμή-(5%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">ADF (none)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-2.119*</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-2.58</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-1.95</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">ADF (drift)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-2.111</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.44</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-2.87</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">ADF (trend)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-2.194</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.98</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-3.42</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Αφού η στατιστική τιμή (-2.119) είναι μικρότερη της αντίστοιχης κρίσιμης τιμής (-1.95), τότε μπορούμε να απορρίψουμε την μηδενική υπόθεση μη στασιμότητας για τις διαφορές των αρχικών παρατηρήσεων της ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα, σε επίπεδο σημαντικότητας 5%.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb23" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">types</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drift"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"trend"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/lapply.html">lapply</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">types</span>, <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.df.html">ur.df</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/diff.html">diff</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span>, lags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>, selectlags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Fixed"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/lapply.html">lapply</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">types</span>, <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.df.html">ur.df</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span>, lags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span>, selectlags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"AIC"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μορφή της σειράς"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/rep.html">rep</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σε επίπεδα"</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">types</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/rep.html">rep</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πρώτες διαφορές"</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">types</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υπόδειγμα"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"None"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Drift"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Trend"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"None"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Drift"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Trend"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική ADF"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υστέρηση (lag στο regression)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">testreg</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">coefficients</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  check.names <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># render με gt_custom και υποσημείωση</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_source_note.html">tab_source_note</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    source_note <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σημείωση: Η μηδενική υπόθεση του ADF είναι η ύπαρξη μοναδιαίας ρίζας. Η υστέρηση αναφέρεται στον αριθμό lag που χρησιμοποιήθηκε στο regression."</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-adf-final" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-adf-final-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;14: Αποτελέσματα επαυξημένου ελέγχου Dickey - Fuller (ADF) στις διαφορές των αρχικών παρατηρήσεων
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-adf-final-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜορφή-της-σειράς" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Μορφή της σειράς</th>
<th id="aΥπόδειγμα" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Υπόδειγμα</th>
<th id="aΣτατιστική-ADF" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Στατιστική ADF</th>
<th id="aΥστέρηση-(lag-στο-regression)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Υστέρηση (lag στο regression)</th>
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<th id="aΚρίσιμη-Τιμή-(5%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μορφή της σειράς">Σε επίπεδα</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υπόδειγμα">None</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική ADF">-0.870</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση (lag στο regression)">43</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-2.58</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-1.95</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μορφή της σειράς">Σε επίπεδα</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υπόδειγμα">Drift</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική ADF">-1.889</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση (lag στο regression)">46</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.44</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-2.87</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μορφή της σειράς">Σε επίπεδα</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υπόδειγμα">Trend</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική ADF">-2.039</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση (lag στο regression)">49</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.98</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-3.42</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μορφή της σειράς">Πρώτες διαφορές</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υπόδειγμα">None</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική ADF">-2.119</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση (lag στο regression)">43</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-2.58</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-1.95</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μορφή της σειράς">Πρώτες διαφορές</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υπόδειγμα">Drift</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική ADF">-2.111</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση (lag στο regression)">46</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.44</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-2.87</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot><tr class="gt_sourcenotes odd">
<td colspan="6" class="gt_sourcenote">Σημείωση: Η μηδενική υπόθεση του ADF είναι η ύπαρξη μοναδιαίας ρίζας. Η υστέρηση αναφέρεται στον αριθμό lag που χρησιμοποιήθηκε στο regression.</td>
</tr></tfoot>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="έλεγχος-pp" class="level4"><h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="έλεγχος-pp">Έλεγχος PP</h4>
<p>Άλλος ένας έλεγχος στασιμότητας είναι ο έλεγχος Phillips - Perron, ο οποίος βασίζεται στον απλό Dickey Fuller. Η λογική είναι ίδια με τον ADF, μιας και η υπόθεση έχει την ίδια μορφή, αλλά διαφέρουν σημαντικά ως προς τον τρόπο που αντιμετωπίζει την αυτοσυσχέτιση των σφαλμάτων. O έλεγχος δεν προσθέτει lags για να περιορίσει την αυτοσυσχέτιση των σφαλμάτων (όπως ο ADF), αντιθέτως προσπαθεί να τροποποιήσει τη στατιστική τιμή εκτιμώντας τη μακροχρόνια διακύμανση <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%7B%5Clambda%7D">.</p>
<p>Ο μοναδικός όρος´που δεν μπορεί να διευκρινιστεί εκ των προτέρων είναι η μακροχρόνια διακύμανση, καθώς το άθροισμά της εξαρτάται από έναν παράγοντα <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?q">. Δηλαδή δεν έχουμε αποφασίσει πόσα αθροίσματα θα λάβουμε υπόψη μας στον υπολογισμό - εκτίμηση της μακροχρόνιας διακύμανσης <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%7B%5Clambda%7D">. Για τον παράγοντα εύρους της μακροχρόνιας διακύμανσης <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?q"> υπάρχουν κάποιοι απλοί κανόνες υπολογισμού που συμπίπτουν με αυτούς των μέγιστων αριθμών υστερήσεων του ελέγχου ADF. Για μικρά δείγματα,</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Aq_%7B%5Ctext%7B%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%7D%7D%20=%20%5Cleft%5B4%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%20%20%5Cfrac%7BT%7D%7B100%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B0.25%7D%20%5Cright%5D%0A"></p>
<p>ενώ για μεγαλύτερα δείγματα:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Aq_%7B%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%7D%20=%20%5Cleft%5B12%20%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%20%20%5Cfrac%7BT%7D%7B100%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B0.25%7D%20%5Cright%5D%0A"></p>
<p>Ο έλεγχος υποθέσεων έχει την ίδια μορφή με τους προαναφερόμενους ελέγχους, με τη μηδενική υπόθεση να υποθέτει τη μη στασιμότητα της χρονοσειράς μας.</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AH_0%20:%20%5Ctext%7B%CE%97%20%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%20%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BD%20%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B7%7D%20%5C%5C%0AH_1%20:%20%5Ctext%7B%CE%97%20%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%20%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B7%7D%0A"></p>
<p>Ο έλεγχος Phillips-Perron μπορεί να εκτελεστεί μέσω του urca πακέτου με την εντολή ur.pp. Ως παραμέτρους δέχεται την χρονοσειρά μας, τη στατιστική τιμή που μας ενδιαφέρει να υπολογίσουμε, το είδος της χρονοσειράς (τάση, χωρίς τάση). Τέλος, ένας παράγοντας που μπορεί να καθοριστεί από την εντολή μας είναι ο μέγιστος αριθμός αθροισμάτων που θα χρησιμοποιήσω για την εκτίμηση της μακροχρόνιας διασποράς όπου στο πακέτο αυτή η εντολή ονομάζεται lags. Αυτό δεν είναι άλλο από το μέγεθος <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?q"> στο οποίο αναφερθήκαμε προηγουμένως. Το πακέτο μας δίνει δύο επιλογές, είτε να θέσουμε εμείς τη δική μας τιμή στη παράμετρο use.lag, είτε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε μία εκ των δύο επιλογών (short ή long) στη παράμετρο lags. Αν διαβάσουμε τον κώδικα της εντολής ur.pp θα διαπιστώσουμε ότι αν επιλέξουμε τον αυτόματο τρόπο προσδιορισμό του q, μέσω των δύο επιλογών που δίνονται, οι τύποι είναι ίδιοι με αυτούς που προσδιορίστηκαν παραπάνω για τα <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?q_%7B%5Ctext%7B%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%7D%7D"> και <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?q_%7B%5Ctext%7B%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%7D%7D">.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb24" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/diff.html">diff</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Z-tau"</span>,</span>
<span>        model <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t</span>,</span>
<span>        lags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"long"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταβλητή"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Επίπεδα"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Επίπεδα"</span>,</span>
<span>                  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πρώτες Διαφορές"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πρώτες Διαφορές"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υπόδειγμα"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Constant"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Trend"</span>,</span>
<span>                  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Constant"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Trend"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική Τιμή"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υστέρηση (Newey-West)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lag</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lag</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lag</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lag</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results_diff</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  check.names <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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</details><div id="tbl-pp-results" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-pp-results-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;15: Αποτελέσματα ελέγχου Phillips-Perron στις αρχικές παρατηρήσεις και στις πρώτες διαφορές
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-1.110</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση (Newey-West)">15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.454</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-2.872</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Επίπεδα</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υπόδειγμα">Trend</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-0.552</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση (Newey-West)">15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.993</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-3.427</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Πρώτες Διαφορές</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υπόδειγμα">Constant</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-16.959</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση (Newey-West)">15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.454</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-2.872</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Πρώτες Διαφορές</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υπόδειγμα">Trend</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική Τιμή">-16.957</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση (Newey-West)">15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">-3.993</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">-3.427</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Συνεπώς, έχουμε απόρριψη της μηδενικής (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?H_0">) υπόθεσης, στις διαφορές των αρχικών δεδομένων μου, αλλά μη απόρριψη στις πρώτες διαφορές των παραρτηρήσεων. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι οι παρατηρήσεις τις ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα δεν ήταν στάσιμες, όμως οι διαφορές αυτών ήταν. Συνεπώς, ο έλεγχος PP επιβεβαίωσε τα ευρήματα του ελέγχου ADF.</p>
</section><section id="έλεγχος-kpss" class="level4"><h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="έλεγχος-kpss">Έλεγχος KPSS</h4>
<p>Ένας ακόμα έλεγχος μαναδιαίας ρίζας, είναι ο έλεγχος KPSS. Αν και ο στόχος του ελέγχου είναι ο ίδιος, έχει αντίθετη λογική σε σχέση με τους προηγούμενους ελέγχους αφού η μηδενική του υπόθεση είναι η στασιμότητα, έναντι της μη στασιμότητας.</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AH_0%20:%20%5Ctext%7B%CE%97%20%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%20%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B7%7D%20%5C%5C%0AH_1%20:%20%5Ctext%7B%CE%97%20%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%20%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BD%20%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B7%7D%0A"></p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb25" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_level</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.kpss.html">ur.kpss</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"mu"</span>, lags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"long"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff1</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.kpss.html">ur.kpss</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/diff.html">diff</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"mu"</span>, lags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"long"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff2</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.kpss.html">ur.kpss</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/diff.html">diff</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"mu"</span>, lags <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"long"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μορφή της σειράς"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σε επίπεδα"</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πρώτες διαφορές"</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δεύτερες διαφορές"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατιστική KPSS"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">teststat</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Υστέρηση"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lag</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lag</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lag</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_level</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kpss_diff2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">@</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cval</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  check.names <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">result_table</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_source_note.html">tab_source_note</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    source_note <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σημείωση: Η μηδενική υπόθεση του KPSS είναι η στασιμότητα. Η υστέρηση χρησιμοποιείται για την εκτίμηση της μακροχρόνιας διακύμανσης."</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-kpss-results" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-kpss-results-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;16: Αποτελέσματα ελέγχου KPSS στις παρατηρήσεις και στις πρώτες διαφορές
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-kpss-results-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<th id="aΚρίσιμη-Τιμή-(5%)" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μορφή της σειράς">Σε επίπεδα</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική KPSS">0.973</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">0.739</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">0.463</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μορφή της σειράς">Πρώτες διαφορές</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική KPSS">0.297</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">0.739</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">0.463</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μορφή της σειράς">Δεύτερες διαφορές</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική KPSS">0.298</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (1%)">0.739</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη Τιμή (5%)">0.463</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot><tr class="gt_sourcenotes odd">
<td colspan="5" class="gt_sourcenote">Σημείωση: Η μηδενική υπόθεση του KPSS είναι η στασιμότητα. Η υστέρηση χρησιμοποιείται για την εκτίμηση της μακροχρόνιας διακύμανσης.</td>
</tr></tfoot>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Η μηδενική μου υπόθεση υπέθεσε στασιμότητα η οποία απορρίπτεται με βάση τον έλεγχο KPSS σε επίπεδο σημαντικότητας 1%. Eπιπλέον ο έλεγχος δεν είναι σε θέση να απορρίψει τη στασιμότητα στις διαφορές των παρατηρήσεων. Αυτά τα αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν και τους ελέγχους PP καθώς και τον έλεγχο ADF.</p>
</section><section id="έλεγχος-za-και-ls" class="level4"><h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="έλεγχος-za-και-ls">Έλεγχος ZA και LS</h4>
<p>Τέλος, ένας άλλος έλεγχος για τη στασιμότητα είναι ο έλεγχος Zivott - Andrews (έλεγχος ZA). Η συγκεκριμένη στατιστική συνάρτηση διαφέρει από τις προηγούμενες μιας και συμπεριλαμβάνει ορισμένα σημεία (structural breaks) από τα οποία η χρονοσειρά αλλάζει συμπεριφορά. Αυτά τα χρονικά σημεία θα μπορούσαν να είναι διάφορες ημερομηνίες όπου συνέβησαν σημαντικά γεγονότα που μπορεί να επηρέασαν τη συμπεριφορά της χρονοσειράς. Στην δική μας περίπτωση αναλύουμε την ανεργία της Ελλάδας η οποία εκτοξεύτηκε μετά την οικονομική κρίση του 2009 και στα μέσα αυτής είχαμε ιστορικό υψηλό. Είναι εμφανές ότι η κρίση χρέους αποτελεί ένα χρονικό σημείο από το οποίο επηρεάστηκε η συμπεριφορά της χρονοσειράς. Η χρήση ενός εξειδικευμένων ελέγχων με διαρθρωτικές τομές (structural breaks) κρίνεται απαραίτητη για τη περίπτωσή μας.</p>
<p>Οι πιο γνωστοί έλεγχοι για τη στασιμότητα σε χρονοσειρές με διαρθρωτικές τομές είναι οι:</p>
<ul>
<li>έλεγχος Zivot - Andrews (ZA), αν έχω μόνο μία διαρθρωτική τομή (structural break)</li>
<li>έλεγχος Lee - Strazicich (LS), αν έχω δύο διαρθρωτικές τομές</li>
</ul>
<p>Πόσες όμως είναι οι τομές (breaks) σε μία χρονοσειρά;</p>
<p>Για λόγους πληρότητας θα συμπεριλάβω τον έλεγχο Zivot-Andrews ο οποίος όμως δεν είναι ο καλύτερος μιας και υποθέτει μόνο μία διαρθωτική τομή. Παραπάνω βρέθηκαν δύο. Εδώ όμως προκύπτει ένα άλλο πρόβλημα. Παρόλο που για τους κλασσικούς ελέγχους, αλλά και ελέγχους με τομές όπως ο Zivot-Andrews υπάρχουν πακέτα και αντίστοιχες εντολές που υπολογίζουν τη στατιστική τιμή, δεν υπάρχουν ανάλογες εντολές για τον έλεγχο Lee-Strazicich. Ευτυχώς, αντί να στηριχτούμε σε κάποιο στατιστικό πακέτο (π.χ. EViews) βρήκα στο GitHub διαθέσιμο ένα <a href="https://github.com/hannes101/LeeStrazicichUnitRoot">σχετικό αποθετήριο</a>, όπου ο χρήστης <a href="https://github.com/hannes101/">hannes101</a> έχει γράψει μία σειρά από συναρτήσεις για τον συγκεκριμένο έλεγχο που θυμίζουν σε λογική αυτές του πακέτου urca. Σε αυτό το σημείο να σημειώσω ότι ο απλός έλεγχος κρατάει αρκετά λεπτά, στη δική μου συσκευή πήρε 5 λεπτά για να εκτελεστεί. Το μοναδικό πρόβλημα που υπάρχει με αυτή τη διαδικασία είναι ότι στο αντικείμενο που επιστρέφει η συνάρτηση δεν συμπεριλαμβάνονται οι κρίσιμες τιμές. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι θα πρέπει να κοιτάξω τους πίνακες κρίσιμων τιμών για τη περίπτωσή μου από τη πρωτότυπη εργασία των Lee-Strazicich.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb26" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/source.html">source</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hannes101/LeeStrazicichUnitRoot/refs/heads/master/LeeStrazicichUnitRootTest.R"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/summary-methods.html">summary</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.za.html">ur.za</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, model <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"both"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">g1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/summary-methods.html">summary</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/urca/man/ur.za.html">ur.za</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/diff.html">diff</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, differences <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, model <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"both"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># h = ur.ls(grc_unemployment$Value, model = "break", breaks = 2, method = "GTOS", print.results = "silent")</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># h1 = ur.ls(diff(grc_unemployment$Value,1), model = "break", breaks = 2, method = "GTOS", print.results = "silent")</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Zivot-Andrews"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Zivot-Andrews"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Lee-Strazicich"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Lee-Strazicich"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>           <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μεταβλητή"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Unempl"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δ Unempl"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Unempl"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δ Unempl"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>           <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">teststat</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">g1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">teststat</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4.71</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">7.72</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>           <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κρίσιμη τιμή (5%)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-results-struc-change-test" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-results-struc-change-test-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;17: Αποτελέσματα στασιμότητας ελέγχων με διαρθωτικές τομές
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-results-struc-change-test-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">Zivot-Andrews</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Unempl</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική τιμή">-4.39</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη τιμή (5%)">-5.08</td>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">Zivot-Andrews</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Δ Unempl</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική τιμή">-16.42</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη τιμή (5%)">-5.08</td>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">Lee-Strazicich</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Unempl</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική τιμή">-4.71</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη τιμή (5%)">-5.65</td>
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<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Έλεγχος">Lee-Strazicich</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μεταβλητή">Δ Unempl</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Στατιστική τιμή">-7.72</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κρίσιμη τιμή (5%)">-5.65</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section></section></section><section id="αναγνώριση-μοντέλου" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="αναγνώριση-μοντέλου">Αναγνώριση μοντέλου</h2>
<p>Παραπάνω κατέληξα ότι οι παρατηρήσεις τις ανεργίας δεν είναι στάσιμες, ωστόσο οι πρώτες διαφορές τους αποτελούν στάσιμη χρονοσειρά. Αυτή τη στιγμή θα ήθελα να μελετήσω ποιο μοντέλο (S)ARIMA(p, d, q) ενδείκνυται στη περίπτωσή μου. Για αυτό το λόγο θα κατασκευάσω τα διαγράμματα αυτοσυσχέτισης και μερικής αυτοσυσχέτισης για να αναγνωρίσω τις ιδανικές τιμές <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p">, <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?q">. Τέλος, υπενθυμίζω ότι σε μοντέλο ARIMA, το <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?d"> συμβολίζει την τάξη της διαφοράς, όπου στη περίπτωσή μας είναι 1.</p>
<section id="αρχικές-παρατηρήσεις" class="level3 page-columns page-full"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="αρχικές-παρατηρήσεις">Αρχικές παρατηρήσεις</h3>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-results-acf-pacf-values-lv" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-results-acf-pacf-values-lv-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;18: Αποτελέσματα αυτοσυσχετίσεων στις αρχικές παρατηρήσεις για τις πρώτες 12 υστερήσεις
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-results-acf-pacf-values-lv-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_grand_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_last_grand_summary_row_top {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-bottom-style: double;
  border-bottom-width: 6px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #757575;
}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
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  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 5px;
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}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);
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  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
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  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#wiwjfkvugm .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
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  text-indent: 20px;
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#wiwjfkvugm .gt_indent_5 {
  text-indent: 25px;
}

#wiwjfkvugm .katex-display {
  display: inline-flex !important;
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#wiwjfkvugm div.Reactable > div.rt-table > div.rt-thead > div.rt-tr.rt-tr-group-header > div.rt-th-group:after {
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}

.gt_table th, .gt_table td {
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.gt_table {
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.gt_table tr {
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}

.gt_row {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}
</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΥστέρηση" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Υστέρηση</th>
<th id="ACF" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">ACF</th>
<th id="pACF" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">pACF</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.997</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.997</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.992</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.988</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.068</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.064</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.977</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.048</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.97</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.112</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.963</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.144</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.955</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.04</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.946</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.005</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.937</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.117</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">11</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.926</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.166</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><p>Για τυπικούς λόγους θα ξεκινήσουμε από τις δοσμένες παρατηρήσεις τις ανεργίας. Τυπικά ήδη γνωρίζουμε ότι δεν είναι στάσιμες, αλλά υπάρχουν συγκεκριμένα μοτίβα που πρέπει να παρατηρήσουμε στα διαγράμματα αυτοσυσχέτισης προκειμένου να το επιβεβαιώσουμε. Το διάγραμμα αυτοσυσχέτισης πέφτει με έναν εξαιρετικά αργό ρυθμό που είναι ισχυρή ένδειξη μη στασιμότητας της σειράς.</p>
<div class="grid">
<div class="g-col-12 g-col-md-6">
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb27" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_plot_function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, min<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.25</span>, max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-acf-hc-lv" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-acf-hc-lv-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-7e18fbebe4b447f96c8a" style="width:100%;height:278px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-7e18fbebe4b447f96c8a">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"column"},"title":[],"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"ACF"},"min":-0.25,"max":1,"plotLines":[{"value":0,"color":"#000000","width":3},{"value":0.1145023185704133,"color":"#FF0000","dashStyle":"ShortDash","width":1},{"value":-0.1145023185704133,"color":"#FF0000","dashStyle":"ShortDash","width":1}]},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":null},"xAxis":{"categories":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20],"title":{"text":"# Υστέρηση"}},"legend":{"enabled":false},"series":[{"data":[0.9965000000000001,0.9923999999999999,0.9877,0.9825,0.9768,0.9704,0.9627,0.9545,0.9462,0.9368,0.9261,0.9146,0.9031,0.891,0.8787,0.866,0.8531,0.8397,0.8259,0.8118],"name":"ACF"}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"months":["Ιανουάριος","Φεβρουάριος","Μάρτιος","Απρίλιος","Μάιος","Ιούνιος","Ιούλιος","Αύγουστος","Σεπτέμβριος","Οκτώβριος","Νοέμβριος","Δεκέμβριος"],"shortMonths":["Ιαν","Φεβ","Μαρ","Απρ","Μάι","Ιουν","Ιουλ","Αυγ","Σεπ","Οκτ","Νοε","Δεκ"],"weekdays":["Κυριακή","Δευτέρα","Τρίτη","Τετάρτη","Πέμπτη","Παρασκευή","Σάββατο"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-acf-hc-lv-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;6: Διαγραμμα αυτοσυσχέτισης
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="g-col-12 g-col-md-6">
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb28" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_plot_function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span>, min<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.25</span>, max<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-pacf-hc-lv" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-pacf-hc-lv-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-ede3e83d59e5b544dc8b" style="width:100%;height:278px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-ede3e83d59e5b544dc8b">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"column"},"title":[],"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"PACF"},"min":-0.25,"max":1,"plotLines":[{"value":0,"color":"#000000","width":3},{"value":0.1145023185704133,"color":"#FF0000","dashStyle":"ShortDash","width":1},{"value":-0.1145023185704133,"color":"#FF0000","dashStyle":"ShortDash","width":1}]},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":null},"xAxis":{"categories":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20],"title":{"text":"# Υστέρηση"}},"legend":{"enabled":false},"series":[{"data":[0.9965000000000001,-0.0997,-0.0682,-0.0635,-0.048,-0.1122,-0.1439,-0.0399,0.0048,-0.1173,-0.1665,-0.06809999999999999,0.067,-0.0543,0.0041,0.0015,0.0519,-0.0505,-0.0415,-0.0042],"name":"PACF"}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"months":["Ιανουάριος","Φεβρουάριος","Μάρτιος","Απρίλιος","Μάιος","Ιούνιος","Ιούλιος","Αύγουστος","Σεπτέμβριος","Οκτώβριος","Νοέμβριος","Δεκέμβριος"],"shortMonths":["Ιαν","Φεβ","Μαρ","Απρ","Μάι","Ιουν","Ιουλ","Αυγ","Σεπ","Οκτ","Νοε","Δεκ"],"weekdays":["Κυριακή","Δευτέρα","Τρίτη","Τετάρτη","Πέμπτη","Παρασκευή","Σάββατο"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-pacf-hc-lv-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;7: Διαγραμμα μερικής αυτοσυσχέτισης
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="πρώτη-διαφορά" class="level3 page-columns page-full"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="πρώτη-διαφορά">Πρώτη διαφορά</h3>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-results-acf-pacf-values-d1" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-results-acf-pacf-values-d1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;19: Αποτελέσματα αυτοσυσχετίσεων στις πρώτες διαφορές για τις πρώτες 12 υστερήσεις
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-results-acf-pacf-values-d1-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="pmdppaprxv" style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;">
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}

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}

.gt_table th, .gt_table td {
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</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΥστέρηση" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Υστέρηση</th>
<th id="ACF" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">ACF</th>
<th id="pACF" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">pACF</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.172</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.172</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.118</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.091</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.145</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.116</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.122</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.076</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.191</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.148</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.284</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.225</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.178</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.087</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.003</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">−0.107</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.223</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.166</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">10</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.338</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.271</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Υστέρηση">11</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="ACF">0.18</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="pACF">0.048</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><p>Η μη στασιμότητα των δεδομένων μου που έχει χιλιοεπιβεβαιωθεί μας υποχρεώνει να λάβουμε τις πρώτες διαφορές και να λάβουμε τα αντίστοιχα διαγράμματα αυτοσυσχέτισης. Παρατηρώ μία αρκετά δυσνόητη θα έλεγα κατάσταση από τα διαγράμματα καθώς υπάρχουν σημαντικές αυξομειώσεις και στα δύο διαγράμματα που κάνουν δύσκολη την απόφαση για το κατάλληλο μοντέλο ARIMA. Συνήθως για να λάβω τα κατάλληλα μέτρα βλέπω που έχω απότομη μείωση εντός της κόκκινης περιοχής, αλλά έχω αρκετές στατιστικά σημαντικές υπερβάσεις. Μετά τη 10η υστέρηση αυτή η τάση μειώνεται ή εξαλείφεται σημαντικά, επομένως το μοντέλο μου έχει μάλλον παραμέτρους <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p"> και <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?q"> κάπου ανάμεσα στο 1 και στο 10.</p>
<div class="grid">
<div class="g-col-12 g-col-md-6">
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb29" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acf_plot_function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment_diff1</span>, min<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.2</span>, max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-acf-hc-first-diffs" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-acf-hc-first-diffs-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-9ce55646be94a801b853" style="width:100%;height:278px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-9ce55646be94a801b853">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"column"},"title":[],"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"ACF"},"min":-0.2,"max":0.5,"plotLines":[{"value":0,"color":"#000000","width":3},{"value":0.1146982166068335,"color":"#FF0000","dashStyle":"ShortDash","width":1},{"value":-0.1146982166068335,"color":"#FF0000","dashStyle":"ShortDash","width":1}]},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":null},"xAxis":{"categories":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20],"title":{"text":"# Υστέρηση"}},"legend":{"enabled":false},"series":[{"data":[0.1722,0.1176,0.1454,0.1222,0.1915,0.2844,0.1785,0.0034,0.2232,0.3382,0.1804,0.0949,0.1649,0.0822,0.1369,0.1525,0.1066,0.0272,0.1276,0.1529],"name":"ACF"}]},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"months":["Ιανουάριος","Φεβρουάριος","Μάρτιος","Απρίλιος","Μάιος","Ιούνιος","Ιούλιος","Αύγουστος","Σεπτέμβριος","Οκτώβριος","Νοέμβριος","Δεκέμβριος"],"shortMonths":["Ιαν","Φεβ","Μαρ","Απρ","Μάι","Ιουν","Ιουλ","Αυγ","Σεπ","Οκτ","Νοε","Δεκ"],"weekdays":["Κυριακή","Δευτέρα","Τρίτη","Τετάρτη","Πέμπτη","Παρασκευή","Σάββατο"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-acf-hc-first-diffs-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;8: Διαγραμμα αυτοσυσχέτισης διαφορών πρώτης τάξης
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="g-col-12 g-col-md-6">
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb30" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pacf_plot_function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment_diff1</span>, min<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.2</span>, max<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-pacf-hc-first-diffs" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-pacf-hc-first-diffs-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-9209727750120a9d1b58" style="width:100%;height:278px;"></div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-pacf-hc-first-diffs-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;9: Διαγραμμα μερικής αυτοσυσχέτισης διαφορών πρώτης τάξης
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section></section><section id="κατασκευή-μοντέλων" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="κατασκευή-μοντέλων">Κατασκευή μοντέλων</h2>
<section id="διαχωρισμός-χρονοσειράς" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="διαχωρισμός-χρονοσειράς">Διαχωρισμός χρονοσειράς</h3>
<p>Η πρόβλεψη της μελλοντικής ανεργίας απαιτεί από μεριάς μας τη κατασκευή ενός μοντέλου. Μερικές κλασσικές μέθοδοι είναι τα μοντέλα ARIMA και τα μοντέλα εκθετικής εξομάλυνσης (ETS). Το να εκτελέσω απλώς ένα μοντέλο δεν λέει πολλά αν δεν αξιολογήσω τους παράγοντες του. Γενικότερα σε εργασίες που προσπαθούμε να φτιάξουμε προβλεπτικά υποδείγματα θέλουμε να αξιολογούμε την δύναμη του μοντέλου και για αυτό το λόγο συνήθως χωρίζουμε τα δεδομένα μας σε δύο μέρη. Ένα μέρος αξιοποιείται για την εκπαίδευση (train set) του μοντέλου και το υπόλοιπο για την αξιολόγησή του (test set). Η συνηθισμένη αναλογία είναι 70/30 ή 80/20 αντίστοιχα. Αυτή η τακτική συνήθως λειτουργεί καλά για κλασσικά προβλήματα μηχανικής μάθησης, όπως ταξινόμησης και παλινδρόμησης.</p>
<div class="cell" data-layout-align="center">
<div class="cell-output-display">
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<div>
<pre class="mermaid mermaid-js" data-label="fig-diagram-split-data-simple">flowchart LR
    A[Σύνολο δεδομένων &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;1998-2022 &lt;br&gt; 293 παρατηρήσεις&lt;/small&gt;]

    A --&gt; B[Εκπαίδευση &lt;br&gt; 1998-2015]
    A --&gt; C[Αξιολόγηση &lt;br&gt; 2015-2022]
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-diagram-split-data-simple-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;10: Διάγραμμα διαχωρισμού δεδομένων σε δεδομένα εκπαίδευσης και αξιολόγησης (train / test split)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Όμως αν έχουμε προβλήματα χρονοσειρών τα πράγματα δεν είναι τόσο απλά. Αρχικά ας υποθέσουμε ότι θέλουμε να εφαρμόσουμε την ίδια λογική και σε αυτές. Τότε θα έρθουμε αντιμέτωποι με ένα μοντέλο το οποίο θα αγνοεί το 1/5 των παρατηρήσεων και μάλιστα των πιο πρόσφατων που ενδεχομένως να επηρεάζουν τη μεατβλητότητα της χρονοσειράς. Για αυτό το λόγο έχουν προταθεί άλλες μέθοδοι για τις χρονοσειρές.</p>
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<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="fig-diagram-split-data-rolling-ts" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-diagram-split-data-rolling-ts-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div>
<pre class="mermaid mermaid-js" data-label="fig-diagram-split-data-rolling-ts">flowchart LR
   C[Σύνολο χρονοσειράς &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;293 παρατηρήσεις&lt;/small&gt;]

    C --&gt; F[1ο πλαίσιο &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;Εκπαίδευση: 1998-2010 &lt;br&gt; Πρόβλεψη: 2011&lt;/small&gt;]
    C --&gt; G[2ο πλαίσιο &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;Εκπαίδευση: 1998-2011 &lt;br&gt; Πρόβλεψη: 2012&lt;/small&gt;]
    C --&gt; H[3ο πλαίσιο &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;Εκπαίδευση: 1998-2012 &lt;br&gt; Πρόβλεψη: 2013&lt;/small&gt;]
    C --&gt; I[k-οστό πλαίσιο]
    C --&gt; J[Ν-πλαίσιο &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;Εκπαίδευση: 1998-2021 &lt;br&gt; Πρόβλεψη: 2022&lt;/small&gt;]
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-diagram-split-data-rolling-ts-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;11: Διάγραμμα διαχωρισμού δεδομένων για χρονοσειρές
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb31" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/if_else.html">if_else</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tsibble.tidyverts.org/reference/year-month.html">yearmonth</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tsibble.tidyverts.org/reference/year-month.html">yearmonth</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tsibble.tidyverts.org/reference/year-month.html">yearmonth</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"2020 Nov"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&amp;</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tsibble.tidyverts.org/reference/year-month.html">yearmonth</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2021 Feb"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1L</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0L</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> </span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cv</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment_ts</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tsibble.tidyverts.org/reference/stretch_tsibble.html">stretch_tsibble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>.init <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">200</span>, .step <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>ΌΛο αυτό ίσως να ακούγεται κάποως περίπλοκο. Δεν είμαι εντελώς σίγουρος αν το παραπάνω διάγραμμα μπορεί να αποδόσει τη πλήρη έννοια της επικύρωσης στις χρονοσειρές. Έχω συμπεριλάβει και μία διαδραστική εφαρμογή για να τη δοκιμάσετε και μόνοι σας, ώστε να γίνει κατανοητή η διαφορά και πώς επηρρεάζουν οι διάφορες επιλογές.</p>
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            : ''}
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               style="left:${pDrop.toFixed(3)}%;width:${pTrain.toFixed(3)}%"></div>
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</script></section><section id="καθορισμός-μοντέλων-arima" class="level3 page-columns page-full"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="καθορισμός-μοντέλων-arima">Καθορισμός μοντέλων ARIMA</h3>
<p>Για το απλό ARIMA μοντέλο θα πρέπει να καθορίσω τις τρεις παραμέτρους μου. Γνωρίζω ότι το <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?d%20=%201">, μιας και στις πρώτες διαφορές πέτυχα τη στασιμότητα. Για τον καθορισμό του <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p"> υποψιάζομαι το 1, το 6 και το 10 καθώς μετά από αυτές τις τιμές είχα μεγάλη απότομη μείωση στο διάγραμμα μερικής αυτοσυσχέτισης των πρώτων διαφορών. Τέλος, για το <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?q"> υποψιάζομαι το 1, το 3, το 6 και το 10. Γενικότερα από το σχήμα δεν μπορώ να βγάλω κάποιο ξεκάθαρο συμπέρασμα για τις τιμές τους μιας και υπάρχουν αρκετά σημαντικές αυτοσυσχετίσεις τουλάχιστον μέχρι τη 10η υστέρηση. Ο γραφικός προσδιορισμός των <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p">, <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?q"> είναι ακρετά υποκειμενίκός και παρέχει επισφαλή συμπεράσματα. Για αυτό το λόγο καλό θα ήταν να αξιολογήσω μία σειρά από συνδυασμούς παραμέτρων για τις χρονοσειρές ARIMA προκειμένου να βρω το μοντέλο με τις βέλτιστες παραμέτρους.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/forecasting-greek-unemployment/box.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Φωτογραφία του στατιστικού George Box</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p>Ο George E.P. Box (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, 1919 - 2013) είναι στατιστικός με πολύ σημαντική συνεισφορά στο πεδίο των χρονοσειρών. Ο George Box σε συνεργασία με τον Gwylim Jenkins (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, 1932 - 1982) δημιούργησαν τη μεθοδολογία για τις χρονοσειρές ARIMA. Σε πολλά βιβλία αυτή η μεθοδολογία αναφέρεται ως Box-Jenkins. Επιπλέον σε συνεργασία με την φινλανδο-αμερικανίδα στατιστικό Greta M. Ljung (Φινλανδία, 1941 - 2014) δημιούργησαν τον έλεγχο αυτοσυσχετίσεων των σφαλμάτων που είναι γνωστός και ως έλεγχος Ljung-Box και θα μας χρειαστεί παρακάτω.<br></p>
<p><strong>Πηγή φωτογραφίας: </strong>Wikimedia Commons, 2011 - Άδεια χρήσης: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>. Για τη πρωτότυπη φωτογραφία μπορείτε να πατήσετε τον <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GeorgeEPBox_(cropped).jpg">σύνδεσμο</a></p>
</div></div><div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb32" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">models</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment_ts</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fabletools.tidyverts.org/reference/model.html">model</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (1,1,0)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (0,1,1)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (1,1,1)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (2,1,0)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (2,1,1)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (0,1,2)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (1,1,2)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (2,1,2)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (3,1,0)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (3,1,1)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (3,1,2)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (0,1,3)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (1,1,3)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (2,1,3)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (3,1,3)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">3</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">.model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">BIC</span>, .before <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"AIC"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/fmt_number.html">fmt_number</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>decimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-aic-arima-models" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-aic-arima-models-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;20: Αποτελέσματα μοντέλων ARIMA με βάση το κριτήριο πληροφορία του Akaike
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-aic-arima-models-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜοντέλο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Μοντέλο</th>
<th id="BIC" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">BIC</th>
<th id="AIC" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">AIC</th>
<th id="AICc" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">AICc</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (1,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">305.5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">294.4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">294.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (1,1,2)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">311.1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">296.4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">296.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (2,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">311.1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">296.4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">296.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (1,1,3)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">313.8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">295.4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">295.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (3,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">314.7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">296.3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">296.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (3,1,2)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">314.9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">292.9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">293.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (2,1,3)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">315.1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">293.0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">293.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (2,1,2)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">319.1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">293.4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">293.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (1,1,0)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">325.5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">318.2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">318.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (0,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">326.8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">319.5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">319.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (2,1,0)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">328.8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">317.8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">317.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (3,1,0)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">330.6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">315.9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">316.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (0,1,2)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">330.7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">319.7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">319.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (0,1,3)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">333.8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">319.1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">319.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Παλαιότεροι οδηγοί ή άρθρα πιθανότητα να πρότειναν τη χρήση του auto.arima για την εύρεση του καλύτερου ARIMA. Λοιπόν, και αυτό το άρθρο έκανε αυτό ακριβώς μέχρι που συνειδητοποίησα ότι η βιβλιοθήκη <a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org">fable</a> μας δίνει τις απαραίτητες πληροφορίες οργανωμένες πιο εύκολα, επομένως η χρήση χρήση της εντολής model εσωκλειόμενη από διάφορους συνδυασμούς παραμέτρων για μοντέλα ARIMA μας δίνει έναν έτοιμο πίνακα με:</p>
<ul>
<li>τα πληροφοριακά κριτήρια Akaike (AIC), το</li>
<li>το διορθωμένο πληροφοριακό κριτήριο Akaike (AICc) και</li>
<li>το πληρoφοριακό κριτήριο Bayes (BIC)</li>
</ul>
<p>Εμείς όμως τι πρέπει να αναζητήσουμε; Αυτό είναι πολύ σημαντικό καθώς όπως μπορείτε να διαπιστώσετε το κάθε κριτήριο δίνει διαφορετικό μοντέλο ως το καλύτερο. Για παράδειγμα, με βάση τα κριτήρια AIC και AICc πρέπει να επιλέξω το μοντέλο ARIMA(3,1,2), ενώ το μοντέλο BIC προτείνει το μοντέλο ARIMA(1,1,1). Γενικότερα ψάχνουμε το μοντέλο που θα δίνει τους μικρότερους αριθμούς σε αυτά τα κριτήρια. Έτσι έχω ξεχωρίσει κάποια μοντέλα που είναι ξεκάθαρα ακατάλληλα για τη συγκεκριμένη χρονοσειρά, όπως το ARIMA(0,1,2) που έχει κακή απόδοση σε όλα τα κριτήρια. Το μοντέλο που είναι ιδανικό είναι το ARIMA(1,1,1) καθώς είναι το μοντέλο με τη καλύτερη απόδοση στο κριτήριο BIC, έχει καλή απόδοση στα κριτήρια AIC και AICc με μικρή διαφορά από τη βέλτιστη πρόταση σε αυτά. Τέλος, τα AIC κριτήρια πρότειναν μοντέλα με μικρή βελτίωση αλλά με 5 παραμέτρους, έναντι υποδειγμάτων 2 παραμέτρων που ενδεχομένως να γενικεύουν καλύτερα τα δεδομένα και τη συμπεριφορά της χρονοσειράς.</p>
</section><section id="καθορισμός-μοντέλου-ets" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="καθορισμός-μοντέλου-ets">Καθορισμός μοντέλου ETS</h3>
<p>Η μέθοδος εκθετικής εξομάλυνσης είναι μία εξίσου δημοφιλής μέθοδος για τη πρόβλεψη χρονοσειρών. Το μεγάλο της πλεονέκτημα είναι ότι δεν χρειάζεται να κάνουμε τους αντίστοιχους ελέγχους που κάναμε για τα μοντέλα ARIMA. Παρά την ευέλικτη μεθοδολογία του χρειάζεται να ελέγξουμε τη χρονοσειρά γραφικά για να παρατηρήσουμε τις ιδιότητες της (τάση, εποχικότητα, κυκλικότητα), ώστε να καθορίσω το υπόδειγμα ETS που ταιριάζει στη περίπτωσή μας.</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AETS(%5Ctext%7B%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1%7D,%20%5Ctext%7B%CE%A4%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7%7D,%20%5Ctext%7B%CE%95%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%7D)%0A"> Το μοντέλο εξομάλυνσης που θα χρησιμοποιήσω βασίζεται σε αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά.</p>
<div class="cell">
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background-color: null;
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<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ETS.html">ETS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;">trend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">season</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M-Ad-N"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ETS.html">ETS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">error</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">trend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ad"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">season</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"N"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M-N-N"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ETS.html">ETS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">error</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">trend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"N"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">season</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"N"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M-Ad-M"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ETS.html">ETS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">error</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">trend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ad"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">season</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://generics.r-lib.org/reference/glance.html">glance</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">models</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.model</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">AIC</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">AICc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">BIC</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">BIC</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μοντέλο"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.model</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/relocate.html">relocate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">BIC</span>, .before <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"AIC"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>head_max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">20</span>, use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/fmt_number.html">fmt_number</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>decimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-aic-ets-models" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-aic-ets-models-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;21: Αποτελέσματα μοντέλων ETS με βάση το κριτήρια πληροφορίας BIC, AIC, AICc
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-aic-ets-models-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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#ujbpdvmygs .gt_grand_summary_row {
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#ujbpdvmygs .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
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  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
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#ujbpdvmygs .gt_last_grand_summary_row_top {
  padding-top: 8px;
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  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

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  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#ujbpdvmygs .gt_table_body {
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}

#ujbpdvmygs .gt_footnotes {
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  border-right-width: 2px;
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}

#ujbpdvmygs .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding-top: 4px;
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}

#ujbpdvmygs .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
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  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
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  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
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  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ujbpdvmygs .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
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  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#ujbpdvmygs .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

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  text-align: center;
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  text-align: right;
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  font-style: italic;
}

#ujbpdvmygs .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
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  font-size: 75%;
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}

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}

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  text-indent: 5px;
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  text-indent: 15px;
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  text-indent: 20px;
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  text-indent: 25px;
}

#ujbpdvmygs .katex-display {
  display: inline-flex !important;
  margin-bottom: 0.75em !important;
}

#ujbpdvmygs div.Reactable > div.rt-table > div.rt-thead > div.rt-tr.rt-tr-group-header > div.rt-th-group:after {
  height: 0px !important;
}

.gt_table th, .gt_table td {
  text-align: center !important;
  vertical-align: middle !important;
}

.gt_table {
  margin-left: auto !important;
  margin-right: auto !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

.gt_table tr {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}

.gt_row {
  background-color: transparent !important;
}
</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜοντέλο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Μοντέλο</th>
<th id="BIC" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">BIC</th>
<th id="AIC" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">AIC</th>
<th id="AICc" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">AICc</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">M-A-N</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1,112.2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">1,093.8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">1,094.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">M-Ad-N</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1,115.9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">1,093.8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">1,094.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">M-N-N</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1,126.7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">1,115.7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">1,115.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">A-A-N</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1,152.1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">1,133.7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">1,133.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">A-Ad-N</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1,154.7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">1,132.6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">1,132.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">A-N-N</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1,172.9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">1,161.9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">1,161.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">A-A-A</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1,221.4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">1,158.9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">1,161.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">M-Ad-M</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1,224.0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">1,157.7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">1,160.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">A-A-M</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">1,260.1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">1,197.6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AICc">1,199.8</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="μοντέλο-prophet" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="μοντέλο-prophet">Μοντέλο Prophet</h3>
<p>Οι παραπάνω λύσεις είναι ενδεχομένως αρκετά περίπλοκες και προϋποθέτουν βαθιά γνώση της θεωρίας και βασικές γνώσεις στατιστικού προγραμματισμού. Μία εύκολη εναλλακτική για γρήγορη πρόβλεψη χρονοσειρών είναι ο αλγόριθμος Prophet. Δημιουργήθηκε από τη Facebook το 2019 και είναι μία αρκετά δημοφηλής μέθοδος πρόβλεψης. Το ομώνυμο πακέτο της R, με την εντολή <code><a href="https://pkg.mitchelloharawild.com/fable.prophet/reference/prophet.html">prophet()</a></code> μας δίνει εκτίμηση με μία γραμμή κώδικα. Ένα σημείο που αξίζει προσοχής είναι ότι απαιτεί δεδομένα μορφής data frame. Για τη απρόσκοπτη εφαρμογή του θα πρέπει να μετονομάσετε κατάλληλα τις στήλες σας προκειμένου να κατανοήσει ποιες στήλες είναι αυτές που πρέπει να αναλύσει.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb34" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">prophet_df</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grc_unemployment</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>ds <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span>,</span>
<span>         y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">prophet_res</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">prophet</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/prophet/man/prophet.html">prophet</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>df <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">prophet_df</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section></section><section id="σύγκριση-μοντέλων" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="σύγκριση-μοντέλων">Σύγκριση μοντέλων</h2>
<p>Προηγουμένως ανέφερα κάποιες κλασσικές μεθόδους πρόβλεψης των χρονοσειρών. Επιπλέον, χρησιμοποίησα το κριτήριο AIC για να λάβω το πιο κατάλληλο μοντέλο από</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AMAE%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7Cy_i%20-%20%5Chat%7By_i%7D%7C%0A"></p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AMSE%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5En%20(y_i%20-%20%5Chat%7By%7D_i)%20%5E2%0A"></p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?y_i"> : πραγματική τιμή, δηλαδή η τιμή της ανεργίας το συγκεκριμένο μήνα <br><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%7By%7D_i"> : εκτιμώμενη τιμή, δηλάδή η τμή της ανεργίας που προβλέπω μέσω του μοντέλου μου</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0ARMSE%20=%20%5Csqrt%7BMSE%7D%20=%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5En%20(y_i%20-%20%5Chat%7By%7D_i)%20%5E2%20%7D%0A"></p>
</div></div><div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb35" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cv</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fabletools.tidyverts.org/reference/model.html">model</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Auto ARIMA"</span>   <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># ← Force d=1!</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 2 breaks"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">break1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">break2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 1 break"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">break1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (1,1,1)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (2,1,1)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (1,1,2)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ETS (M-Ad-N)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ETS.html">ETS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">error</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">trend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ad"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">season</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"N"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ETS (M-A-N)"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ETS.html">ETS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">error</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"M"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">trend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"A"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">season</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"N"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    Prophet <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.mitchelloharawild.com/fable.prophet/reference/prophet.html">prophet</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    Naive <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/RW.html">NAIVE</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    SNaive <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/RW.html">SNAIVE</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Forecast h months ahead</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://generics.r-lib.org/reference/forecast.html">forecast</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Compute accuracy</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://generics.r-lib.org/reference/accuracy.html">accuracy</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment_ts</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.model</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">RMSE</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">MAE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μοντέλο"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">".model"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">RMSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>head_max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>, use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/fmt_number.html">fmt_number</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>decimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-rmse-models-2mths" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-rmse-models-2mths-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;22: Σύγκριση σφαλμάτων διαφορετικών μοντέλων για 2μηνη πρόβλεψη
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-rmse-models-2mths-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜοντέλο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Μοντέλο</th>
<th id="RMSE" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">RMSE</th>
<th id="MAE" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">MAE</th>
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<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 2 breaks</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.6278</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.5006</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (1,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.6430</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.4942</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 1 break</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.6503</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.4928</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">Naive</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.6702</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.5132</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (2,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.6753</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.5265</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ETS (M-Ad-N)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.6791</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.5232</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ETS (M-A-N)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.6857</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.5215</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">Auto ARIMA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.6863</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.5267</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (1,1,2)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.6891</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.5344</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">SNaive</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">2.0796</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">1.9158</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb36" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Forecast h months ahead</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://generics.r-lib.org/reference/forecast.html">forecast</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Compute accuracy</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://generics.r-lib.org/reference/accuracy.html">accuracy</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fc</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment_ts</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">acc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.model</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">RMSE</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">MAE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μοντέλο"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">".model"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">RMSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>head_max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>, use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/fmt_number.html">fmt_number</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>decimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-rmse-models-6mths" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-rmse-models-6mths-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;23: Σύγκριση σφαλμάτων διαφορετικών μοντέλων για 6μηνη πρόβλεψη
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-rmse-models-6mths-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜοντέλο" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Μοντέλο</th>
<th id="RMSE" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">RMSE</th>
<th id="MAE" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">MAE</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 1 break</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.8504</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.6243</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (1,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.8510</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.6252</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 2 breaks</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.8879</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.6449</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ETS (M-Ad-N)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.8913</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.6703</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (2,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.8920</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.6682</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ETS (M-A-N)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.8996</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.6776</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">Naive</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.9007</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.6946</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">ARIMA (1,1,2)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.9165</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.6941</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">Auto ARIMA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">0.9411</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">0.7101</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο">SNaive</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="RMSE">2.1633</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="MAE">1.9108</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Από τους παραπάνω πίνακες προκύπτει ότι για μικρά βραχυπρόθεσμες προβλέψεις (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?h%20%3C=6">) μήνες το μοντέλο ARIMAX όπου ως εξωγενείς μεταβλητές έχω συμπεριλάβει δύο μεταβλητές που αναπαριστούν τις δομικές αλλαγές (breaks). Επιπλέον, καλή απόδοση έχει και το μοντέλο ARIMA(1,1,1) και για 2μηνη και για 6μηνη πρόβλεψη. Αυτό που ξεχωρίζει στα αποτελέσματα μας είναι η σημαντική διαφορά στα σφάλματα μεταξύ των μοντέλων ARIMA και του μοντέλου NAIVE. Αυτό ενδεχομένως να δηλώνει ότι τα μοντέλα μου εντπίζουν τα διάφορα μοτίβα της χρονοσειράς καλύτερα και άρα έχουν λόγο ύπαρξης. Ένα σημείο που απαιτεί ιδιαίτερη προσοχή είναι οι διαφορές στα σφάλματα, καθώς είναι εμφανές ότι παρόλο που υπάρχουν διαφορές θα πρέπει να διερευνηθεί αν αυτές είναι στατιστικά σημαντικές. Για να μελετηθεί αυτό θα χρησιμοποιηθεί ο έλεγχος Diebold-Mariano, ο οποίος ελέγχει αν τα σφάλματα των συγκρινόμενων μοντέλων είναι στατιστικά σημαντικά:</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb37" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        Naive <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/RW.html">NAIVE</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">aug</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://generics.r-lib.org/reference/augment.html">augment</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">aug</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 2 breaks"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.resid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e2</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">aug</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 1 break"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.resid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e3</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">aug</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (1,1,1)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.resid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e4</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">aug</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.model</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Naive"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.resid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t12</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.robjhyndman.com/forecast/reference/dm.test.html">dm.test</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e2</span>, alternative <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"two.sided"</span>, h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>, power <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t13</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.robjhyndman.com/forecast/reference/dm.test.html">dm.test</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e3</span>, alternative <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"two.sided"</span>, h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>, power <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t14</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.robjhyndman.com/forecast/reference/dm.test.html">dm.test</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e4</span>, alternative <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"two.sided"</span>, h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>, power <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t23</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.robjhyndman.com/forecast/reference/dm.test.html">dm.test</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e2</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e3</span>, alternative <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"two.sided"</span>, h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>, power <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t24</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.robjhyndman.com/forecast/reference/dm.test.html">dm.test</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e2</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e4</span>, alternative <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"two.sided"</span>, h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>, power <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t34</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.robjhyndman.com/forecast/reference/dm.test.html">dm.test</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e3</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">e4</span>, alternative <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"two.sided"</span>, h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>, power <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dm_results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/tribble.html">tribble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μοντέλο 1"</span>,       <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μοντέλο 2"</span>,       <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τιμή DM"</span>,      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"p-value"</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 2br."</span>,  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 1br."</span>,         <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t12</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">statistic</span>,        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">t12</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">"ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 2br."</span>,  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">"ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 2br."</span>,  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Naive"</span>,     <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">t14</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">t23</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 1br."</span>,  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Naive"</span>,     <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ARIMA (1,1,1)"</span>,  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">t34</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τιμή DM"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`Τιμή DM`</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"p-value"</span>      <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συμπέρασμα"</span>     <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/ifelse.html">ifelse</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">`p-value`</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.05</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Στατ. Σημαντικό"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Καμία διαφορά"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>head_max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>, use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_header.html">tab_header</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έλεγχος Diebold - Mariano"</span>,</span>
<span>    subtitle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σύγκριση προβλεπτικής ακρίβειας μοντέλων"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_style.html">tab_style</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    style     <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cell_fill.html">cell_fill</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e8f5e9"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    locations <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cells_body.html">cells_body</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>rows <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`p-value`</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.05</span>, columns <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συμπέρασμα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_style.html">tab_style</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    style     <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cell_fill.html">cell_fill</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#fde8e8"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    locations <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cells_body.html">cells_body</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>rows <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`p-value`</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.05</span>,  columns <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συμπέρασμα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/fmt_number.html">fmt_number</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>columns <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τιμή DM"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"p-value"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, decimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-db-test" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-db-test-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;24: Έλεγχοι Diebold-Mariano στα μοντέλα με τη καλύτερη απόδοση για 2μηνη πρόβλεψη
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-db-test-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead>
<tr class="gt_heading header">
<td colspan="5" class="gt_heading gt_title gt_font_normal">Έλεγχος Diebold - Mariano</td>
</tr>
<tr class="gt_heading even">
<td colspan="5" class="gt_heading gt_subtitle gt_font_normal gt_bottom_border">Σύγκριση προβλεπτικής ακρίβειας μοντέλων</td>
</tr>
<tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜοντέλο-1" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Μοντέλο 1</th>
<th id="aΜοντέλο-2" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Μοντέλο 2</th>
<th id="aΤιμή-DM" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Τιμή DM</th>
<th id="p-value" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">p-value</th>
<th id="aΣυμπέρασμα" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Συμπέρασμα</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 1">ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 2br.</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 2">ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 1br.</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τιμή DM">−0.9218</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="p-value">0.3574</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Συμπέρασμα" style="background-color: #E8F5E9">Καμία διαφορά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 1">ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 2br.</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 2">ARIMA (1,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τιμή DM">−0.9349</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="p-value">0.3506</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Συμπέρασμα" style="background-color: #E8F5E9">Καμία διαφορά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 1">ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 2br.</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 2">Naive</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τιμή DM">−2.6630</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="p-value">0.0082</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Συμπέρασμα" style="background-color: #FDE8E8">Στατ. Σημαντικό</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 1">ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 1br.</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 2">ARIMA (1,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τιμή DM">−0.2242</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="p-value">0.8228</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Συμπέρασμα" style="background-color: #E8F5E9">Καμία διαφορά</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 1">ARIMAΧ(1,1,1) 1br.</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 2">Naive</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τιμή DM">−2.5129</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="p-value">0.0125</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Συμπέρασμα" style="background-color: #FDE8E8">Στατ. Σημαντικό</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 1">ARIMA (1,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μοντέλο 2">Naive</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Τιμή DM">−2.5001</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="p-value">0.0130</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Συμπέρασμα" style="background-color: #FDE8E8">Στατ. Σημαντικό</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Σύμφωνα με τον έλεγχο βρήκα ότι τα επιλεγμένα μοντέλα ARIMA έχουν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές από το μοντέλο NAIVE που καταδεικνύουν τη σημαντικότητά τους για τη πρόβλεψη της μελλοντικής ανεργίας, τουλάχιστον σε βραχυπρόθεσμο επίπεδο. Ένα ακόμα στοιχείο μέσω των συνδυασμών ελέγχων είναι ότι τα επιλεγμένα μοντέλα ARIMA δεν έχουν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ τους. Δηλαδή το μοντέλο ARIMAX που χρησιμοποιεί ένα ή δύο breaks δεν έχουν σημαντικές διαφορές σε ε.σ. 5% με ένα απλό μοντέλο ARIMA(1,1,1).</p>
</section><section id="καλέ-πού-είναι-οι-υποθέσεις" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="καλέ-πού-είναι-οι-υποθέσεις">Καλέ, πού είναι οι υποθέσεις;</h2>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>Ρε απατεώνα που είναι οι έλεγχοι των υποθέσεων. Τα λεφτά μας πίσω.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Λοιπόν, έχω κάποια καλά νέα και κάποια κακά νέα. Τα καλά νέα είναι ότι όχι μόνο δεν τελείωσε το άρθρο, αλλά θα πρέπει να ελέγξω τα καλύτερα μοντέλα κατά πόσο πληρούν τις υποθέσεις που αναλύσαμε, δηλαδή τα σφάλματα να είναι:</p>
<ul>
<li>ασυσχέτιστα (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Cov(%5Cepsilon_t,%20%5Cepsilon_%7Bt-1%7D)%20=%200">),</li>
<li>ομοσκεδασικά (<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Var(%5Cepsilon_t)">) και</li>
<li>να ακολουθούν τη κανονική κατανομή</li>
</ul>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb38" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="a.model" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Μοντέλο</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">.model</span>
</th>
<th id="lb_stat" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Στατιστική Ljung-Box</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">lb_stat</span>
</th>
<th id="lb_pvalue" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>p-value Ljung-Box</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">lb_pvalue</span>
</th>
<th id="arch_stat" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Στατιστική ARCH</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">arch_stat</span>
</th>
<th id="arch_pvalue" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>p-value ARCH</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">arch_pvalue</span>
</th>
<th id="jb_stat" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Στατιστική Jarque-Bera</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">jb_stat</span>
</th>
<th id="jb_pvalue" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>p-value Jarque-Bera</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">jb_pvalue</span>
</th>
<th id="AIC" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>AIC</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">AIC</span>
</th>
<th id="BIC" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>BIC</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">BIC</span>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers=".model">ARIMA (1,1,1)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="lb_stat">48.25</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="lb_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="arch_stat">45.33</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="arch_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="jb_stat">2,346.67</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="jb_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">294.44</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">305.47</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers=".model">ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 1 break</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="lb_stat">48.46</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="lb_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="arch_stat">45.38</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="arch_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="jb_stat">2,341.21</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="jb_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">296.39</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">311.10</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers=".model">ARIMAX (1,1,1) - 2 breaks</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="lb_stat">51.47</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="lb_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="arch_stat">45.39</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="arch_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="jb_stat">2,463.18</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="jb_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">295.35</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">313.74</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers=".model">Naive</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="lb_stat">170.81</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="lb_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="arch_stat">54.96</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="arch_pvalue">0.00</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="jb_stat">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="jb_pvalue">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="AIC">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="BIC">NA</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="πρόβλεψη-μελλοντικής-ανεργίας" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="πρόβλεψη-μελλοντικής-ανεργίας">Πρόβλεψη μελλοντικής ανεργίας</h2>
<p>Όλο αυτό ήταν κάπως κουραστικό, αλλά επιτέλους έφτασε η στιγμή όλα αυτά να βγάζουν κάποιο νόημα. Βρήκα ποιο είναι το καλύτερο μοντέλο, χρησιμοποιωντας το θα προβλέψω το ύψος της ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα για τους επόμενους 12 μήνες. Τα δεδομένα μου σταματάνε στον Αύγουστο του 2022 (ανεργία 12.2%), άρα η όποια εκτίμηση θα γίνει για τους μήνες Σεπτέμβριο του 2022 μέχρι και τον Αύγουστο του 2023.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb39" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">best_fit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment_ts</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fabletools.tidyverts.org/reference/model.html">model</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Best Model"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fable</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fable.tidyverts.org/reference/ARIMA.html">ARIMA</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pdq</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">break1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">break2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fc_final</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">best_fit</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://generics.r-lib.org/reference/forecast.html">forecast</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>h <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Prepare historical data</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">historical</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">unemployment_ts</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/as_tibble.html">as_tibble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>TIME <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/zoo/man/yearmon.html">as.Date</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Prepare forecast data</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">forecast_tbl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fc_final</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.mitchelloharawild.com/distributional/reference/hilo.html">hilo</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>level <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">80</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">95</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fabletools.tidyverts.org/reference/unpack_hilo.html">unpack_hilo</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80%"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"95%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/as_tibble.html">as_tibble</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>TIME <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/zoo/man/yearmon.html">as.Date</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.mean</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`80%_lower`</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`80%_upper`</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`95%_lower`</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`95%_upper`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"stock"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πρόεβλεψη ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα - 6 μήνες"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"datetime"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό ανεργίας (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Historical line</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">historical</span>,</span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/datetime_to_timestamp.html">datetime_to_timestamp</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Value</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ιστορικά δεδομένα"</span>,</span>
<span>        color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#2c3e50"</span>,</span>
<span>        lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>        marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Point forecast line</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">forecast_tbl</span>,</span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"line"</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/datetime_to_timestamp.html">datetime_to_timestamp</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.mean</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πρόβλεψη"</span>,</span>
<span>        color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e74c3c"</span>,</span>
<span>        lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>        dashStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Dash"</span>,</span>
<span>        marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># 95% interval (arearange)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">forecast_tbl</span>,</span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"arearange"</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/datetime_to_timestamp.html">datetime_to_timestamp</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>              low <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`95%_lower`</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>              high <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`95%_upper`</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"95% δε"</span>,</span>
<span>        color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e74c3c"</span>,</span>
<span>        fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.15</span>,</span>
<span>        lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>        linkedTo <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">":previous"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># 80% interval (arearange)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">forecast_tbl</span>,</span>
<span>        type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"arearange"</span>,</span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hcaes.html">hcaes</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/datetime_to_timestamp.html">datetime_to_timestamp</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>              low <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`80%_lower`</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>              high <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`80%_upper`</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80% δε"</span>,</span>
<span>        color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e74c3c"</span>,</span>
<span>        fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.25</span>,</span>
<span>        lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>,</span>
<span>        linkedTo <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">":previous"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, valueDecimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_navigator.html">hc_navigator</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_scrollbar.html">hc_scrollbar</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_rangeSelector.html">hc_rangeSelector</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>  selected <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># highlight the "1y" button visually</span></span>
<span>  buttons <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">"month"</span>, count <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">6</span>,  text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"6 μήνες"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">"year"</span>,  count <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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</details><div id="fig-forecasting" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-forecasting-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-forecasting-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;12: Χρονοσειρά ανεργίας με πρόβλεψη μελλοντικής ανεργίας
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Και ο αντίστοιχος πίνακας με τις προβλέψεις:</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Κώδικας</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb40" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fc_final</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://pkg.mitchelloharawild.com/distributional/reference/hilo.html">hilo</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>level <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">80</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">95</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://fabletools.tidyverts.org/reference/unpack_hilo.html">unpack_hilo</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80%"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"95%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.mean</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`80%_lower`</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`80%_upper`</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`95%_lower`</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`95%_upper`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/across.html">across</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/where.html">where</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">is.numeric</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80% ΔΕ"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/reference/glue.html">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"[{`80%_lower`}, {`80%_upper`}]"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"95% ΔΕ"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glue.tidyverse.org/reference/glue.html">glue</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"[{`95%_lower`}, {`95%_upper`}]"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μήνας"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TIME</span>,</span>
<span>         <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πρόβλεψη"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.mean</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μήνας"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πρόβλεψη"</span>,<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80% ΔΕ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"95% ΔΕ"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>head_max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">8</span>, use_labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-results-predictions" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-results-predictions-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;25: Προβλέψεις ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα για τους επόμενους 6 μήνες και αντίστοιχα διαστήματα εμπιστοσύνης
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-results-predictions-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
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<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΜήνας" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Μήνας</th>
<th id="aΠρόβλεψη" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Πρόβλεψη</th>
<th id="a80%-ΔΕ" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">80% ΔΕ</th>
<th id="a95%-ΔΕ" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">95% ΔΕ</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μήνας">2022 Σεπ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Πρόβλεψη">12.15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="80% ΔΕ">[11.65, 12.66]</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="95% ΔΕ">[11.38, 12.93]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μήνας">2022 Οκτ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Πρόβλεψη">12.03</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="80% ΔΕ">[11.28, 12.78]</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="95% ΔΕ">[10.88, 13.18]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μήνας">2022 Νοε</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Πρόβλεψη">11.91</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="80% ΔΕ">[10.96, 12.86]</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="95% ΔΕ">[10.45, 13.37]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μήνας">2022 Δεκ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Πρόβλεψη">11.79</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="80% ΔΕ">[10.65, 12.94]</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="95% ΔΕ">[10.05, 13.54]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μήνας">2023 Ιαν</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Πρόβλεψη">11.68</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="80% ΔΕ">[10.36, 13]</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="95% ΔΕ">[9.66, 13.71]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Μήνας">2023 Φεβ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Πρόβλεψη">11.57</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="80% ΔΕ">[10.07, 13.07]</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="95% ΔΕ">[9.28, 13.86]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Με δεδομένο το διάγραμμα αλλά και το πίνακα των προβλέψεων του μοντέλου με τη καλύτερη επίδοση, συμπεραίνω ότι η μείωση της ανεργίας στην Ελλάδα θα συνεχιστεί και την επόμενη περίοδο (τους επόμενους έξι μήνες). Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η ανεργία στην Ελλάδα τον Φεβρουάριο του 2023 θα είναι 11.4%, κυμαίνεται μεταξύ του 10.1% (9.4%) και 12.8% (13.5%) σμε πιθανότητα 80% (95%).</p>
</section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section id="ευχαριστίες" class="level2 appendix unlisted"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Ευχαριστίες</h2><div class="quarto-appendix-contents">
<p>Φωτογραφία από <a href="https://pixabay.com/el/users/roszie-6000120/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=7386581">Rosy / Bad Homburg / Germany</a> από το <a href="https://pixabay.com/el//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=7386581">Pixabay</a></p>



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<div id="ref-krgraphgallerytimeseries" class="csl-entry">
R Graph Gallery. (2018). Time Series. <em>URL https://r-graph-gallery.com/time-series.html</em>.
</div>
<div id="ref-R-lubridate" class="csl-entry">
Spinu, V., Grolemund, G., &amp; Wickham, H. (2024). <em>lubridate: Make Dealing with Dates a Little Easier</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org">https://lubridate.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-tseries" class="csl-entry">
Trapletti, A., &amp; Hornik, K. (2026). <em>tseries: Time Series Analysis and Computational Finance</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.tseries">https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.tseries</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-htmlwidgets" class="csl-entry">
Vaidyanathan, R., Xie, Y., Allaire, J., Cheng, J., Sievert, C., &amp; Russell, K. (2023). <em>htmlwidgets: HTML Widgets for R</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://github.com/ramnathv/htmlwidgets">https://github.com/ramnathv/htmlwidgets</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-tsibble2020" class="csl-entry">
Wang, E., Cook, D., &amp; Hyndman, R. J. (2020). A new tidy data structure to support exploration and modeling of temporal data. <em>Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics</em>, <em>29</em>(3), 466–478. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2019.1695624">https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2019.1695624</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-tsibble" class="csl-entry">
Wang, E., Cook, D., Hyndman, R., &amp; O’Hara-Wild, M. (2025). <em>tsibble: Tidy Temporal Data Frames and Tools</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://tsibble.tidyverts.org">https://tsibble.tidyverts.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-dplyr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L., Müller, K., &amp; Vaughan, D. (2023). <em>dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">https://dplyr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-purrr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., &amp; Henry, L. (2026). <em>purrr: Functional Programming Tools</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/">https://purrr.tidyverse.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-readr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., Hester, J., &amp; Bryan, J. (2025). <em>readr: Read Rectangular Text Data</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">https://readr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-sandwich2004" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A. (2004). Econometric Computing with <span>HC</span> and <span>HAC</span> Covariance Matrix Estimators. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, <em>11</em>(10), 1–17. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v011.i10">https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v011.i10</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-strucchange2006" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A. (2006a). Implementing a Class of Structural Change Tests: An Econometric Computing Approach. <em>Computational Statistics &amp; Data Analysis</em>, <em>50</em>(11), 2987–3008. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2005.07.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2005.07.001</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-sandwich2006" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A. (2006b). Object-Oriented Computation of Sandwich Estimators. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, <em>16</em>(9), 1–16. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v016.i09">https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v016.i09</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-zoo2005" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A., &amp; Grothendieck, G. (2005). zoo: S3 Infrastructure for Regular and Irregular Time Series. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, <em>14</em>(6), 1–27. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v014.i06">https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v014.i06</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-zoo" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A., Grothendieck, G., &amp; Ryan, J. A. (2025). <em>zoo: S3 Infrastructure for Regular and Irregular Time Series (Z’s Ordered Observations)</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://zoo.R-Forge.R-project.org/">https://zoo.R-Forge.R-project.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-lmtest2002" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A., &amp; Hothorn, T. (2002). Diagnostic Checking in Regression Relationships. <em>R News</em>, <em>2</em>(3), 7–10. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/Rnews/">https://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/Rnews/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-strucchange2003" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A., Kleiber, C., Krämer, W., &amp; Hornik, K. (2003). Testing and Dating of Structural Changes in Practice. <em>Computational Statistics &amp; Data Analysis</em>, <em>44</em>(1–2), 109–123. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9473(03)00030-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9473(03)00030-6</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-sandwich2020" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A., Köll, S., &amp; Graham, N. (2020). Various Versatile Variances: An Object-Oriented Implementation of Clustered Covariances in <span>R</span>. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, <em>95</em>(1), 1–36. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v095.i01">https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v095.i01</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-strucchange2002" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A., Leisch, F., Hornik, K., &amp; Kleiber, C. (2002). strucchange: An R Package for Testing for Structural Change in Linear Regression Models. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, <em>7</em>(2), 1–38. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v007.i02">https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v007.i02</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-strucchange" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A., Leisch, F., Hornik, K., &amp; Kleiber, C. (2024). <em>strucchange: Testing, Monitoring, and Dating Structural Changes</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.strucchange">https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.strucchange</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-sandwich" class="csl-entry">
Zeileis, A., &amp; Lumley, T. (2024). <em>sandwich: Robust Covariance Matrix Estimators</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://sandwich.R-Forge.R-project.org/">https://sandwich.R-Forge.R-project.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-kableExtra" class="csl-entry">
Zhu, H. (2024). <em>kableExtra: Construct Complex Table with kable and Pipe Syntax</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/">http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/</a>
</div>
</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2022,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Προβλέποντας την Ανεργία στην Ελλάδα},
  date = {2022-10-22},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/forecasting-greek-unemployment/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2022" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. (2022, October 22). Προβλέποντας την Ανεργία στην Ελλάδα.
Retrieved from <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/forecasting-greek-unemployment/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/forecasting-greek-unemployment/</a>
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>R</category>
  <category>Χρονοσειρες</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/forecasting-greek-unemployment/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 22 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/forecasting-greek-unemployment/unemployment.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Περιγραφική Ανάλυση Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<p>Και ξεκινάμε…</p>
<p>Αυτό είναι το πρώτο άρθρο ανάλυσης στην ιστοσελίδα μου! Προσωπικά, δεν επιθυμούσα να ξεκινήσω με μία έτοιμη βάση δεδομένων και να εφαρμόσω ένα απλό μοντέλο μηχανικής μάθησης. Αποφάσισα να παιδευτώ ελαφρώς προκειμένου να εφαρμόσω όλο τον κύκλο της ανάλυσης δεδομένων ξεκινώντας από την εξόρυξη αυτών, στη τακτοποίηση και να καταλήξω στην ανάλυσή τους. Σε αυτό το κείμενο θα ήθελα να ασχοληθώ με την ιστορία των εκπροσώπων του ελληνικού κοινοβουλίου και να απαντηθούν κάποια ενδιαφέροντα ερωτήματα. Για τη διεξαγωγή της έρευνας θα εξάγω τα δεδομένα που έχει δημοσιεύσει η <a href="hellenicparliament.gr/">ιστοσελίδα του Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου</a> σχετικά με τους εκλεγμένους βουλευτές.</p>
<p>Το ελληνικό πολιτικό σκηνικό έχει κατακτήσει τη συζήτηση της κοινής γνώμης τα τελευταία χρόνια, δυστυχώς για αρνητικούς λόγους, λόγω της πρόσφατης οικονομικής κρίσης. Ένα σημαντικό μέρος του διαλόγου είναι τα αίτια της κρίσης, τα οποία αποτελούν σημείο αντιπαράθεσης μέχρι και σήμερα. Σε αυτό το άρθρο θα ασχοληθώ με μόνο ένα σημείο της κριτικής, ότι «έχουμε τους ίδιους» εκπροσώπους. Βέβαια τα κόμματα Βέβαια οι εκπρόσωποι μας στη Βουλή δεν ορίστηκαν από κανένα κόμμα, αλλά αντιθέτως έγιναν εκλογές, οπότε η κριτική επικεντρώνεται στο ότι εκλέγονται τα ίδια κόμματα ή ακόμα και οι ίδιοι εκπρόσωποι, ενδεχομένως λόγω προσωπικών οφελών. Τελικά, τι συνέβη σε αυτή τη περίπτωση; Είναι ένας ισχυρισμός που έχει νόημα; Αυτό θα μελετήσω σε αυτό το άρθρο, όμως παράλληλα θα μελετήσω την εμμονή σε ίδια πρόσωπα σε οπαδούς του ίδιου κόμματος, ενώ παρουσιάζει ενδιαφέρον η μελέτη του ίδιου χαρακτηριστικού σε επίπεδο νομού.</p>
</section><section id="προαπαιτούμενα" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="προαπαιτούμενα">Προαπαιτούμενα</h2>
<section id="εισαγωγή-πακέτων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή-πακέτων">Εισαγωγή πακέτων</h3>
<p>Αρχικά θα εισάγουμε τις απαραίτητες βιβλιοθήκες, αναλόγως των εντολών που χρειάζομαι και της ανάλυσης που θα κάνω. Ενδεικτικά θα χρειαστώ το μετα-πακέτο <a href="https://tidyverse.tidyverse.org">tidyverse</a> για να εισάγω, τροποποιήσω και οπτικοποιήσω τα δεδομένα. Στη συνέχεια, για τη κατασκευή πινάκων θα χρησιμοποιήσω το πακέτο <a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/">reactable</a>. Τέλος, για να έχω διαγράμματα που να φαίνονται αξιοπρεπώς σε όλους τους τύπους των οθονών προτείνεται η χρήση του πακέτου <a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">highcharter</a>.</p>
<div class="cell" title="Εισαγωγή βιβλιοθηκών">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/apache/arrow/">arrow</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># General purpose R libraries</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyverse.tidyverse.org">tidyverse</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/">kableExtra</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/">reactable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://keyring.r-lib.org/">keyring</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://www.deepl.com/translator">deeplr</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com">gt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Graphs</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org">ggplot2</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://github.com/erocoar/ggpol">ggpol</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> </span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://wilkelab.org/ggtext/">ggtext</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">highcharter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Άλλες ρυθμίσεις</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/options.html">options</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>digits<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># print only 2 decimals</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="εισαγωγή-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή-δεδομένων">Εισαγωγή δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Για να βρω ποιοι είναι οι περισσότεροι εκλεγμένοι βουλευτές σε εθνικό επίπεδο, κόμματος αλλά και εκλογικής περιφέρειας πρέπει να βρω τα αντίστοιχα δεδομένα. Ευτυχώς, η ιστοσελίδα του Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου διατηρεί σχετικό ηλεκτρονικό αρχείο με τους εκλεγμένους βουλευτές από το 1974 μέχρι και το 2019. Τα δεδομένα συλλέχθηκαν με τη βοήθεια του πακέτου <a href="https://docs.ropensci.org/RSelenium/">RSelenium</a>, ωστόσο δεν θα αναλύσω τον τρόπο αυτής. Σε περίπτωση που κάποιος ενδιαφέρεται για αυτό μπορεί να δει το σχετικό κώδικα στο GitHub. Χρησιμοποιώ το ήδη εξορυγμένο σύνολο δεδομένων και το εισάγω με την εντολή <code><a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org/reference/read_delim.html">read_csv()</a></code>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parliamentGR</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/read.table.html">read.csv</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://github.com/stesiam/scrape-greek-parl-members-26/releases/download/v1.1.0/parlMembers-el.csv"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parliamentEN</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/read.table.html">read.csv</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"https://github.com/stesiam/scrape-greek-parl-members-26/releases/download/v1.1.0/parlMembers-eng.csv"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="ορισμός-συναρτήσεων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ορισμός-συναρτήσεων">Ορισμός συναρτήσεων</h3>
<p>Προκειμένου να αποφύγω την επανάληψη του κώδικά μου θα ορίσω και μερικές συναρτήσεις. Αρχικά, θέλω να έχω πίνακες που βασίζονται στη βιβλιοθήκη <a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/">reactable</a> με ορισμένες αλλαγές στην εμφάνιση για να φαίνονται ωραία. Για αυτό σε πολλούς πίνακες θα δείτε χρήση της <code>reactable_custom</code> αντί απλώς της <code>reactable</code> εντολής.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">head_max</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">use_labels</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_subset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/as.data.frame.html">as.data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">head</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">head_max</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data_subset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/gt.html">gt</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cols_align.html">cols_align</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>, columns <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/everything.html">everything</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_style.html">tab_style</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cell_text.html">cell_text</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                v_align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"middle"</span>,</span>
<span>                weight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span>,</span>
<span>                whitespace <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"normal"</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            locations <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cells_column_labels.html">cells_column_labels</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/tab_options.html">tab_options</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            row.striping.include_table_body <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,</span>
<span>            table.background.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.background.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>,</span>
<span>            table.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/pct.html">pct</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, </span>
<span>            table.font.size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">13</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,           </span>
<span>            data_row.padding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, </span>
<span>            column_labels.padding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            table.border.top.style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>,</span>
<span>            table.border.bottom.style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>,</span>
<span>            table_body.hlines.style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>, </span>
<span>            column_labels.border.top.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.border.top.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.border.bottom.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            column_labels.border.bottom.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span>,</span>
<span>            table_body.border.bottom.width <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/px.html">px</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            table_body.border.bottom.color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#757575"</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/opt_css.html">opt_css</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>css <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_table th, .gt_table td { </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        text-align: center !important; </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        vertical-align: middle !important;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_table { </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        margin-left: auto !important; </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        margin-right: auto !important; </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        width: 100% !important;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_table tr { background-color: transparent !important; }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      .gt_row { background-color: transparent !important; }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">    "</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Apply labels only if requested</span></span>
<span>    <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">use_labels</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>            <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/cols_label_with.html">cols_label_with</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                fn <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>                    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/reference/html.html">html</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;"</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">greek_labels</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;/b&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;'&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;/span&gt;"</span></span>
<span>                    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/function.html">return</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_tbl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">reactable_custom</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">head_max</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/reactable.html">reactable</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">head</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">head_max</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  bordered <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,     <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># No borders (booktabs style)</span></span>
<span>  striped <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># No stripes for a clean look</span></span>
<span>  highlight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># No hover highlighting</span></span>
<span>  defaultColDef <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/colDef.html">colDef</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"14px"</span>, border <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  theme <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/reference/reactableTheme.html">reactableTheme</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    borderColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>, <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Remove border</span></span>
<span>    cellStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      borderBottom <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Subtle line between rows</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    headerStyle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      borderBottom <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2px solid rgb(117, 117, 117)"</span>, <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Thick top rule</span></span>
<span>      borderTop <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2px solid rgb(117, 117, 117)"</span>,</span>
<span>      fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> </span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>Αυτό το άρθρο είναι ένα άρθρο ανάλυσης του κοινοβουλίου. Θα ήταν εξαιρετικά ενδιαφέρον μιας και υπάρχουν δεδομένα των βουλευτών και των κοινοβουλευτικών ομάδων που ανήκουν να κατασκευάσω διαγράμματα Βουλής. Με δεδομένο ότι κάνω ιστορική αναδρομή είναι πολύ πιθανό να χρειαστώ παραπάνω από τρία στο συγκεκριμένο άρθρο, γεγονός που δικαιολογεί τη δημιουργία μίας συνάρτησης. Η συνάρτηση μου θα καλείται <code>plot_parliament_term</code> και θα δέχεται ουσιαστικά ως τιμή έναν αριθμό που θα δηλώνει ποιας περιόδου θα θέλαμε να διαγραμματίσουμε. Τα δεδομένα μου έχουν διαθέσιμα δεδομένα από τη Γ - 3η περίοδο (1981 - 1985) μέχρι και την ΙΗ’ (17) περίοδο (2019Β- ), συνεπώς το όρισμα της συνάρτησης δέχεται τιμές από το 3 μέχρι το 17.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">##new function plot</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot_parliament</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_number</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lang</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"el"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">df_period</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_number</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">seats_party</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">df_period</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fullNamesEl</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>n <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/context.html">n</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, .groups <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drop"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/desc.html">desc</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">total_seats</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">seats_party</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title_text</span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lang</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"el"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σύνθεση Βουλής – Περίοδος "</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_number</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">else</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Parliament Composition – Period "</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_number</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lang</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"el"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σύνολο εδρών: "</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">total_seats</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">else</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Total seats: "</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">total_seats</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">caption_text</span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lang</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"el"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πηγή: Βουλή των Ελλήνων"</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">else</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Source: Hellenic Parliament"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hover_text</span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lang</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"el"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Έδρες"</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">else</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Seats"</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"item"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title_text</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">caption_text</span>,</span>
<span>            align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>            verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span>,</span>
<span>            y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>labelFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{name} &lt;span style='opacity: 0.4'&gt;{y}&lt;/span&gt;"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hover_text</span>,</span>
<span>            data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">purrr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/reference/pmap.html">pmap</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">seats_party</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fullNamesEl</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">seats_party</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">seats_party</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Color</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">seats_party</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">list</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            keys <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"name"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"y"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"color"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"label"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>                format <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{point.label}"</span>,</span>
<span>                style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>textOutline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5px contrast"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            center <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"88%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"170%"</span>,</span>
<span>            startAngle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span>,</span>
<span>            endAngle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_responsive.html">hc_responsive</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            rules <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                    condition <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>maxWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">768</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                    chartOptions <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                        series <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                            dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                                distance <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">30</span>,</span>
<span>                                style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                                    fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span>,</span>
<span>                                    textOutline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1px contrast"</span></span>
<span>                                <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                            center <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"75%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                            size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"130%"</span></span>
<span>                        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                    condition <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>maxWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">600</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                    chartOptions <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                        series <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                            dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                                enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span>                            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                            center <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"75%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                            size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"130%"</span></span>
<span>                        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                    condition <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>maxWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">400</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                    chartOptions <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                        series <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                            dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                                enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span>                            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                            center <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"80%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                            size <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"110%"</span></span>
<span>                        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>                <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
</section><section id="δομή-δεδομένων" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="δομή-δεδομένων">Δομή δεδομένων</h3>
<p>Με βάση τον παραπάνω πίνακα τα συλλεγμένα δεδομένα αποτελούνται από 6 μεταβλητές (στήλες), εκ των οποίων καμία δεν είναι ποσοτική και οι υπόλοιπες πέντε είναι ποιοτικές. Από αυτές τις πέντε, οι τέσσερις είναι κατηγορικές και μία διατάξιμη μεταβλητή.</p>
<div class="table-responsive">
<div id="tbl-describe-vars" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-describe-vars-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;1: Σύνοψη και περιγραφή μεταβλητών
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-describe-vars-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<table class="caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 22%">
<col style="width: 30%">
<col style="width: 47%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">Μεταβλητή</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Τύπος μεταβλητής</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Περιγραφή</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Full Name</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>Ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Επώνυμο / Όνομα / Όνομα πατέρα</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Party</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>Ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Κοινοβουλευτική όμάδα - Κόμμα που εκπροσωπεί</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Constituency</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>Ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Εκλογική περιφέρεια</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Term</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>Ποιοτική</em> <br> (διατάξιμη)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Περίοδος θητείας</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><code>gender</code></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<em>Ποιοτική</em> <br> (κατηγορική)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Εκτίμηση κοινωνικού φύλου με βάση το όνομα</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Αυτή η σύνοψη των δεδομένων είναι σημαντική, αλλά τις περισσότερες φορές είναι ωφέλιμη η προεπισκόπηση αυτών. Έτσι λοιπόν θα επιλέξω να εκτυπώσω και τις πρώτες γραμμές του συνόλου δεδομένων μου.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-preview-dataset" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-preview-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;2: Προεπισκόπηση συνόλου δεδομένων (πρώτες 10 σειρές)
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-preview-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="bvtvuvvlqq" style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;">
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<strong>Ονοματεπώνυμο</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">name</span>
</th>
<th id="party" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Κόμμα</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">party</span>
</th>
<th id="region" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Περιφέρεια</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">region</span>
</th>
<th id="period_name" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Εκλογική περίοδος</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">period_name</span>
</th>
<th id="dates" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Διάρκεια περιόδου</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">dates</span>
</th>
<th id="gender" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Εκτιμώμενο φύλο</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">gender</span>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Αγαπηδάκη Ειρήνη Στυλιανού</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">γυναίκα</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Σκυλακάκης Θεόδωρος Στεφάνου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">άνδρας</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Στυλιανίδης Χρήστος Μέλη</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">άνδρας</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Λυτρίβη Ιωάννα Δημητρίου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">γυναίκα</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Σταμάτης Γεώργιος Αναστασίου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">άνδρας</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Χατζηιωαννίδου Μαρία Νεφέλη Βασιλείου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">γυναίκα</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Πολύζου Μαρία Αθανασίου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">γυναίκα</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Ηλιόπουλος Όθων Σταύρου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΣΥΝΑΣΠΙΣΜΟΣ ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑΣ - ΠΡΟΟΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΜΑΧΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">άνδρας</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Ακρίτα Έλενα Λουκή</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΣΥΝΑΣΠΙΣΜΟΣ ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑΣ - ΠΡΟΟΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΜΑΧΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">γυναίκα</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Αποστολάκης Ευάγγελος Ευαγγέλου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="party">ΣΥΝΑΣΠΙΣΜΟΣ ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑΣ - ΠΡΟΟΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΜΑΧΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">άνδρας</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section></section><section id="τακτοποίηση-δεδομένων" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="τακτοποίηση-δεδομένων">Τακτοποίηση δεδομένων</h2>
<p>Αφού εισάγω τα δεδομένα καλό θα ήταν να γίνει κάποια βασική τακτοποίηση αυτών ή μία εκτεταμένη μορφή αυτής σε περίπτωση που διαπιστώσω ότι τα δεδομένα μου δεν έχουν οργανωμένη ή μία συνεπή δομή. Θα μελετήσουμε σταδιακά τη κάθε μεταβλητή, ξεκινώντας από τα ονόματα των κομμάτων (μεταβλητή <code>Party</code>). Αρχικά, ας συλλέξουμε όλα τις πιθανές τιμές, δηλαδή όλες τις κοινοβουλευτικές ομάδες στην ιστορία του κοινοβουλίου που δεν διαλύθηκαν προτού γίνουν νέες εκλογές. Τα ονόματα των κομμάτων είναι στα αγγλικά και οι εκτάσεις των ονομάτων εξαιρετικά μεγάλες, ενώ αναμιγνύονται τα ονόματα με τις συντμήσεις των ονομάτων τους.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/images/houses-of-parliament.png" class="img-fluid"> Η πρόσοψη του Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου που βρίσκεται στη πλατεία Συντάγματος. Η κατασκευή του κτιρίου ξεκίνησε το 1836 και ολοκληρώθηκε το 1843. Ο αρχικός σκοπός του κτιρίου να είναι ανάκτορο για τον βασιλιά Όθωνα για αυτό το λόγο το κτίριο είναι γνωστό και με το όνομα Παλαιά Ανάκτορα. Από το 1935 μέχρι και σήμερα χρησιμοποιείται ως έδρα του κοινοβουλίου. <br><strong>Πηγή φωτογραφίας:</strong> Pixabay, 2022 από το χρήστη <a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/houses-of-parliament-greece-athens-7402132/">Leonhard_Niederwimmer</a> - <strong>Άδεια χρήσης:</strong> <a href="https://pixabay.com/service/terms/">Pixabay Licence</a></p>
</div></div><div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb5" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>   <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κόμμα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/unique.html">unique</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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<span>   <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"Σύνολο χαρακτήρων"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_length.html">str_length</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/unique.html">unique</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">parliamentGR</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,check.names <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">`Σύνολο χαρακτήρων`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-preview_party_names_raw" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-preview_party_names_raw-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;3: Προεπισκόπηση ονομάτων κομμάτων Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-preview_party_names_raw-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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</style>
<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="aΚόμμα" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Κόμμα</th>
<th id="aΣύνολο-χαρακτήρων" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">Σύνολο χαρακτήρων</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κόμμα">ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΠΑΡΑΤΑΞΗ (ΠΑΝΕΛΛΗΝΙΟ ΣΟΣΙΑΛΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΚΙΝΗΜΑ - ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΚΗ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑ)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σύνολο χαρακτήρων">79</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κόμμα">ΣΥΝΑΣΠΙΣΜΟΣ ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑΣ - ΠΡΟΟΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΜΑΧΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σύνολο χαρακτήρων">59</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κόμμα">ΑΝΕΞΑΡΤΗΤΟΙ ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣ ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΠΑΤΡΙΩΤΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΜΑΧΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σύνολο χαρακτήρων">58</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κόμμα">ΑΝΕΞΑΡΤΗΤΟΙ ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣ - ΠΑΝΟΣ ΚΑΜΜΕΝΟΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σύνολο χαρακτήρων">36</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κόμμα">ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΛΥΣΗ - ΚΥΡΙΑΚΟΣ ΒΕΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σύνολο χαρακτήρων">35</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κόμμα">ΣΥΝΑΣΠΙΣΜΟΣ ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σύνολο χαρακτήρων">35</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Κόμμα">ΕΝΙΑΙΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΚΗ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑ- Ε.Δ.Α.</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Σύνολο χαρακτήρων">35</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Σαν να μην έφτανε αυτό παρατηρώ ότι υπάρχουν πολλαπλές καταχωρήσεις για το ίδιο κόμμα που ενδεχομένως κατά τη πάροδο των ετών έκανε ένα μικρό rebranding (Ανεξάρτητοι Έλληνες) ή ακόμα και πιο μεγάλες αλλαγές που κατά βάση αναφέρονται και είναι πρόγονοι ή απόγονοι ως επί το πλείστον του ίδιου κόμματος (Συνασπισμός -&gt; ΣΥΡΙΖΑ ή ΠΑΣΟΚ -&gt; Ελιά -&gt; Δημοκρατική Συμπαράταξη -&gt; Κίνημα Αλλαγής -&gt; ΠΑΣΟΚ). Μιας και αυτές οι αλλαγές δεν μπορούν να κατανοηθούν εύκολα, κρίνεται απαραίτητη η δημιουργία ενός νέου πίνακα ώστε να ομαδοποιήσω αυτή τη πληροφορία και να την συγχωνεύσω στο βασικό μου σύνολο δεδομένων.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parties</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  sourceNamesEL <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/unique.html">unique</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parliamentGR</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  fullNamesEn <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"New Democracy"</span>,<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Coalition of the Radical Left"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Panhellenic Socialistic Movement"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Communist Party of Greece"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Independent"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Greek Solution"</span>, </span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Coalition of the Radical Left"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Panhellenic Socialistic Movement"</span>, </span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"European Realistic Disobedience Front"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Golden Dawn"</span>, </span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Panhellenic Socialistic Movement"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"The River"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Popular Unity"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Independent Greeks"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Panhellenic Socialistic Movement"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Independent Greeks"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Democratic Left"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Independent Democratic MPs"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Popular Orthodox Rally"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Coalition of the Radical Left"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Democratic Social Movement"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Political Spring"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Alternative Ecologists"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Democratic Renewal"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Communist Party οf Greece (interior)"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Union of the Democratic Centre"</span>,<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"National Alignment"</span>, </span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Progress and Left Forces Alliance"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Party of New Liberals"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"United Democratic Left"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  fullNamesEl <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Νέα Δημοκρατία"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ανεξάρτητοι"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ελληνική Λύση"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μέτωπο Ευρωπαϊκής Ρεαλιστικής Ανυπακοής"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Χρυσή Αυγή"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Το Ποτάμι"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Λαϊκή Ενότητα"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ανεξάρτητοι Έλληνες"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα"</span>,</span>
<span>                        <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ανεξάρτητοι Έλληνες"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δημοκρατική Αριστερά"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ανεξάρτητοι Δημοκρατικοί Βουλευτές"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δημοκρατικό Κοινωνικό Κίνημα"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πολιτική Άνοιξη"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εναλλακτικοί Οικολόγοι"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δημοκρατική Ανανέωση"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας Εσωτερικού"</span>, </span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ένωση Δημοκρατικού Κέντρου"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εθνική Παράταξη"</span>, </span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συμμαχία Προοδευτικών και Αριστερών Δυνάμεων"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κόμμα Νεοφιλελευθέρων"</span>, </span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Αριστερά"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>  abbrNamesEn <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ND"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"SYRIZA"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"PASOK"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"KKE"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Independent"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Lysi"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"SYRIZA"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"PASOK"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"MeRA25"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"GD"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"PASOK"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"River"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"LaE"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ANEL"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"PASOK"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ANEL"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"DIMAR"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ADP"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"LAOS"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"SYRIZA"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"DIKKI"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"POLAN"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"AE"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"DIANA"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"KKE int."</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"EDIK"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"EP"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"SPAD"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"KNF"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"EDA"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    abbrNamesEl <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΝΔ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΣΥΡΙΖΑ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠΑΣΟΚ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΚΚΕ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ανεξάρτητοι"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Λύση"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΣΥΡΙΖΑ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠΑΣΟΚ"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΜέΡΑ25"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΧΑ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠΑΣΟΚ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠΟΤΑΜΙ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΛΑΕ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΑΝΕΛ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠΑΣΟΚ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΑΝΕΛ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΔΗΜΑΡ"</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΑΔΠ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΛΑΟΣ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΣΥΡΙΖΑ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΔΗΚΚΙ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠΟΛΑΝ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΑΕ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΔΗΑΝΑ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΚΚΕ εσ."</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΕΔΗΚ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΕΠ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΣΠΑΔ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΚΝΦ"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΕΔΑ"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/case_when.html">case_when</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"PASOK"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#95bb72"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ND"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#0492c2"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"KKE"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF6666"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"SYRIZA"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e27bb1"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"KKE int."</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF3366"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"INDEPENDENT"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#ffffff"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"DIANA"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"orange"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"DHMAR"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF4466"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"RIVER"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#5592aa"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#808080"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parties</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-organize-party-names" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-organize-party-names-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;4: Οργάνωση ονομάτων κομμάτων και συντμήσεών τους
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-organize-party-names-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<table class="gt_table do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 16%">
<col style="width: 16%">
<col style="width: 16%">
<col style="width: 16%">
<col style="width: 16%">
<col style="width: 16%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="gt_col_headings header">
<th id="sourceNamesEL" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Όνομα κόμματος (αρχικό)</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">sourceNamesEL</span>
</th>
<th id="fullNamesEn" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Όνομα κόμματος (αγγλ. πλήρες)</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">fullNamesEn</span>
</th>
<th id="fullNamesEl" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Όνομα κόμματος (ελλ. πλήρες)</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">fullNamesEl</span>
</th>
<th id="abbrNamesEn" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Συντομογραφία (ελλ.)</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">abbrNamesEn</span>
</th>
<th id="abbrNamesEl" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Συντομογραφία (αγγλ.)</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">abbrNamesEl</span>
</th>
<th id="Color" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" style="vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal" scope="col">
<strong>Χρώμα</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">Color</span>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">New Democracy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Νέα Δημοκρατία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">ND</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">ΝΔ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#0492c2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΣΥΝΑΣΠΙΣΜΟΣ ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑΣ - ΠΡΟΟΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΜΑΧΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">Coalition of the Radical Left</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">SYRIZA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">ΣΥΡΙΖΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#e27bb1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΠΑΣΟΚ-ΚΙΝΗΜΑ ΑΛΛΑΓΗΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">Panhellenic Socialistic Movement</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">PASOK</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">ΠΑΣΟΚ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#95bb72</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΚΟΜΜΟΥΝΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΚΟΜΜΑ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">Communist Party of Greece</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">KKE</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">ΚΚΕ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#FF6666</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΑΝΕΞΑΡΤΗΤΟΙ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">Independent</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Ανεξάρτητοι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">Independent</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">Ανεξάρτητοι</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#808080</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Πλέον είμαι σε θέση να χρησιμοποιήσω την ελληνική ή την αγγλική έκδοση των ονομάτων των κομμάτων, ενώ σε περίπτωση δημιουργίας ενός γραφήματος έχω αντιστοιχίσει την πιο κοινά αποδεκτή συντομογραφία τους. Τέλος, ο διαχωρισμός του πλήρους ονόματος και μιας συντομογραφίας είναι αρκετά σημαντική για τη δημιουργία γραφημάτων μιας και συνήθως ο διαθέσιμος χώρος είναι περιορισμένος και δίνουμε στον αναγνώστη τη πληροφορία που χρειάζεται δίχως να κουράζουμε, βελτιώνοντας την αναγνωσιμότητα και τη κατανόηση του. Όπως είδαμε και παραπάνω υπάρχουν ονόματα - σιδηρόδρομοι, όπως των Ανεξαρτήτων Ελλήνων, όπου αριθμεί 81 χαρακτήρες και της Δημοκρατικής Συμπαράταξης (στην ουσία ΠΑΣΟΚ, σε συνεργασία με μικρά κόμματα όπως η ΔΗΜΑΡ, ΚΙΔΗΣΟ κ.α.) με 70. Σε αντιπαραβολή αυτών των ονομάτων και για λόγους πληρότητας το ΠΟΛ.Α. ήταν το όνομα με τους λιγότερους χαρακτήρες (6) και αναφέρεται στο κόμμα Πολιτική Άνοιξη. Πριν κλείσω τη συγκεκριμένη ενότητα θα ήθελα να κάνω αναφορά στη τελευταία στήλη του πίνακα. Με τόσα κόμματα είναι εμφανές ότι θα χρειαστεί να θέσω χρώματα κατάλληλα για το καθένα, αλλά το πλήθος τους ίσως προκαλέσει σύγχυση σε ποιο αναφέρομαι. Έκρινα λοιπόν απαραίτητη αυτή τη προσθήκη με βάση τα χρώματα στο έμβλημα του κάθε κόμματος να επιλέξω το πιο αντιπροσωπευτικό, τουλάχιστον για τα πιο γνωστά.</p>
<p>Κάπου εδώ έκλεισε η ενότητα των κομμάτων και ανοίγει μία τελευταία πρόκληση. Αυτή των ονομάτων των βουλευτών. Στη προεπισκόπηση των δεδομένων τα ονόματα δίνονται με σχετικά συνεπή δομή. Συνήθως αποτελούνται από <code>Επώνυμο</code> <code>Όνομα</code> <code>Πατρώνυμο</code>. Βέβαια πολλές φορές υπάρχουν βουλευτές που έχουν δύο ονόματα ή δύο επίθετα. Σε αυτές τις περιπτώσεις διαχωρίζονται τα διπλά επώνυμα ή ονόματα με μία παύλα.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>Θα αναρωτηθεί κάποιος και το πρόβλημα που είναι; Αφού είναι απλά μία μεταβλητή με τα ονόματά τους.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ναι! Αλλά μπορούμε να κάνουμε καλύτερη δουλειά επειδή σε αυτή τη μεταβλητή εσωκλείεται περισσότερη πληροφορία. Με λίγη προσπάθεια από μέρους μας μπορούμε να χωρίσουμε το όνομα σε άλλες τρεις μεταβλητές, όπου θα δηλώνουν το επίθετο του βουλευτή, το όνομά του και το πατρώνυμό του ξεχωριστά. Αυτό ενδέχεται να μας φανεί χρήσιμο σε τυχόν διαγράμματα όπου θα μπορούμε να αναφερόμαστε αποκλειστικά στο επίθετο και στο αρχικό του ονόματός του, αντί στο πλήρες όνομά του συμπεριλαμβανομένου και του πατρώνυμου.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">"^([^-\\s]+)(?:\\s*-\\s*([^-\\s]+))?\\s+([^-\\s]+)(?:\\s*-\\s*([^-\\s]+))?(?:\\s+([^-\\s]+(?:\\s*(?:-|\\s)\\s*[^-\\s]+)*))?$"</span></span>
<span></span>
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/if_else.html">if_else</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ληναίος - Μητυλιναίος"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Διονύσιος"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name1</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    surname1 <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/if_else.html">if_else</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κουίκ Τέρενς"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κουίκ"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">surname1</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    name1 <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/if_else.html">if_else</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κουίκ Τέρενς"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Τέρενς"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name1</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    surname1 <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/if_else.html">if_else</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μπαλτάς Αριστείδης"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μπαλτάς"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">surname1</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    name1 <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/if_else.html">if_else</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_detect.html">str_detect</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Μπαλτάς Αριστείδης"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριστείδης"</span>,</span>
<span>      <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name1</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/rename.html">rename</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>sourceNamesEL <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mps_clean_names</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mps_clean_names</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_name</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/reference/fct_recode.html">fct_recode</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"1"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Α'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Β'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"3"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Γ'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"4"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Δ'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ε'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"7"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ζ'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"8"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Η'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"9"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Θ΄"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ι'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"11"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΙΑ'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΙΒ'"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"13"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΙΓ΄"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"14"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΙΔ΄"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"15"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΙΕ΄"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"17"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΙΖ΄"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"18"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΙΗ΄"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"19"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΙΘ΄"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"16"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΙΣΤ΄"</span>,</span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"6"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΣΤ'"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/character.html">as.character</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/numeric.html">as.numeric</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mps_clean_names</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate-joins.html">left_join</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">parties</span>, by <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"sourceNamesEL"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/relocate.html">relocate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fullNamesEl</span>, .after <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sourceNamesEL</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/relocate.html">relocate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span>, .after <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fullNamesEl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/relocate.html">relocate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fullNamesEn</span>, .after <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/relocate.html">relocate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEn</span>, .after <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fullNamesEn</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/relocate.html">relocate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span>, .after <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_name</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gt_custom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="tbl-clean-dataset" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-clean-dataset-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;5: Επεξεργασμένο - τακτοποιημένο σύνολο δεδομένων
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<strong>Εκτιμώμενο φύλο</strong><br><span style="font-size:10px; color:#777; font-style:italic;">gender</span>
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<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Αγαπηδάκη Ειρήνη Στυλιανού</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname1">Αγαπηδάκη</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name1">Ειρήνη</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="father_name">Στυλιανού</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Νέα Δημοκρατία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">ΝΔ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">New Democracy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">ND</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_num">19</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">γυναίκα</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#0492c2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Σκυλακάκης Θεόδωρος Στεφάνου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname1">Σκυλακάκης</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name1">Θεόδωρος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="father_name">Στεφάνου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Νέα Δημοκρατία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">ΝΔ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">New Democracy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">ND</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_num">19</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">άνδρας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#0492c2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Στυλιανίδης Χρήστος Μέλη</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname1">Στυλιανίδης</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name1">Χρήστος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="father_name">Μέλη</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Νέα Δημοκρατία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">ΝΔ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">New Democracy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">ND</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_num">19</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">άνδρας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#0492c2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Λυτρίβη Ιωάννα Δημητρίου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname1">Λυτρίβη</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name1">Ιωάννα</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="father_name">Δημητρίου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Νέα Δημοκρατία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">ΝΔ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">New Democracy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">ND</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_num">19</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">γυναίκα</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#0492c2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name">Σταμάτης Γεώργιος Αναστασίου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname1">Σταμάτης</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="surname2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name1">Γεώργιος</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="name2"></td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="father_name">Αναστασίου</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="sourceNamesEL">ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEl">Νέα Δημοκρατία</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEl">ΝΔ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="fullNamesEn">New Democracy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="abbrNamesEn">ND</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="region">ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_name">ΙΘ΄</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="period_num">19</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="dates">(28/05/2023 - 29/05/2023)</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="gender">άνδρας</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Color">#0492c2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="αριθμός-κομμάτων" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="αριθμός-κομμάτων">Αριθμός κομμάτων</h2>
<p>Έχοντας τακτοποιήσει τις πληροφορίες μου, θα ξεκινήσω την ανάλυσή μου με μία ιστορική αναδρομή στον αριθμό των κομμάτων που έχουν εκπροσωπήσει το Ελληνικό κοινοβούλιο και έχουν ολοκληρώσει τη θητεία τους ως κοινοβουλευτική ομάδα. Από τη πτώση της χούντας τα κόμματα που εκπροσωπούσαν το κοινοβούλιο ήταν αρκετά λίγα, και είναι τα πλέον ιστορικά, το ΚΚΕ, η Νέα Δημοκρατία και το ΠΑΣΟΚ. Έτσι λοιπόν η Βουλή του 1981, εκπροσωπούνταν μόλις από τρία κόμματα.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb8" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot_parliament</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-parl-term-3" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-parl-term-3-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-1a59ee8af71abb41a2d8" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-parl-term-3-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;1: Σύνθεση Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου Γ’ περιόδου (1981 - 1985)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/images/papandreou.webp" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>Ο Ανδρέας Γ. Παπανδρέου (Χίος, 1919-1996) ήταν Έλληνας πολιτικός, ιδρυτής και αρχηγός του ΠΑ.ΣΟ.Κ (Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα). Διετέλεσε πρωθυπουργός της χώρας από το 1981 μέχρι και το 1989 καθώς και από τον Οκτωβριο του 1993 μέχρι τον Ιανουάριο του 1996. Κατά τη διακυβέρνησή του έκανε σημαντικές μεταρρυθμίσεις κοινωνικού χαρακτήρα όπως η κατάργηση του θεσμού της προίκας, καθιέρωση του πολιτικού γάμου, διεύρυνση δικαιώματος ψήφου μειώνοντας το ηλικιακό όριο από τα 21 στα 18 έτη. Μία σημαντική συνεισφορά είναι η ίδρυση του Εθνικού Συστήματος Υγείας (ΕΣΥ). Έχει δεχτεί κριτική για την τεράστια αύξηση των δημοσίων δαπανών, της αύξησης του χρέους της χώρας, την αύξηση των δημοσίων υπαλλήλων που συνοδεύτηκαν από αδιαφανείς διαδικασίες επιλογής. <br><strong>Πηγή φωτογραφίας: </strong>Wikimedia - Φωτογραφία του 1981 - Άδεια χρήσης: Public Domain. Η πρωτότυπη εικόνα βρέθηκε στο <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1981_Press_Photo_Andreas_Papandreou_(3x4_cropped).png">Europeana</a>.</p>
</div></div><p>Η ωρίμανση των συνθηκών της Μεταπολίτευσης έδωσε τη δυνατότητα σε εκφραστούν και άλλες απόψεις οι οποίες μετουσιώθηκαν σε νέα κόμματα. Μετά τη θητεία του ’81-’85, στη Βουλή αρχίζουν να εμφανίζονται νέες δυνάμεις με μικρά ποσοστά. Πιο σημαντική σε αριθμό εδρών είναι αυτή του Συνασπισμού (Σύριζα), όπου είχε και μακρά παρουσία στη Βουλή, ωστόσο αρκετά μικρή και επισφαλή εκπροσώπηση.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb9" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot_parliament</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-parl-term-5" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-parl-term-5-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-d97eae877ba07be37c4b" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-d97eae877ba07be37c4b">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"item"},"title":{"text":"Σύνθεση Βουλής – Περίοδος 5"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Σύνολο εδρών: 300"},"caption":{"text":"Πηγή: Βουλή των Ελλήνων","align":"center","verticalAlign":"bottom","y":10},"legend":{"labelFormat":"{name} <span style='opacity: 0.4'>{y}<\/span>"},"series":[{"name":"Έδρες","data":[["Νέα Δημοκρατία",145,"#0492c2","ΝΔ"],["Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα",125,"#95bb72","ΠΑΣΟΚ"],["Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς",28,"#e27bb1","ΣΥΡΙΖΑ"],["Ανεξάρτητοι",1,"#808080","Ανεξάρτητοι"],["Δημοκρατική Ανανέωση",1,"orange","ΔΗΑΝΑ"]],"keys":["name","y","color","label"],"dataLabels":{"enabled":true,"format":"{point.label}","style":{"textOutline":"5px contrast"}},"center":["50%","88%"],"size":"170%","startAngle":-100,"endAngle":100}],"responsive":{"rules":[{"condition":{"maxWidth":768},"chartOptions":{"series":{"dataLabels":{"distance":-30,"style":{"fontSize":"12px","textOutline":"1px contrast"}},"center":["50%","75%"],"size":"130%"}}},{"condition":{"maxWidth":600},"chartOptions":{"series":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":false},"center":["50%","75%"],"size":"130%"}}},{"condition":{"maxWidth":400},"chartOptions":{"series":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":false},"center":["50%","80%"],"size":"110%"}}}]}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-parl-term-5-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;2: Σύνθεση Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου Ε’ περιόδου (Ιούνιος, 1989 - Οκτ. 1989)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Γενικότερα, η Βουλή από τη περίοδο του ’85 μέχρι και την τελευταία Βουλή πριν την οικονομική κρίση στη χώρα μας, είχε μία σταθερότητα ως προς τον αριθμό των κομμάτων στη Βουλή. Μπορούμε αυτές τις περιόδους να τις χωρίσουμε σε τρία στάδια. Το πρώτο στάδιο είναι τα πρώτα χρόνια της Μεταπολίτευσης, όπου η εκπροσώπηση περιορίζεται σε τρία κόμματα. Στο επόμενο στάδιο, από το 1985 - 2009, έχουμε εκπροσώπους από 4 με 5 κοινοβουλευτικές ομάδες και μία χαρακτηριστική σταθερότητα ως προς αυτό το εύρος το σχετικό διάστημα (25ετία). Τέλος, με το ξέσπασμα της κρίσης παρατηρώ μία αυξημένη ένταση των κοινοβουλευτικών ομάδων</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb10" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot_parliament</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">13</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-parl-term-13" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-parl-term-13-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-b4d278a0274074e376a7" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-parl-term-13-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;3: Σύνθεση Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου Ε’ περιόδου (2009 - 2012)
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</div>
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<p>Ενώ η όλη αποσταθεροποίηση τεκμαίρεται και από τη σύνθεση της Βουλής της 15ης περιόδου, όπου ο αριθμός των κοινοβουλευτικών ομάδων έφτασε στο υψηλότερο επίπεδο της Μεταπολίτευσης.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb11" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot_parliament</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">15</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-8e07b4a4b6853b0613a7" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-warning callout-titled">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
Προειδοποίηση
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>Στο παρακάτω διάγραμμα υπάρχουν αρκετοί ανεξάρτητοι βουλευτές οι οποίοι ανήκουν στις κατηγορίες των ανεξάρτητων βουλευτών, σύμφωνα με την ιστοσελίδα του Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου. Γενικότερα εκείνη η περίοδος χαρακτηρίζεται από έντονη κυβερνητική αστάθεια, αλλά πολλοί από αυτούς προέκυψαν από τα κόμματα των Ανεξαρτήτων Ελλήνων και της Ένωσης Κεντρωών. Ένα μεγάλο κύμα αποχωρήσεων - ανεξαρτητοποιήσεων από τα προαναφερόμενα κόμματα οδήγησε στο να μην πληρούν τα κριτήρια ώστε να αποτελούν κοινοβουλευτικές ομάδες. Αυτός είναι ο λόγος που ακόμα και βουλευτές που δεν αποχώρησαν από αυτά τα κόμματα λόγω της διάλυσης της κοινοβουλευτικής ομάδας χαρακτηρίζονται ως ανεξάρτητοι.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>και τελικά τη πλήρη ανατροπή του πολιτικού σκηνικού, με ένα κόμμα που πάλευε να μπει στη Βουλή, να είναι αυτό που τελικά κατέλαβε τις περισσότερες θέσεις.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb12" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot_parliament</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">17</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-9b3b8ce60b9c58e0e39f" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-9b3b8ce60b9c58e0e39f">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"item"},"title":{"text":"Σύνθεση Βουλής – Περίοδος 17"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"}},"subtitle":{"text":"Σύνολο εδρών: 300"},"caption":{"text":"Πηγή: Βουλή των Ελλήνων","align":"center","verticalAlign":"bottom","y":10},"legend":{"labelFormat":"{name} <span style='opacity: 0.4'>{y}<\/span>"},"series":[{"name":"Έδρες","data":[["Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς",144,"#e27bb1","ΣΥΡΙΖΑ"],["Νέα Δημοκρατία",77,"#0492c2","ΝΔ"],["Ανεξάρτητοι",24,"#808080","Ανεξάρτητοι"],["Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα",19,"#95bb72","ΠΑΣΟΚ"],["Χρυσή Αυγή",16,"#808080","ΧΑ"],["Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας",15,"#FF6666","ΚΚΕ"],["Το Ποτάμι",5,"#808080","ΠΟΤΑΜΙ"]],"keys":["name","y","color","label"],"dataLabels":{"enabled":true,"format":"{point.label}","style":{"textOutline":"5px contrast"}},"center":["50%","88%"],"size":"170%","startAngle":-100,"endAngle":100}],"responsive":{"rules":[{"condition":{"maxWidth":768},"chartOptions":{"series":{"dataLabels":{"distance":-30,"style":{"fontSize":"12px","textOutline":"1px contrast"}},"center":["50%","75%"],"size":"130%"}}},{"condition":{"maxWidth":600},"chartOptions":{"series":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":false},"center":["50%","75%"],"size":"130%"}}},{"condition":{"maxWidth":400},"chartOptions":{"series":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":false},"center":["50%","80%"],"size":"110%"}}}]}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
<p>Όλα αυτά συνοψίζονται με έναν απλό τρόπο στη παρακάτω χρονοσειρά, όπου μετράει τον αριθμό των διάφορων κοινοβουλευτικών ομάδων ανά κοινοβουλευτική περίοδο. Εδώ φαίνεται πολύ πιο ξεκάθαρα και όλα τα στάδια που περιγράψαμε προηγουμένως, της πρώιμης εκπροσωπούσης, της σταθερότητας και της απότομης αύξησης των ομάδων - διάσπασης των δυνάμεων.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb13" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Summarize the number of distinct parties per period</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">r</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/distinct.html">distinct</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_name</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dates</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/count.html">count</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_name</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dates</span>, name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"n"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Each point will carry: period_name (x), n (y), dates (for tooltip)</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">series_data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/lapply.html">lapply</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/nrow.html">nrow</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">r</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">r</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_name</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># used on x-axis</span></span>
<span>        y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">r</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,               <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># value</span></span>
<span>        dates <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">r</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dates</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>        <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># for tooltip</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"spline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός Κοινοβουλευτικών Ομάδων ανά Κοινοβουλευτική Περίοδο"</span>,</span>
<span>    style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ελληνικό Κοινοβούλιο – Μεταπολιτευτική περίοδος"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κοινοβουλευτικές Ομάδες"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">series_data</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># same series_data list as before</span></span>
<span>    color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1F3A93"</span>,  </span>
<span>    lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2.5</span>,</span>
<span>    marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>radius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span>, symbol <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"circle"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"category"</span>,</span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κοινοβουλευτική Περίοδος"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>rotation <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός Ομάδων"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    allowDecimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,</span>
<span>    gridLineColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#E6E6E6"</span>,</span>
<span>    gridLineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>    backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"white"</span>,</span>
<span>    borderColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#CCCCCC"</span>,</span>
<span>    formatter <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/htmlwidgets/man/JS.html">JS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"function() {</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">         return '&lt;b&gt;Περίοδος:&lt;/b&gt; ' + this.point.name + '&lt;br/&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">                '&lt;b&gt;Διάρκεια:&lt;/b&gt; ' + this.point.dates + '&lt;br/&gt;' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">                '&lt;b&gt;Ομάδες:&lt;/b&gt; ' + this.point.y;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">       }"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Remove data labels by disabling them</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    series <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      states <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>hover <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>lineWidthPlus <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_credits.html">hc_credits</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hc</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-num-of-parl-parties" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-num-of-parl-parties-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-b27cc70b2e44faca36eb" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-num-of-parl-parties-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;4: Αριθμός κοινοβουλευτικών ομάδων και ανεξάρτητων ανά κοινοβουλευτική θητεία
</figcaption></figure>
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Σημείωση
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<p>Λάβετε υπόψη σας ότι μέχρι αυτή τη στιγμή δεν έχω καταφέρει να θέσω - αλλάξω τη θέση των κομμάτων στα διαγράμματα του κοινοβουλίου. Αυτό θα ήταν χρήσιμο για να δηλώνεται εκτός από τον αριθμό των βουλευτών και η ευρύτερη πολιτική θέση ενός κόμματος. Συνεπώς, τα παρακάτω διαγράμματα της Βουλής, πρέπει να διαβαστούν μόνο ως προς το αριθμό βουλευτών και όχι ταυτόχρονη πολιτική θέση.</p>
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</section><section id="εκλεξιμότητα" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εκλεξιμότητα">Εκλεξιμότητα</h2>
<p>Το πόσοι βγήκαν και τα αποτελέσματα των εκλογών ήταν λίγο-πολύ γνωστά, απλώς έχει πάντα ενδιαφέρον να δοκιμάζεις τις γνώσεις σου και με την R. Όμως θα ήθελα να ξεκινήσω να απαντήσω σε ποιο ουσιαστικά ερωτήματα. Μία βασική κριτική στο πολιτικό σύστημα είναι ότι βγαίνουν συνεχώς οι ίδιοι. Βέβαια αυτή η κριτική δεν μπορεί να έχει ως αποδέκτες μόνο τους πολιτικούς, αλλά και μερίδα πολιτών που αποφασίζει να στηρίξει τους ίδιους. Δεν μπορείς να περιμένεις να δεις μία αλλαγή στο πολιτικό σύστημα αν αποφασίζεις την εξουσία μεταξύ δύο τριών κομμάτων, πόσο δε μάλλον όταν επιμένεις και στους ίδιους εκπροσώπους. Τελικά τι συνέβη στην Ελλάδα; Οι βουλευτές μας αλλάζουν ανά τακτά χρονικά διαστήματα ή εκλέγονται συνεχώς οι ίδιοι; Σε αυτή την ενότητα θα βρω ποιοι είναι οι βουλευτές που έχουν εκλεχτεί περισσότερες φορές.</p>
<p>Ο υπολογισμός μου απαιτεί τη γνώση της συχνότητας εκλογής ενώ ταυτόχρονα</p>
<div class="cell">
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">u</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                    affiliate <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">u</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">u</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>                <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">"#FFFFFF"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        bar <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            borderRadius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>,</span>
<span>            pointPadding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">0.1</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        headerFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">""</span>,</span>
<span>        pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;{point.category}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">                  Κόμμα: &lt;b&gt;{point.affiliate}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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font-style: inherit;">                  Εκλέχτηκε: &lt;b&gt;{point.y}&lt;/b&gt; φορές"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Colors represent different affiliations"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#666666"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
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</details><div id="fig-most-elected-mps" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-most-elected-mps-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-most-elected-mps-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;5: Βουλευτές που έχουν εκλεγεί περισσότερες φορές εκπροσωπόντας συγκεκριμένο κόμμα
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>Έτσι λοιπόν, φιλτράροντας τους βουλευτές με 11 εκπροσωπήσεις ή παραπάνω προκύπτει ότι σε αυτή την ομάδα ανήκουν 8 βουλευτές. Όλοι τους ανήκουν στα δύο μεγάλα κόμματα της Ελλάδας, τη Νέα Δημοκρατία και το ΠΑΣΟΚ, με τον κ. Κακλαμάνη και κ. Παπανδρέου να είναι οι βουλευτές που έχουν εκπροσωπήσει πιο πολλές φορές το ΠΑΣΟΚ, και . Για να βρούμε βουλευτές άλλων κομμάτων θα πρέπει να χαλαρώσουμε αρκετά τον δείκτη φορών εκλογής, στις 9 ή 10 εκπροσωπήσεις, αφού η κ. Παραρήγα έχει εκλεγεί 10 φορές με το ΚΚΕ και ο κ. Δραγασάκης 9 φορές με τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ.</p>
</section><section id="εκλεξιμότητα-κόμματος" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εκλεξιμότητα-κόμματος">Εκλεξιμότητα κόμματος</h2>
<p>Μέχρι στιγμής είδαμε τα μέλη του κοινοβουλίου, από το 1981 μέχρι και το 2019 που έχουν εκλεχτεί περισσότερες φορές με βάση το κόμμα που εκπροσωπούν. Θα ήταν ιδιαιτέρως χρήσιμο να μελετήσουμε όχι απλώς τη δημοφιλία ως προς τη βουλή, αλλά η μέτρηση του ίδιου χαρακτηριστικού και σε κάθε κόμμα. Βέβαια αυτή η μέτρηση έχει κάποιους περιορισμούς μιας και υπάρχουν κόμματα τα οποία έχουν αρκετά μικρή εκπροσώπηση στη Βουλή είτε δεν μακροημέρευσε και δεν είχε αρκετές θητείες εντός Βουλής. Για αυτό το λόγο θα αναλυθούν μόνο τα πιο ιστορικά κόμματα του κοινοβουλίου, δηλαδή το ΚΚΕ, η ΝΔ, το ΠΑΣΟΚ και ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ.</p>
<p>Επίσης, όσον αφορά το κομμάτι της υλοποίησης του σχετικού γραφήματος η χρήση συναρτήσεων είναι ενδεδειγμένη. Θα έχω ίδιο τύπο γραφήματος και απλώς θα πρέπει να φιλτράρω το σύνολό μου (ανά κόμμα), και στη συνέχεια να στοιχίσω τις τιμές μου σε φθίνουσα σειρά ανά φορές εκλογής για κάθε βουλευτή. Δηλαδή το μόνο που θα αλλάξει θα είναι το κόμμα. Έτσι θα αποφύγω την επανάληψη του κώδικά μου που είναι μία από τις βασικές αρχές του προγραμματισμού. Στην συγκεκριμένη συνάρτηση θα θέσω 3 μεταβλητές:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>Party</code> : Ποιο κόμμα πρέπει να ελέγξω</li>
<li>
<code>color</code> : Το χρώμα, έτσι ώστε να συμπίπτει το χρώμα των ράβδων με το κόμμα το οποίο εκπροσωπούν</li>
<li>
<code>times_elected_min</code> : Μία μεταβλητή που έθεσα αργότερα. Το πρόβλημα που προέκυψε με την αρχική συνάρτηση είναι ότι υπήρχαν σημαντικές διαφορές στον αριθμό των εκπροσώπων που εκλέγει ένα κόμμα με μακρά ιστορία και σημαντικά ποσοστά ψήφων σε σχέση με κόμματα χαμηλότερης διάρκειας ή προτίμησης. Αν θέσω έναν γενικό αριθμό and some others just 10. If I set a universal number of elections to visualize I will have diagrams with many problems. Let’s suppose that I set a big value (e.g., 10). Then I would visualize my data for <em>ND</em> and <em>PASOK</em>, although parties with relatively low number of MPs would have only one or noone to show (<em>KKE</em> &amp; <em>SYRIZA</em>, respectively). On the other hand if I set a low value I create a new problem as there will be many MPs of and it creates the need to edit many more things (like width of bars). An argument like <code>times_elected_min</code> can adapt the specific characteristics of each party.</li>
</ul>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb15" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># party_plot &lt;- function(party, party_color, times_elected_min){</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   party_df = parliament %&gt;% filter(Party == party) %&gt;%</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   select(FullName) %&gt;% table() %&gt;% sort(decreasing = TRUE) %&gt;% as.data.frame() %&gt;% filter(Freq &gt;= times_elected_min) %&gt;% `colnames&lt;-`(c("Full_Name", "Freq"))</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   </span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># ggplot(data = party_df, aes(x = reorder(Full_Name , Freq), y = Freq))+</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   geom_bar(stat = "identity",width = 0.88, fill = party_color) +</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   geom_text(aes(label=Freq), hjust = 1.5, vjust=0.5, color="white", size=4)+</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   theme_minimal() +</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#    labs(title = "Most elected MPs",</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#        subtitle = "",</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#        caption = "Source: stesiam | stesiam.github.io, 2022",</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#        x = "Times elected",</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#        y = "Members of Parliament") +</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#   coord_flip()</span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># }</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb16" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_plot</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dataset</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">times_elected_min</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span>,</span>
<span>                       <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_color</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#1F3A93"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Filter and summarize data</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_df</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>        <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># filter by party</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/count.html">count</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span>,<span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">surname1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>                     <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># count times elected</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>                               <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># descending order</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html">drop_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">times_elected_min</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span>     <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># filter by min times elected</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fullname <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">surname1</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" "</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/separate.html">separate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fullname</span>, into <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"lastNameGR"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"firstNameGR"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, sep <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" "</span>, extra <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"merge"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            fullNameGR <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lastNameGR</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" "</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">firstNameGR</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            lastNameAndInitialGR <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lastNameGR</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">" "</span>, <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_sub.html">str_sub</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">firstNameGR</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Create highcharter plot</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hc</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bar"</span>, inverted <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        </span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">title_text</span>,</span>
<span>            style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span>, fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"16px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        </span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">subtitle_text</span>,</span>
<span>            style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#555555"</span>, fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        </span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_df</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lastNameAndInitialGR</span>,</span>
<span>            title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"11px"</span>, whiteSpace <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"nowrap"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>                useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        </span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"(#) Φορές εκλέχτηκε"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            allowDecimals <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span>,</span>
<span>            gridLineColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#E6E6E6"</span>,</span>
<span>            gridLineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        </span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Times elected"</span>,</span>
<span>            data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_df</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span>,</span>
<span>            color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_color</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        </span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            bar <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># hide numbers on bars</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        </span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>            headerFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">""</span>,</span>
<span>            pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;{point.category}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br/&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>                <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κόμμα: &lt;b&gt;"</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br/&gt;"</span>,</span>
<span>                <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Εκλέχτηκε: &lt;b&gt;{point.y}&lt;/b&gt; φορές"</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        </span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_credits.html">hc_credits</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/function.html">return</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">hc</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<p>Τα αποτελέσματα παρουσιάζονται με αλφαβητική σειρά με βάση το όνομα του εκάστοτε κόμματος.</p>
<section id="κκε" class="level3 page-columns page-full"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="κκε">ΚΚΕ</h3>
<p>Το Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας ιδρύθηκε τον Νοέμβριο του 1918 ως Σοσιαλεργατικό Κίνημα Ελλάδας (ΣΕΚΕ), στον απόηχο της Οκτωβριανής Επανάστασης. Το 1920 εντάχθηκε στη Κομμουνιστική Διεθνή (Communist International - ComIntern) και το 1924 μετονομάστηκε σε Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας (ΚΚΕ). Με την δικτατορία του Ιωάννη Μεταξά, το ΚΚΕ τέθηκε εκτός νόμου και πολλά μέλη του φυλακίστηκαν ή εξορίστηκαν. Κατά την γερμανική κατοχή (1941-1944) το ΚΚΕ συμμετείχε στην αντίσταση ιδρύοντας το Εθνικό Απελευθερωτικό Μέτωπο (ΕΑΜ) και τον στρατιωτικό του βραχίονα, τον ΕΛΑΣ (Εθνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός). Μετά την απελευθέρωση υπήρξε σημαντική διαμάχη η οποία κορυφώθηκε με τον εμφύλιο (1946-1949). Ο Δημοκρατικός Στρατός Ελλάδας (ΔΣΕ) υπό κομμουνιστική ηγεσία ηττήθηκε το 1949. Το ΚΚΕ για πολλά χρόνια ήταν ένα κόμμα «εκτός νόμου» μέχρι και το 1974, όπου νομιμοποιήθηκε από τον Κωνσταντίνο Καραμανλή. Μέχρι και σήμερα έχει μείνει σταθερό στις θέσεις του με πιο χαρακτηριστικές την έξοδο της χώρας από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση και το ΝΑΤΟ.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/images/Aleka_Papariga.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>Η Αλέκα Παπαρήγα (Αθήνα, 1945 - ) είναι η πιο εκλεγμένη γυναίκα βουλευτής του Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου (1981-2019). Υπήρξε επικεφαλής του Κομμουνιστικού Κόμματος Ελλάδας (ΚΚΕ). <br><strong>Πηγή φωτογραφίας: </strong>Wikimedia Commons, 2015 - Άδεια χρήσης: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.el">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>. Για τη πρωτότυπη φωτογραφία μπορείτε να πατήσετε τον <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aleka_Papariga_2009_(cropped).jpg&amp;oldid=788372285">σύνδεσμο</a></p>
</div></div><div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb17" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_plot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  dataset <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span>,</span>
<span>  party <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΚΚΕ"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Example party abbreviation from abbrNamesEl</span></span>
<span>  times_elected_min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>,</span>
<span>  title_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βουλευτές του Κόμματος ΚΚΕ με πάνω από 5 θητείες"</span>,</span>
<span>  subtitle_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός εκλογών ανά βουλευτή"</span>,</span>
<span>  party_color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF6666"</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-most-elected-mps-kke" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-most-elected-mps-kke-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-f5207f37d0660326da11" style="width:100%;height:742px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-f5207f37d0660326da11">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar","inverted":true},"title":{"text":"Βουλευτές του Κόμματος ΚΚΕ με πάνω από 5 θητείες","style":{"fontWeight":"bold","fontSize":"16px"}},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"(#) Φορές εκλέχτηκε"},"allowDecimals":false,"gridLineColor":"#E6E6E6","gridLineWidth":1},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"bar":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":false}}},"subtitle":{"text":"Αριθμός εκλογών ανά βουλευτή","style":{"color":"#555555","fontSize":"12px"}},"xAxis":{"categories":["Παπαρήγα Α.","Κανέλλη Γ.","Γκιόκας Ι.","Καραθανασόπουλος Ν.","Μανωλάκου Δ.","Παφίλης Α.","Σκυλλάκος Α.","Κατσώτης Χ.","Λαμπρούλης Γ.","Μαρίνος Γ.","Μωραΐτης Ν.","Σκοπελίτης Σ.","Συντυχάκης Ε.","Φλωράκης Χ."],"title":{"text":null},"labels":{"style":{"fontSize":"11px","whiteSpace":"nowrap"},"useHTML":true}},"series":[{"data":[11,10,8,8,8,8,7,6,6,6,6,5,5,5],"name":"Times elected","color":"#FF6666"}],"tooltip":{"useHTML":true,"headerFormat":"","pointFormat":"<b>{point.category}<\/b><br/>Κόμμα: <b>ΚΚΕ<\/b><br/>Εκλέχτηκε: <b>{point.y}<\/b> φορές"},"legend":{"enabled":false}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-most-elected-mps-kke-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;6: Βουλευτές που έχουν εκλεγεί περισσότερες φορές με το Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδος (ΚΚΕ)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="νδ" class="level3 page-columns page-full"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="νδ">ΝΔ</h3>
<p>Η Νέα Δημοκρατία</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/images/mitso.webp" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>Ο Κωνσταντίνος Μητσοτάκης (Χαλέπα Χανίων, 1918 - 2017) ήταν Έλληνας πολιτικός. Διετέλεσε πρωθυπουργός της χώρας από το 1990 μέχρι τον Οκτώβριο του 1993. Ο γιος του, Κυριάκος Μητσοτάκης, αναδείχθηκε αρχηγός του κόμματος το 2016 και το 2019 εκλέχτηκε πρωθυπουργός της χώρας. <br><strong>Πηγή φωτογραφίας: </strong>Ελληνικό Λογοτεχνικό και Ιστορικό Αρχείο - Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνικής Τραπέζης, 1950 - Άδεια χρήσης: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a>. Η φωτογραφία έχει υποστεί βασική επεξεργασία (περικοπή και αφαίρεση φόντου). Η πρωτότυπη εικόνα βρέθηκε στο <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/122/https___www_searchculture_gr_aggregator_edm_ELIA_000100_22_428759">Europeana</a>.</p>
</div></div><div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb18" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_plot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  dataset <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span>,</span>
<span>  party <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΝΔ"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Example party abbreviation from abbrNamesEl</span></span>
<span>  times_elected_min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>,</span>
<span>  title_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βουλευτές του Κόμματος ΝΔ με πάνω από 10 θητείες"</span>,</span>
<span>  subtitle_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός εκλογών ανά βουλευτή"</span>,</span>
<span>  party_color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#0492c2"</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-most-elected-mps-nd" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-most-elected-mps-nd-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-c2194ad21c475c58c624" style="width:100%;height:928px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-c2194ad21c475c58c624">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar","inverted":true},"title":{"text":"Βουλευτές του Κόμματος ΝΔ με πάνω από 10 θητείες","style":{"fontWeight":"bold","fontSize":"16px"}},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"(#) Φορές εκλέχτηκε"},"allowDecimals":false,"gridLineColor":"#E6E6E6","gridLineWidth":1},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"bar":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":false}}},"subtitle":{"text":"Αριθμός εκλογών ανά βουλευτή","style":{"color":"#555555","fontSize":"12px"}},"xAxis":{"categories":["Καραμανλής Κ.","Σαμαράς Α.","Τραγάκης Ι.","Λαμπρόπουλος Ι.","Μεϊμαράκης Ε.","Πολύδωρας Β.","Έβερτ Μ.","Δαβάκης Α.","Καραμανλής Α.","Κεφαλογιάννης Ι.","Σαλμάς Μ.","Σουφλιάς Γ.","Χατζηγάκης Σ.","Βαρβιτσιώτης Ι.","Βαρβιτσιώτης Μ.","Καλαφάτης Σ.","Καρασμάνης Γ.","Μπακογιάννη Θ.","Μπασιάκος Ε.","Μπενάκη Ά.","Μπούρας Α.","Παυλίδης Α.","Ράπτη Ε.","Σιούφας Δ.","Τασούλας Κ.","Τζαννετάκης Τ."],"title":{"text":null},"labels":{"style":{"fontSize":"11px","whiteSpace":"nowrap"},"useHTML":true}},"series":[{"data":[14,13,13,12,12,12,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10],"name":"Times elected","color":"#0492c2"}],"tooltip":{"useHTML":true,"headerFormat":"","pointFormat":"<b>{point.category}<\/b><br/>Κόμμα: <b>ΝΔ<\/b><br/>Εκλέχτηκε: <b>{point.y}<\/b> φορές"},"legend":{"enabled":false}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-most-elected-mps-nd-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;7: Βουλευτές που έχουν εκλεγεί περισσότερες φορές με τη Νέα Δημοκρατία (ΝΔ)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="πασοκ" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="πασοκ">ΠΑΣΟΚ</h3>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb19" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_plot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  dataset <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span>,</span>
<span>  party <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠΑΣΟΚ"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Example party abbreviation from abbrNamesEl</span></span>
<span>  times_elected_min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">10</span>,</span>
<span>  title_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βουλευτές του Κόμματος ΠΑΣΟΚ με πάνω από 10 θητείες"</span>,</span>
<span>  subtitle_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός εκλογών ανά βουλευτή"</span>,</span>
<span>  party_color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#95bb72"</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-most-elected-mps-pasok" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-most-elected-mps-pasok-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-2dfe03cedec09721aac6" style="width:100%;height:928px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-2dfe03cedec09721aac6">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"bar","inverted":true},"title":{"text":"Βουλευτές του Κόμματος ΠΑΣΟΚ με πάνω από 10 θητείες","style":{"fontWeight":"bold","fontSize":"16px"}},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"(#) Φορές εκλέχτηκε"},"allowDecimals":false,"gridLineColor":"#E6E6E6","gridLineWidth":1},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"bar":{"dataLabels":{"enabled":false}}},"subtitle":{"text":"Αριθμός εκλογών ανά βουλευτή","style":{"color":"#555555","fontSize":"12px"}},"xAxis":{"categories":["Κακλαμάνης Α.","Παπανδρέου Γ.","Σκανδαλίδης Κ.","Πάγκαλος Θ.","Χρυσοχοΐδης Μ.","Βαλυράκης Ι.","Βενιζέλος Ε.","Καστανίδης Χ.","Πετσάλνικος Φ.","Σκουλάκης Ε.","Χαραλαμπόπουλος Ι."],"title":{"text":null},"labels":{"style":{"fontSize":"11px","whiteSpace":"nowrap"},"useHTML":true}},"series":[{"data":[15,15,13,11,11,10,10,10,10,10,10],"name":"Times elected","color":"#95bb72"}],"tooltip":{"useHTML":true,"headerFormat":"","pointFormat":"<b>{point.category}<\/b><br/>Κόμμα: <b>ΠΑΣΟΚ<\/b><br/>Εκλέχτηκε: <b>{point.y}<\/b> φορές"},"legend":{"enabled":false}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-most-elected-mps-pasok-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;8: Βουλευτές που έχουν εκλεγεί περισσότερες φορές με το Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα (ΠΑΣΟΚ)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="συριζα" class="level3"><h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="συριζα">ΣΥΡΙΖΑ</h3>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb20" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">party_plot</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  dataset <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span>,</span>
<span>  party <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΣΥΡΙΖΑ"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Example party abbreviation from abbrNamesEl</span></span>
<span>  times_elected_min <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>,</span>
<span>  title_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βουλευτές του Κόμματος ΝΔ με πάνω από 5 θητείες"</span>,</span>
<span>  subtitle_text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Αριθμός εκλογών ανά βουλευτή"</span>,</span>
<span>  party_color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e27bb1"</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div id="fig-most-elected-mps-syriza" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure"><div aria-describedby="fig-most-elected-mps-syriza-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-6125387b3d6725d59d03" style="width:100%;height:742px;"></div>
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Σχήμα&nbsp;9: Βουλευτές που έχουν εκλεγεί περισσότερες φορές με το Συνασπισμό Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς (ΣΥΡΙΖΑ)
</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</div>
</section></section><section id="δικομματισμός-στην-ελλάδα" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="δικομματισμός-στην-ελλάδα">Δικομματισμός στην Ελλάδα</h2>
<p>Η διαχρονική επιμονή τόσο σε κόμματα, όσο και σε ίδια πρόσωπα είναι ξεκάθαρη. Ένα ενδιαφέρον στοιχείο θα ήταν το ποσοστό του δικομματισμού, δηλαδή το ποσοστό το οποίο συγκεντρώνουν τα δύο μεγαλύτερα κόμματα. Αυτή η τάση γνωρίζουμε ειδικά στα πρώτα χρόνια της μεταπολίτευσης ήταν αρκετά υψηλή. Σε αυτή την ενότητα δεν θα αναλύσω απευθείας τα δεδομένα των εκλογών, αλλά των εκλεγμένων βουλευτών και θα συγκρίνω τι ποσοστό αυτών ανήκουν στα πρώτα δύο κόμματα. Εδώ βέβαια θα πρέπει να διευκρινιστεί ότι υπάρχει μεγάλη απόκλιση μεταξύ των εκλογικών ποσοστών και των ποσοστών εδρών στη Βουλή κυρίως λόγω του μπόνους εδρών στο πρώτο κόμμα και των εξωκοινοβουλευτικών κομμάτων. Έχει ενδιαφέρον να εξετάσουμε τη πόλωση διαχρονικά και αν δούμε μειωμένα ποσοστά αυτό ενδεχομένως να σημαίνει μία κάποια αντίδραση στο πολιτικό σύστημα. Στο συγκεκριμένο διάγραμμα παρατηρώ εξαιρετικά υψηλά ποσοστά εκπροσώπησης στη Βουλή για τα πρώτα δύο κόμματα. Τα χρόνια της κρίσης τα ποσοστά των δύο πρώτων έχουν πέσει σημαντικά και από εκεί που εκπροσωπούσαν το 80%, πλέον αντιστοιχούν στο 60%. Από προηγούμενες παραγράφους γνωρίζουμε ότι το Ελληνικό Κοινοβούλιο τα χρόνια της κρίσης αύξησε κατά πολύ τις κοινοβουλευτικές ομάδες που είχε. Συνδυάζοντας τα παραπάνω τεκμαίρετε ότι υπήρχε μία αντίδραση του κόσμου η οποία ξεκίνησε με το ξεκίνημα της οικονομικής κρίσης η οποία μεν δεν άλλαξε το πολιτικό σκηνικό από θέμα κομμάτων, αλλά έσπασε το δίπολο και η αντίδραση του κόσμου διαχύθηκε σε διάφορα μικρότερα κόμματα.</p>
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font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό θέσεων δύο πρώτων κομμάτων (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<span>        data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">pctSeatsTopTwoParties</span>,</span>
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background-color: null;
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<span>        color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#6366F1"</span>,</span>
<span>        marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>, radius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>     <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>    headerFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">'&lt;span style="font-size:14px;"&gt;Θητεία&lt;b&gt;: {point.x}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;'</span>,</span>
<span>    pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">'&lt;span style="color:{series.color};"&gt;●&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt;{series.name}&lt;/b&gt;: {point.y}&lt;br/&gt;'</span>,</span>
<span>    backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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background-color: null;
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<span>    style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#111827"</span>, fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"14px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    spline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span>,</span>
<span>      marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>Warning: Unknown or uninitialised column: `Term`.</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-b2c794b16cb63e1492c2" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-b2c794b16cb63e1492c2">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"spline"},"title":{"text":"Εκπροσώπηση δικομματισμού","style":{"fontSize":"20px","fontWeight":"bold"}},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό θέσεων δύο πρώτων κομμάτων (%)"},"gridLineWidth":0},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"spline":{"lineWidth":4,"marker":{"symbol":"circle","radius":5}}},"subtitle":{"text":"Ποσοστό (%) εκπροσώπησης δικομματισμού στην Ελληνική Βουλή"},"xAxis":{"categories":null,"title":{"text":"Θητείες"},"gridLineWidth":0},"series":[{"data":[72,88.7,95.7,95.7,90,90.3,93.3,90.3,94.7,92.3,84.7,67,53.3,66,73.7,80.7,72.3,66.7,92],"name":"Ποσοστό","color":"#6366F1","marker":{"enabled":true,"radius":4,"symbol":"circle"}}],"tooltip":{"useHTML":true,"headerFormat":"<span style=\"font-size:14px;\">Θητεία<b>: {point.x}<\/b><\/span><br/>","pointFormat":"<span style=\"color:{series.color};\">●<\/span> <b>{series.name}<\/b>: {point.y}<br/>","backgroundColor":"#ffffff","borderColor":"#e5e7eb","style":{"color":"#111827","fontSize":"14px"}},"legend":{"enabled":false}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="εκλογιμότητα-γυναικών" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εκλογιμότητα-γυναικών">Εκλογιμότητα γυναικών</h2>
<p>Μία σημαντική ένδειξη υγείας του κοινοβουλίου και συνεπακόλουθα της κοινωνίας είναι η αντιπροσωπευτικότητα αυτού. Να μπορούν να ακουστούν όλες οι φωνές και όλα τα κοινωνικά ζητήματα. Μία από τις πιο προφανείς ενδείξεις είναι κατά πόσο η κοινωνία εξελίσσεται και αποδέχεται ως εξίσου ικανές τις γυναίκες για αντιπροσώπους της νομοθετικής εξουσίας. Ιστορικά, η χώρα μας πάσχει σε αυτό το τομέα, με τις γυναίκες να υποεκπροσωπούνται στην αγορά εργασίας. Τα ίδια κοινωνικά στερεότυπα δείχνουν να κυριαρχούν ακόμα με χαμηλότατη εκλογή γυναικών βουλευτών. Μέχρι και τις πρώτες 10 περιόδους του Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου οι γυναίκες αντιπροσώπευαν λιγότερο από το 10% των συνολικών βουλευτών. Τα τελευταία χρόνια η κατάσταση έχει βελτιωθεί και έχει κατά κάποιο τρόπο κανονικοποιηθεί η παρουσία τον γυναικών στη Βουλή, χωρίς να έχει επιτευχθεί ισότιμη εκπροσώπηση. Αξίζει να σημειώσουμε ότι οι γυναίκες στην Ελλάδα έλαβαν δικαίωμα ψήφου το 1952. Έχουμε κλείσει αισίως 70 έτη από το δικαίωμα εκλέγειν και εκλεγεσθαι των γυναικών και η εκπροσώπηση των γυναικών είναι στο 1/4 των θέσεων του Κοινοβουλίου. Ως χώρα έχουμε θεσμοθετήσει την ισότητα των ανδρών και γυναικών, όμως δεν έχουμε την απαραίτητη κοινωνική εκπαίδευση για να καταπολεμήσουμε τις ιδεοληψίες μας στο θέμα των ικανοτήτων και κατά πόσο το φύλο αποτελεί παράγοντα κρίσης ενός ατόμου.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/images/el_skoura.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>Η Ελένη Σκούρα (Bόλος, 1896 - 1991) ήταν η πρώτη Ελληνίδα βουλευτής, η οποία εκλέχτηκε το 1953, ένα χρόνο αφού ψηφίστηκε το δικαίωμα ψήφου και εκλογής στις γυναίκες. <br><strong>Πηγή φωτογραφίας: </strong>Ελληνικό Λογοτεχνικό και Ιστορικό Αρχείο - Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνικής Τραπέζης, 1940 - Άδεια χρήσης: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a>. Η φωτογραφία έχει υποστεί βασική επεξεργασία (περικοπή και μετατροπή σε σκίτσο). Η πρωτότυπη εικόνα βρέθηκε στο <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/el/item/122/https___www_searchculture_gr_aggregator_edm_ELIA_000100_22_501199#main">Europeana</a>.</p>
</div></div><div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb23" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">test</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gender</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">test1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">test</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gender</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/count.html">count</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pivot_wider.html">pivot_wider</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>names_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gender</span>, values_from <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span>, values_fill <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># fill missing with 0</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#90C3FF"</span>,  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># blue for men</span></span>
<span>    <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF9090"</span>   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># red for women</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Create professional stacked percent area plot</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"areaspline"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Κατηγορίες αποφοίτων Στατιστικής ανά φύλο"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"20px"</span>, fontWeight <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστιαία κατανομή φοιτητών και φοιτητριών ανά θητεία. Η κατηγορία βαθμού 6-7 είναι η πιο συχνή."</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#555555"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">test1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span>,</span>
<span>        title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Θητείες"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"11px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ποσοστό (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        labels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>format <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{value}%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>        max <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span>,</span>
<span>        gridLineColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#E6E6E6"</span>,</span>
<span>        gridLineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_colors.html">hc_colors</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        areaspline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            stacking <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"percent"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># stack to percent</span></span>
<span>            lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
<span>            fillOpacity <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.6</span>,</span>
<span>            marker <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βουλευτές"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">test1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">άνδρας</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βουλεύτριες"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">test1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">γυναίκα</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>        useHTML <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>        formatter <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/htmlwidgets/man/JS.html">JS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">    function() {</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      var total = 0;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      for (var i = 0; i &lt; this.points.length; i++) {</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        total += this.points[i].y;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      // get the category name from the x-axis categories</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      var categoryName = this.points[0].series.xAxis.categories[this.points[0].point.x];</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      </span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      var s = '&lt;b&gt;' + categoryName + '&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;';</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      for (var i = 0; i &lt; this.points.length; i++) {</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        var pct = Math.round((this.points[i].y / total) * 100);</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">        s += '&lt;span style=\"color:' + this.points[i].color + '\"&gt;●&lt;/span&gt; ' +</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">             this.points[i].series.name + ': ' + this.points[i].y + ' (' + pct + '%)&lt;br&gt;';</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">      return s;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">    }</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">  "</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>,</span>
<span>        align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>,</span>
<span>        verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_credits.html">hc_credits</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-dc6477634efbc2d98769" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
<p>Βέβαια, το να ρίξουμε όλο το βάρος στη κοινωνία είναι λίγο άδικο υπό το έρεισμα ότι τα ίδια τα κόμματα επιλέγουν τους υχποψηφίους τους και προμοτάρουν λίγο περισσότερο ορισμένα πρόσωπα. Μήπως και τα κόμματα δεν προβάλλουν τόσο ισότιμα τις γυναίκες υποψήφιες τους; Για να απαντηθεί συτό η ανάλυση επεκτάθηκε και σε επίπεδο κομμάτων, εξετάζοντας την αναλογία γυναικών/ανδρών ως προς τους συνολικά εκλεγμένους βουλευτές κάθε κόμματος. Εδώ φαίνεται ότι η Νέα Δημοκρατία ως πιο συντηρητικό κόμμα είναι αυτό που έχει σταθερά πολύ χαμηλή εκπροσώπηση των γυναικων. Από την άλλη μεριά παρατηρούμε αρκετά μεγάλη διαφορά στα αριστερά κόμματα με σταθερή παρουσία γυναικών και σε σημαντικά υψηλότερα ποσοστά. Από τα κόμματα με διαχρονική παρουσία στη Βουλή το ΚΚΕ υπήρξε αυτό με την υψηλότερη συμμετοχή γυναικών στην 11η περίοδο της Βουλής, ακολουθούμενη από τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ, την 15η περίοδο με 38% η οποία ήταν αρκετά σημαντική καθώς εκτός από ποσοστιαία σημαντική ήταν και σε απόλυτους αριθμούς μιας και εκείνο το καιρό ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ είχε αρκετά μεγάλα ποσοστά και σημαντική εκπροσώπηση στη Βουλή.</p>

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<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/images/vas_thanou.png" class="img-fluid quarto-figure quarto-figure-center figure-img"></p>
</figure>
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<p>Η Βασιλική Θάνου (Χαλκίδα, 1950 - ) είναι η πρώτη γυναίκα που έχει διατελέσει πρωθυπουργός. Ήταν υπηρεσιακή πρωθυπουργός όταν έπεσε η κυβέρνηση του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ και προκηρύχθηκαν εκλογές. Μέχρι και σήμερα αποτελεί τη μοναδική γυναίκα που έχει υπάρξει σε αυτό το αξίωμα. <br><strong>Πηγή φωτογραφίας: </strong>Wikimedia Commons, 2015 - Άδεια χρήσης: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>. Η φωτογραφία έχει υποστεί βασική επεξεργασία.</p>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb24" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Συμμετοχή γυναικών ανά κόμμα"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Η Νέα Δημοκρατία ποτέ στην ιστορία της δεν εκπροσωπήθηκε από γυναίκες σε υψηλότερο του 17%, σε αντίθεση με άλλα ιστορικά κόμματα, όπως ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ, το ΚΚΕ και το ΠΑΣΟΚ."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>    categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ΝΔ</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">ΠΑΣΟΚ</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">test1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e27bb1"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-60b5a8f0b3986d75ebf6" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
</section><section id="εκλεξιμότητα-νομού" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εκλεξιμότητα-νομού">Εκλεξιμότητα νομού</h2>
<p>Αυτή τη στιγμή έχω υπολογίσει</p>
<ul>
<li>τη σύνθεση των κοινοβουλίων ανά θητεία</li>
<li>τους βουλευτές με τις περισσότερες θητείες σε εθνικό επίπεδο</li>
<li>τους βουλευτές με τις περισσότερες θητείες σε επίπεδο κόμματος</li>
</ul>
<p>Τώρα, θα υπολογίσω τους πιο δημοφιλείς βουλευτές, ανά νομό. Προφανώς, σε αυτή τη περίπτωση εφαρμόζεται γ ίδια λογική με αυτή της προηγούμενης ενότητας (με μικρές μετατροπές). Εγώ προσωπικά θα χαρακτήριζα τη χρήση συναρτήσεων σε αυτή τη περίπτωση σχεδόν υποχρεωτική, μιας και όλοι οι νομοί είναι 50! Για την εύρεση των συχνοτήτων θα χρησιμοποιήσω τη εντολή count.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb25" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">input_constituency</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">input_constituency</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span> </span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/count.html">count</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name1</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fullNamesEl</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">min_times_elected</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>FullNameInitial <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html">paste0</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_sub.html">str_sub</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  </span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bar"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Βουλευτές που εκλέχτηκαν πιο πολλές φορές"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Πόσες φορές εκπροσώπησαν το συγκεκριμένο κόμμα στο Ελληνικό Κοινοβούλιο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_xAxis.html">hc_xAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>categories <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cont_df</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FullNameInitial</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_yAxis.html">hc_yAxis</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>title <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Value"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_series.html">hc_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"# Αριθμός εκλέχτηκε"</span>,</span>
<span>            data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/lapply.html">lapply</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/nrow.html">nrow</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cont_df</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>                <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                    y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cont_df</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                    affiliate <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cont_df</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>                    color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">cont_df</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span></span>
<span>                <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>                enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>                format <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"{y}"</span>,</span>
<span>                style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span>, textOutline <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"none"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FFFFFF"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>            <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        bar <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            borderRadius <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>,</span>
<span>            pointPadding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.2</span>,</span>
<span>            groupPadding <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.1</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        headerFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">""</span>,</span>
<span>        pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"&lt;b&gt;{point.category}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">                  Κόμμα: &lt;b&gt;{point.affiliate}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</span></span>
<span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">                  Εκλέχτηκε: &lt;b&gt;{point.y}&lt;/b&gt; φορές"</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">FALSE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_caption.html">hc_caption</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Colors represent different affiliations"</span>,</span>
<span>        style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span>, color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#666666"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>  </span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details>
</div>
<section id="επικρατείας" class="level3 unlisted"><h3 class="unlisted anchored" data-anchor-id="επικρατείας">Επικρατείας</h3>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb26" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ"</span>, <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-0793a6ebaabcbc6d2a79" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
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</section><section id="αττικής" class="level3 unlisted"><h3 class="unlisted anchored" data-anchor-id="αττικής">Αττικής</h3>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb27" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Α' ΑΘΗΝΩΝ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb28" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Β' ΑΘΗΝΩΝ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">7</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Α' ΠΕΙΡΑΙΩΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb30" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Β' ΠΕΙΡΑΙΩΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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</section><section id="κεντρική-ελλάδα" class="level3 unlisted"><h3 class="unlisted anchored" data-anchor-id="κεντρική-ελλάδα">Κεντρική Ελλάδα</h3>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb31" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΒΟΙΩΤΙΑΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb32" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΕΥΡΥΤΑΝΙΑΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb33" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΦΩΚΙΔΑΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb34" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΦΘΙΩΤΙΔΑΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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</section><section id="κεντρική-μακεδονία" class="level3 unlisted"><h3 class="unlisted anchored" data-anchor-id="κεντρική-μακεδονία">Κεντρική Μακεδονία</h3>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Α' ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Β' ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">6</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΚΙΛΚΙΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠΕΛΛΑΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb39" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΠΙΕΡΙΑΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb40" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">constituency_freqs</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ΣΕΡΡΕΣ"</span>,<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
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</section></section><section id="κοινοβουλευτική-ανανέωση" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="κοινοβουλευτική-ανανέωση">Κοινοβουλευτική ανανέωση</h2>
<p>Παρατηρούμε ότι λίγα είναι τα κόμματα που κυριαρχούν στο ελληνικό πολιτικό σκηνικό και είναι κάπως ανθεκτικά στο πέρασμα του χρόνου. Παρά τη πολιτική αναταραχή και ανακτατάξεις του πολιτικού σκηνικού με το ξέσπασμα της οικονομικής κρίσης, υπήρξαν αρκετά εφήμερα κόμματα και στην ουσία είχαμε μία ανακατάταξη και μετακινήσεις ψηφοφόρων μεταξύ των ιστορικών κομμάτων. Η μη σημαντική πολιτική ανατροπή από νέα κόμματα μας οδηγεί στη πλειοψηφία της σε επιλογές προσώπων από τα κόμματα. Έτσι λοιπόν προκύπτει το απολύτως λογικό ερώτημα. Οκ, ψηφίζουμε στη συντριπτική πλειοψηφία μεταξύ τεσσάρων κομμάτων, μήπως όμως οι επιλογές μας είναι προσανατολισμένες στο να αλλάξουν τουλάχιστον τα πρόσωπα που μας εκπροσωπούν. Με απλά λόγια θα ήθελα να μελετήσω κατά πόσο κάθε νέα κοινοβουλευτική θητεία αποτελείται από βουλευτές που δεν έχουν ξαναεκλεγεί και ανανεώνεται η σύνθεση της.</p>
<p>Για την υλοποίηση θα χρησιμοποιήσω το τακτοποιημένο σύνολο δεδομένων και θα εξάγω δύο υποσύνολα που θα αντιστοιχούν στη <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n"> βουλευτική θητεία και το άλλο στη <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n+1">. Στη συνέχεια θα συγκρίνω τις τις αντίστοιχες στήλες των ονομάτων για να διαπιστώσω πόσες αντιστοιχίσεις υπάρχουν, δηλαδή επανεκλογή βουλευτών. Επίσης, λαμβάνω υπόψιν στη πρόσφατη εκλογή με όλες τις παλαιότερες περιόδους ώστε να εντοπίσω και παλαιότερες εκλογές ίδιων προσώπων που μπορεί να μην εκλέχτηκαν στις προηγούμενες εκλογές.</p>
<p>Σε αυτή τη περίπτωση μελετάμε τη περίοδο 1981 - 2019 (Γ’ περίοδος - ΙΖ´ περίοδος), επομένως η σύγκριση έχει νόημα να ξεκινήσει από τη περίοδο Δ’ (1985), ώστε να να έχω προηγούμενη περίοδο σύγκρισης. Στο διάγραμμα υπάρχουν τάσεις που υποδεικνύουν ισχυρές τάσεις διατήρησης όμοιων προσώπων με</p>
<p>Τέλος, μόνο δύο εκλογικές αναμετρήσεις οδήγησαν σε σημαντική ανανέωση του κοινοβουλίου αντικαθιστώντας ουσιαστικά τα μισά μέλη με νεοεκλεγέντες,</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb41" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">get_new_members</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">term</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Members from previous terms</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">previous_parls</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">term</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Members in the current term</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">current_parl</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html">filter</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">period_num</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">==</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">term</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>        <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dplyr</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html">select</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Count total in current term</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">how_many_current_term</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/nrow.html">nrow</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">current_parl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Count those who were already in previous terms</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">established_members</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">current_parl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/match.html">%in%</a></span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">previous_parls</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">name</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Count new members</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">new_members</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">how_many_current_term</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">established_members</span></span>
<span>    </span>
<span>    <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/function.html">return</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">established_members</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">new_members</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Apply to terms 4 through 17</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">results</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/lapply.html">lapply</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">17</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">get_new_members</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Prepare data frame for plotting</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">df</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    num <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">17</span>,</span>
<span>    established <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Highchart plot</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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<span>            stacking <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>            lineWidth <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">2</span>,</span>
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Παλιοί βουλευτές"</span>, data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">df</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">new</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>shared <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
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font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-f1bcf0e2b42d011ae021" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-f1bcf0e2b42d011ae021">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"areaspline"},"title":{"text":"Βουλευτές που εκλέγονται πρώτη φορά"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":"Ποσοστό νέων βουλευτών"}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"areaspline":{"stacking":"percent","marker":{"enabled":false},"lineWidth":2,"fillOpacity":0.6}},"xAxis":{"categories":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]},"subtitle":{"text":"Οι βαθμοί που κυριαρχούν είναι κάτω του 7, προσεγγίζοντας ακόμα και το 90%. Οι απόφοιτοι με βαθμό πτυχίου από 6 μέχρι και 7 είναι οι πιο συχνοί και καταλαμβάνουν το 55% με 70% των συνολικών αποφοίτων"},"colors":["#1f77b4","#ff7f0e"],"series":[{"data":[250,159,260,263,223,219,214,198,212,215,152,257,180,236],"name":"Παλιοί βουλευτές"},{"data":[50,141,41,37,77,83,88,102,88,85,148,44,120,64],"name":"Πρώτη θητεία"}],"tooltip":{"shared":true}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="σωρευτικός-αριθμός-βουλευτών" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="σωρευτικός-αριθμός-βουλευτών">Σωρευτικός αριθμός βουλευτών</h2>
<p>Σε όλη τη έκταση του άρθρου μελέτησα την ένταση της εκλογής των κομμάτων ή των βουλευτών ανά κοινοβουλευτική περίοδο. Έκρινα χρήσιμη να υπάρχει και μία συνολική ανασκόπηση των αποτελεσμάτων των εκλογών. Η κριτική της μη πραγματικής πολιτικής αλλαγής εκφράζεται μέσα και από την διαχρονική επιμονή σε εκπροσώπους από συγκεκριμένα κόμματα. Υπολογίζουμε λοιπόν το συνολικό αριθμό - ποσοστό των βουλευτών με βάση το κόμμα που εκπροσωπούσαν στο τέλος της κάθε θητείας. Το ΠΑΣΟΚ και η Νέα Δημοκρατία αποτελούν τα κόμματα που η εκπροσώπησή τους ξεπέρασε τα 3/4 των συνολικών βουλευτών στην ιστορία του κοινοβουλίου. Αν συμπεριλάβω το ΚΚΕ και το ΣΥΡΙΖΑ, τότε το συνολικό ποσοστό από όλα τα προαναφερθέντα κόμματα αγγίζει το 90%. Όλα τα υπόλοιπα αποτελούν ανεξάρτητους βουλευτές ή βουλευτές μικρότερων κομμάτων, στοιχείο που συνηγορεί ότι είμαστε αρκετά μακριά από τη λογική της πολιτικής αλλαγής.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb42" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
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<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Summarize party counts using the new variable `abbrNamesEl`</span></span>
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font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>abbrNamesEl <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/ifelse.html">ifelse</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">70</span>, <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Άλλο"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>n <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/distinct.html">distinct</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">ungroup</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span> , <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># get a color per party</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate-joins.html">left_join</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span> </span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html">group_by</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span> </span>
<span>      <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html">summarise</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>Color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/nth.html">first</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, .groups <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"drop"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    by <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"abbrNamesEl"</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Prepare data for highcharter pie with colors</span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pie_data</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/lapply.html">lapply</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/nrow.html">nrow</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gh</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">function</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">{</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gh</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">abbrNamesEl</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    y    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gh</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pct</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span>,</span>
<span>    color <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gh</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">$</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">[</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">i</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">]</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># Highcharter semicircle donut</span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span>, backgroundColor <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">NULL</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σύνολο εκπροσώπησης βουλευτών ανά κόμμα (1981 - 2019)"</span>, align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Το ΠΑΣΟΚ και η Νέα Δημοκρατία αριθμούν το 76% των βουλευτών της ιστορίας του κοινοβουλίου"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pie <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    startAngle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">90</span>,</span>
<span>    endAngle   <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">90</span>,</span>
<span>    center     <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"75%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>    size       <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"110%"</span>,</span>
<span>    innerSize  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"60%"</span>,</span>
<span>    showInLegend <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>    dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>      enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>      distance <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">30</span>,</span>
<span>      style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>      formatter <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/htmlwidgets/man/JS.html">JS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"function() { return '&lt;b&gt;'+ this.point.name +'&lt;/b&gt;: '+ this.percentage.toFixed(1) +'%'; }"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>    name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Share"</span>,</span>
<span>    data <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">pie_data</span></span>
<span>  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_tooltip.html">hc_tooltip</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pointFormat <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">'{series.name}: &lt;b&gt;{point.percentage:.1f}%&lt;/b&gt;'</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_legend.html">hc_legend</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>layout <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"horizontal"</span>, align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span>, verticalAlign <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bottom"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> </span></code></pre></div></div>
</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-09321994df3e10963e3c" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-09321994df3e10963e3c">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"pie"},"title":{"text":"Σύνολο εκπροσώπησης βουλευτών ανά κόμμα (1981 - 2019)","align":"center"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"pie":{"startAngle":-90,"endAngle":90,"center":["50%","75%"],"size":"110%","innerSize":"60%","showInLegend":true,"dataLabels":{"enabled":true,"distance":-30,"style":{"fontSize":"12px"},"formatter":"function() { return '<b>'+ this.point.name +'<\/b>: '+ this.percentage.toFixed(1) +'%'; }"}}},"subtitle":{"text":"Το ΠΑΣΟΚ και η Νέα Δημοκρατία αριθμούν το 76% των βουλευτών της ιστορίας του κοινοβουλίου"},"series":[{"name":"Share","data":[{"name":"ΝΔ","y":43.8,"color":"#0492c2"},{"name":"ΠΑΣΟΚ","y":31.8,"color":"#95bb72"},{"name":"ΣΥΡΙΖΑ","y":11.5,"color":"#e27bb1"},{"name":"ΚΚΕ","y":4.2,"color":"#FF6666"},{"name":"Ανεξάρτητοι","y":1.6,"color":"#808080"},{"name":"ΕΔΗΚ","y":1.3,"color":"#808080"},{"name":"Άλλο","y":5.9,"color":null}]}],"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{series.name}: <b>{point.percentage:.1f}%<\/b>"},"legend":{"layout":"horizontal","align":"center","verticalAlign":"bottom"}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":["hc_opts.plotOptions.pie.dataLabels.formatter"],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
<p>Τέλος, έχει αντίστοιχο ενδιαφέρον να μελετήσουμε το σωρευτικό ποσοστό συμμετοχής των γυναικών στο Ελληνικό Κοινοβούλιο. Για τα αποτελέσματα δεν είμαστε ιδιαίτερα αισιόδοξοι μιας και σε προηγούμενη ενότητα διαπιστώσαμε ότι είναι ιστορικά χαμηλή με την υψηλότερη να κυμαίνεται τα τελευταία χρόνια στο 25%. Η εικόνα δεν είναι καθόλου καλή όταν αναλύσουμε το φύλο σε βάθος 40ετίας μιας και το ποσοστό των βουλευτριών περιορίζεται στο 12.8%. Σε απόλυτους αριθμούς αυτό αντιστοιχεί σε 576 γυναίκες, έναντι 3927 ανδρών συναδέλφων τους.</p>
<div class="cell">
<details class="code-fold"><summary>Δείξε τον κώδικα</summary><div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb43" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gh</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">clean_dataset</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/count.html">count</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/arrange.html">arrange</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html">mutate</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pct <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html">round</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sum.html">sum</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">n</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, digits <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">|&gt;</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html">drop_na</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">gender</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va" style="color: #111111;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">colors</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#90C3FF"</span>,</span>
<span>  <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#FF9090"</span></span>
<span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/highchart.html">highchart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_chart.html">hc_chart</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>type <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"pie"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_title.html">hc_title</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Σύνολο εκπροσώπησης βουλευτών ανά φύλο (1981 - 2019)"</span>, align <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_subtitle.html">hc_subtitle</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>text <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Οι γυναίκες υποεκπροσωπούνται ιστορικά. Σε όλη την πρόσφατη ιστορία του Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου οι γυναίκες αποτελούν μόλις το 13% των συνολικά εκλεγμένων βουλευτών"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_plotOptions.html">hc_plotOptions</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>pie <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># key settings to make it a semicircle donut</span></span>
<span>        startAngle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">90</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># start at left-bottom</span></span>
<span>        endAngle   <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">90</span>,       <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># end at right-bottom -&gt; forms a half circle</span></span>
<span>        center     <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html">c</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"50%"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"75%"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>, <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># vertically lower so the semi-circle sits nicely</span></span>
<span>        size       <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"110%"</span>,   <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># overall size of the pie</span></span>
<span>        innerSize  <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"60%"</span>,    <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># makes it a donut (adjust for thicker/thinner ring)</span></span>
<span>        showInLegend <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>        dataLabels <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>            enabled <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="cn" style="color: #8f5902;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span>            distance <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">30</span>,      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># place labels inside the ring; tweak as needed</span></span>
<span>            style <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html">list</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span>fontSize <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"12px"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span>,</span>
<span>            formatter <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/htmlwidgets/man/JS.html">JS</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"function() { return '&lt;b&gt;'+ this.point.name +'&lt;/b&gt;: '+ this.percentage.toFixed(1) +'%'; }"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>        <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span></span>
<span>    <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">)</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html">%&gt;%</a></span></span>
<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/reference/hc_add_series.html">hc_add_series</a></span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">(</span></span>
<span>        name <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Share"</span>,</span>
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<span>    <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
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</details><div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="highchart html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-63232b9a0d6ba548a3f0" style="width:100%;height:464px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-63232b9a0d6ba548a3f0">{"x":{"hc_opts":{"chart":{"reflow":true,"type":"pie"},"title":{"text":"Σύνολο εκπροσώπησης βουλευτών ανά φύλο (1981 - 2019)","align":"center"},"yAxis":{"title":{"text":null}},"credits":{"enabled":false},"exporting":{"enabled":false},"boost":{"enabled":false},"plotOptions":{"series":{"label":{"enabled":false},"turboThreshold":0},"treemap":{"layoutAlgorithm":"squarified"},"pie":{"startAngle":-90,"endAngle":90,"center":["50%","75%"],"size":"110%","innerSize":"60%","showInLegend":true,"dataLabels":{"enabled":true,"distance":-30,"style":{"fontSize":"12px"},"formatter":"function() { return '<b>'+ this.point.name +'<\/b>: '+ this.percentage.toFixed(1) +'%'; }"}}},"subtitle":{"text":"Οι γυναίκες υποεκπροσωπούνται ιστορικά. Σε όλη την πρόσφατη ιστορία του Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου οι γυναίκες αποτελούν μόλις το 13% των συνολικά εκλεγμένων βουλευτών"},"series":[{"name":"Share","data":[["άνδρας",5014,87.90000000000001],["γυναίκα",692,12.1]]}],"colors":["#90C3FF","#FF9090"],"tooltip":{"pointFormat":"{series.name}: <b>{point.percentage:.1f}%<\/b>"},"legend":{"layout":"horizontal","align":"center","verticalAlign":"bottom"}},"theme":{"chart":{"backgroundColor":"transparent"},"colors":["#7cb5ec","#434348","#90ed7d","#f7a35c","#8085e9","#f15c80","#e4d354","#2b908f","#f45b5b","#91e8e1"]},"conf_opts":{"global":{"Date":null,"VMLRadialGradientURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/gfx/vml-radial-gradient.png","canvasToolsURL":"http =//code.highcharts.com/list(version)/modules/canvas-tools.js","getTimezoneOffset":null,"timezoneOffset":0,"useUTC":true},"lang":{"contextButtonTitle":"Chart context menu","decimalPoint":".","downloadCSV":"Download CSV","downloadJPEG":"Download JPEG image","downloadPDF":"Download PDF document","downloadPNG":"Download PNG image","downloadSVG":"Download SVG vector image","downloadXLS":"Download XLS","drillUpText":"◁ Back to {series.name}","exitFullscreen":"Exit from full screen","exportData":{"annotationHeader":"Annotations","categoryDatetimeHeader":"DateTime","categoryHeader":"Category"},"hideData":"Hide data table","invalidDate":null,"loading":"Loading...","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"noData":"No data to display","numericSymbolMagnitude":1000,"numericSymbols":["k","M","G","T","P","E"],"printChart":"Print chart","resetZoom":"Reset zoom","resetZoomTitle":"Reset zoom level 1:1","shortMonths":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"shortWeekdays":["Sat","Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"],"thousandsSep":" ","viewData":"View data table","viewFullscreen":"View in full screen","weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]}},"type":"chart","fonts":[],"debug":false},"evals":["hc_opts.plotOptions.pie.dataLabels.formatter"],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
</section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section id="ευχαριστίες---τελικές-σημειώσεις" class="level1 appendix"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Ευχαριστίες - Τελικές σημειώσεις</h2><div class="quarto-appendix-contents">
<p>Εικόνα του/της <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/leonhard_niederwimmer-1131094/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=7402132">Leonhard Niederwimmer</a> από την ιστοσελίδα <a href="https://pixabay.com//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=7402132">Pixabay</a> <br></p>
<p>Τα εξορυγμένα δεδομένα που χρησιμοποιώ στο άρθρο παρέχονται και είναι ελεύθερα προσβάσιμα από το σχετικό αποθετήριο μου <a href="https://github.com/stesiam/Greek-MPs-Dataset">στο GitHub</a>. Το σύνολο μου και γενικότερα η πρωτότυπη πηγή σύνθεσης των πληροφοριών είναι η ιστοσελίδα του <a href="https://www.hellenicparliament.gr">Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου</a></p>



</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-bibliography"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορές</h2><div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" data-line-spacing="2">
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Csárdi, G. (2025). <em>keyring: Access the System Credential Store from R</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://keyring.r-lib.org/">https://keyring.r-lib.org/</a>
</div>
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Grolemund, G., &amp; Wickham, H. (2011). Dates and Times Made Easy with <span>lubridate</span>. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, <em>40</em>(3), 1–25. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i03/">https://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i03/</a>
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Iannone, R., Cheng, J., Schloerke, B., Haughton, S., Hughes, E., Lauer, A., … Roy, O. (2025). <em>gt: Easily Create Presentation-Ready Display Tables</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://gt.rstudio.com">https://gt.rstudio.com</a>
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Kunst, J. (2022). <em>highcharter: A Wrapper for the Highcharts Library</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://jkunst.com/highcharter/">https://jkunst.com/highcharter/</a>
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Lin, G. (2025). <em>reactable: Interactive Data Tables for R</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://glin.github.io/reactable/">https://glin.github.io/reactable/</a>
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Müller, K., &amp; Wickham, H. (2026). <em>tibble: Simple Data Frames</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/">https://tibble.tidyverse.org/</a>
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<div id="ref-R-base" class="csl-entry">
R Core Team. (2025). <em>R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing</em>. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://www.R-project.org/">https://www.R-project.org/</a>
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Richardson, N., Cook, I., Crane, N., Dunnington, D., François, R., Keane, J., … Apache Arrow. (2025). <em>arrow: Integration to Apache ’Arrow’</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://github.com/apache/arrow/">https://github.com/apache/arrow/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-lubridate" class="csl-entry">
Spinu, V., Grolemund, G., &amp; Wickham, H. (2024). <em>lubridate: Make Dealing with Dates a Little Easier</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://lubridate.tidyverse.org">https://lubridate.tidyverse.org</a>
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Tiedemann, F. (2020). <em>ggpol: Visualizing Social Science Data with ggplot2</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://github.com/erocoar/ggpol">https://github.com/erocoar/ggpol</a>
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Wickham, H. (2016). <em>ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis</em>. Springer-Verlag New York. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org">https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org</a>
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<div id="ref-R-tidyverse" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H. (2023). <em>tidyverse: Easily Install and Load the Tidyverse</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://tidyverse.tidyverse.org">https://tidyverse.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-forcats" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H. (2025a). <em>forcats: Tools for Working with Categorical Variables (Factors)</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://forcats.tidyverse.org/">https://forcats.tidyverse.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-stringr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H. (2025b). <em>stringr: Simple, Consistent Wrappers for Common String Operations</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://stringr.tidyverse.org">https://stringr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
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Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L. D., François, R., … Yutani, H. (2019). Welcome to the <span>tidyverse</span>. <em>Journal of Open Source Software</em>, <em>4</em>(43), 1686. <a href="https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686">https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-ggplot2" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., Chang, W., Henry, L., Pedersen, T. L., Takahashi, K., Wilke, C., … van den Brand, T. (2025). <em>ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org">https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-dplyr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L., Müller, K., &amp; Vaughan, D. (2023). <em>dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">https://dplyr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-purrr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., &amp; Henry, L. (2026). <em>purrr: Functional Programming Tools</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://purrr.tidyverse.org/">https://purrr.tidyverse.org/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-readr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., Hester, J., &amp; Bryan, J. (2025). <em>readr: Read Rectangular Text Data</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://readr.tidyverse.org">https://readr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-tidyr" class="csl-entry">
Wickham, H., Vaughan, D., &amp; Girlich, M. (2025). <em>tidyr: Tidy Messy Data</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://tidyr.tidyverse.org">https://tidyr.tidyverse.org</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-ggtext" class="csl-entry">
Wilke, C. O., &amp; Wiernik, B. M. (2022). <em>ggtext: Improved Text Rendering Support for ggplot2</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://wilkelab.org/ggtext/">https://wilkelab.org/ggtext/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-kableExtra" class="csl-entry">
Zhu, H. (2024). <em>kableExtra: Construct Complex Table with kable and Pipe Syntax</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/">http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-R-deeplr" class="csl-entry">
Zumbach, D., &amp; Bauer, P. C. (2025). <em>deeplr: Interface to the DeepL Translation API</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://www.deepl.com/translator">https://www.deepl.com/translator</a>
</div>
</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2022,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Περιγραφική Ανάλυση Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου},
  date = {2022-10-10},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2022" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. (2022, October 10). Περιγραφική Ανάλυση Ελληνικού Κοινοβουλίου.
Retrieved from <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/</a>
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>R</category>
  <category>Περιγραφικη αναλυση</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 10 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/eda-greek-parliament/images/houses-of-parliament.png" medium="image" type="image/png" height="90" width="144"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Συλλογή Quarto ιστοσελίδων</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/list-of-quarto-sites/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <section id="εισαγωγή" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εισαγωγή">Εισαγωγή</h2>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-note callout-titled">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
Σημείωση
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>Αποφάσισα να έχω τη λίστα και σε μορφή project στην <i class="bi bi-github"></i> <a href="https://github.com/stesiam/Quarto-Websites">αντίστοιχη σελίδα στο GitHub Repo</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>Τη στιγμή που επεξεργάζομαι το συγκεκριμένο κείμενο, το Quarto έχει ξεπεράσει σε δημοφιλία άλλα πακέτα δημιουργίας ιστοσελίδων (3.4χιλ. <i class="bi bi-star-fill"></i> αστέρια), συγκρινόμενο με πακέτα κατασκευής ιστοσελίδων όπως το <a href="https://github.com/rstudio/blogdown">blogdown</a> (1.7k <i class="bi bi-star-fill"></i>) και το <a href="https://github.com/rstudio/distill">distill</a> (400 <i class="bi bi-star-fill"></i>). Δεδομένης της αυξημένης δημοφιλίας του Quarto, πήρα την πρωτοβουλία να κάνω μία λίστα ιστοσελίδων που το χρησιμοποιούν. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο αναλυτές δεδομένων που είναι χρήστες άλλων μεθόδων κατασκευής ιστοσελίδων (e.g., distill, blogdown) θα έχουν την ευκαιρία να δουν τις δυνατότητες μιας ιστοσελίδας Quarto. Επιπλέον, αυτή η λίστα ενδεχομένως να βοηθήσει και όσους έχουν ήδη προσθέσει το Quarto στην εργαλειοθήκη τους, καθώς θα μπορούν να αντλούν ιδέες από μία συγκεντρωτική λίστα σχετικών παραδειγμάτων.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<center>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/list-of-quarto-sites/quarto.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Λογότυπο του Quarto</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</center>
</div></div><p>Δυστυχώς, όπως πιθανότατα είναι ήδη προφανές, αυτή η λίστα δεν είναι δυνατό να περιλαμβάνει <strong>κάθε</strong> ιστοσελίδα Quarto. Ως επί το πλείστον είναι σελίδες που έχω δει και μου άρεσαν. Αν έχετε υπόψιν σας κάποια άλλη σελίδα ή ακόμα και τη δική σας σελίδα, μπορείτε να γράψετε ένα σχόλιο ή να μου στείλετε μήνυμα και θα την προσθέσω το συντομότερο δυνατόν.</p>
</section><section id="έμπνευση" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="έμπνευση">Έμπνευση</h2>
<p>Λίγα χρόνια νωρίτερα αποφάσισα να φτιάξω μία ιστοσελίδα προκειμένου να έχω ένα σημείο να δείχνω τα projects μου και όχι σε διάσπαρτα αποθετήρια (repositories) στο GitHub. Έτσι δοκίμασα αρκετές λύσεις οι οποίες θα έπρεπε να υποστηρίζουν τα Rmd αρχεία (R Markdown αρχεία). Εν τέλει είχα καταλήξει να χρησιμοποιώ το <a href="https://github.com/rstudio/distill">distill</a>, και ειλικρινά το λάτρεψα, καθώς η ιστοσελίδα συνδύαζε την απλότητα και στοιχεία που την έκαναν να φαίνεται αρκετά επαγγελματική. Παρά τα όποια προβλήματα υπήρχαν με το συγκεκριμένο (πολλά εκ των οποίων λύθηκαν με το Quarto), ήμουν ιδιαίτερα ικανοποιημένος. Ωστόσο, εκείνη τη περίοδο ήμουν ένας αρχάριος προγραμματιστής με αρκετά περιορισμένη γνώση HTML και CSS. Αυτό σήμαινε ότι θα μπορούσα να κάνω λίγες αλλαγές και θα μου έπαιρναν πάρα πολύ χρόνο για να υλοποιήσω τις όποιες στυλιστικές αλλαγές. Την ίδια περίοδο ανακάλυψα μία ιστοσελίδα που περιλαμβάνει μία εκτεταμένη <a href="https://distillery.rbind.io/showcase.html">λίστα με ιστοσελίδες Distill</a>. Με αυτή τη λίστα είχα καταφέρει:</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<center>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/first-article/images/distill.png" height="100" class="figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Λογότυπο του Distill</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</center>
</div></div><ul>
<li>Κατανοήσω τους περιορισμούς του <code>Distill</code>
</li>
<li>Κίνητρο να ξεκινήσει κανείς παίρνοντας έμπνευση από τις ιστοσελίδες άλλων</li>
<li>Εύκολη πρόσβαση σε ενδιαφέροντα χαρακτηριστικά σελίδων συνοδευόμενα από την αντίστοιχη σελίδα κώδικα</li>
</ul>
<p>Το 2022, ανακοινώθηκε το <a href="https://posit.co/blog/announcing-quarto-a-new-scientific-and-technical-publishing-system/">Quarto</a> και τα δεδομένα συγγραφής και δημοσίευσης άρθρων, αναφορών, ιστοσελίδων άλλαξαν αρκετά. Αρκετοί χρήστες του Distill αποφάσισαν να κάνουν την αλλαγή και χρησιμοποιούν ήδη το Quarto για την προσωπική τους ιστοσελίδα (με βάση τη λίστα ιστοσελίδων Distill). Κάποιοι ακόμα μπορεί να διστάζουν για αυτή την αλλαγή μιας και το Quarto είναι αρκετά νέο (και μπορεί να υπάρχουν σημαντικά θέματα που να μην έχουν επιλυθεί). Ένα ακόμα στοιχείο είναι η ώρα που απαιτείται για να μάθουμε να χειριζόμαστε μιας και η <a href="https://quarto.org/docs/guide/">τεκμηρίωσή του</a> είναι ιδιαίτερα εκτεταμένη. Αυτός ήταν και ο λόγος άλλωστε που πιστεύω ότι αυτή η λίστα να είναι σημαντική, προκειμένου να καταστήσει αυτόν τον νέο τρόπο πιο προσβάσιμο στους νέους χρήστες και να ενθαρρύνει την υιοθέτηση νέων λειτουργιών από τους υφιστάμενους χρήστες.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<center>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/first-article/images/blogdown.png" height="100" class="figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Λογότυπο του blogdown</figcaption></figure>
</div>
</center>
</div></div></section><section id="κατάλογος-ιστοσελίδων-quarto" class="level2"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="κατάλογος-ιστοσελίδων-quarto">Κατάλογος ιστοσελίδων Quarto</h2>
<p>Μία <strong>ενδεικτική</strong> λίστα των ιστοσελίδων που έχουν κατασκευαστεί χρησιμοποιώντας το Quarto είναι η εξής:</p>
<div id="tbl-quarto-sites" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure"><figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-quarto-sites-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Πίνακας&nbsp;1: Λίστα Quarto ιστοσελίδων
</figcaption><div aria-describedby="tbl-quarto-sites-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<table class="caption-top table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33%">
<col style="width: 33%">
<col style="width: 33%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">
 &nbsp; Χρήστης</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">
 &nbsp; Σύνδεσμος ιστοσελίδας</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">
 &nbsp; Κώδικας</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/aeturrell" target="_blank">aeturell</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.aeturrell.com" target="_blank">aeturrell.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/aeturrell/home" target="_blank">home</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/alexpghayes" target="_blank">alexpghayes</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.alexpghayes.com/" target="_blank">alexpghayes.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/alexpghayes/quarto-blog" target="_blank">quarto-blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/almeidasilvaf" target="_blank">almeidasilvaf</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://almeidasilvaf.github.io/" target="_blank">almeidasilvaf.github.io/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/almeidasilvaf/almeidasilvaf.github.io" target="_blank">almeidasilvaf.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/andreashandel" target="_blank">andreashandel</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.andreashandel.com/" target="_blank">andreashandel.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/andreashandel/andreashandelwebsite" target="_blank">andreashandelwebsite</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/andrewheiss" target="_blank">andrewheiss</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.andrewheiss.com/" target="_blank">andrewheiss.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/andrewheiss/ath-quarto" target="_blank">ath-quarto</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/andrewheiss" target="_blank">andrewheiss</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://nonprofitf22.classes.andrewheiss.com/" target="_blank">nonprofitf22.classes.andrewheiss.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/andrewheiss/nonprofitf22.classes.andrewheiss.com" target="_blank">nonprofitf22.classes.andrewheiss.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/aster-hu" target="_blank">aster-hu</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://asterhu.com/" target="_blank">asterhu.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/aster-hu/Asteroid_Blog" target="_blank">Asteroid_Blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/beatrizmilz" target="_blank">beatrizmilz</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://beamilz.com/" target="_blank">beamilz.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/beatrizmilz/blog-en/" target="_blank">blog-en</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/Bioconductor" target="_blank">Bioconductor</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://bioconductor.github.io/biocblog/" target="_blank">bioconductor.github.io/biocblog/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/bioconductor/biocblog" target="_blank">biocblog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/cgoo4" target="_blank">cgoo4</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.quantumjitter.com/" target="_blank">quantumjitter.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/cgoo4/quantumjitter" target="_blank">quantumjitter</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/CrumpLab" target="_blank">CrumpLab</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://crumplab.com/" target="_blank">crumplab.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/CrumpLab/CrumpLab.github.io" target="_blank">CrumpLab.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/currocam" target="_blank">currocam</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://currocam.github.io/" target="_blank">currocam.github.io/biocblog/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/currocam/currocam.github.io" target="_blank">currocam.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/cynthiahqy" target="_blank">cynthiahqy</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://cynthiahqy.com/" target="_blank">cynthiahqy.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/cynthiahqy/digital-garden" target="_blank">digital-garden</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/daxkellie" target="_blank">daxkellie</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://daxkellie.com/" target="_blank">daxkellie.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/daxkellie/website-quarto" target="_blank">website-quarto</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/ddimmery" target="_blank">ddimmery</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ddimmery.com/" target="_blank">ddimmery.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/ddimmery/quarto-website" target="_blank">quarto-website</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/djnavarro" target="_blank">djnavarro</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="blog.djnavarro.net/" target="_blank">blog.djnavarro.net/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/djnavarro/quarto-blog" target="_blank">quarto-blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/drganghe" target="_blank">drganghe</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drganghe.github.io/" target="_blank">drganghe.github.io</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/drganghe/drganghe.github.io" target="_blank">drganghe.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/ekholme" target="_blank">ekholme</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.ericekholm.com/" target="_blank">ericekholm.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/ekholme/ee-quarto-site" target="_blank">ee-quarto-site</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/EllaKaye" target="_blank">EllaKaye</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ellakaye.co.uk/" target="_blank">ellakaye.co.uk/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/EllaKaye/ellakaye.co.uk" target="_blank">ellakaye.co.uk </a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/EmilHvitfeldt" target="_blank">EmilHvitfeldt</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://emilhvitfeldt.com/" target="_blank">emilhvitfeldt.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/EmilHvitfeldt/emilhvitfeldt.com" target="_blank">emilhvitfeldt.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/epiforecasts" target="_blank">epiforecasts</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://epiforecasts.io/" target="_blank">epiforecasts.io/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/epiforecasts/epiforecasts.github.io" target="_blank">epiforecasts.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/fusionet24" target="_blank">fusionet24</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.myyearindata.com/" target="_blank">myyearindata.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/fusionet24/myyearindata" target="_blank">myyearindata </a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/ivelasq" target="_blank">ivelasq</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ivelasq.rbind.io/" target="_blank">ivelasq.rbind.io</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/ivelasq/pipedream" target="_blank">pipedream</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/JavOrraca" target="_blank">JavOrraca</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.javierorracadeatcu.com/" target="_blank">javierorracadeatcu.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/JavOrraca/quarto-blog" target="_blank">quarto-blog </a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jbkunst" target="_blank">jbkunst</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://jkunst.com/blog/" target="_blank">jkunst.com/blog/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jbkunst/blog" target="_blank">blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jessesadler" target="_blank">jessesadler</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.jessesadler.com/" target="_blank">jessesadler.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jessesadler/quarto-blog" target="_blank">quarto-blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jeweljohnsonj" target="_blank">jeweljohnsonj</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://sciquest.netlify.app/" target="_blank">sciquest.netlify.app//</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jeweljohnsonj/SciQuest" target="_blank">SciQuest</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jhelvy" target="_blank">jhelvy</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.jhelvy.com" target="_blank">jhelvy.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jhelvy/jhelvy_quarto" target="_blank">jhelvy_quarto</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/joelnitta" target="_blank">joelnitta</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.joelnitta.com/" target="_blank">joelnitta.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/joelnitta/joelnitta-home" target="_blank">joelnitta-home</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/journalovi" target="_blank">journalovi</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.journalovi.org/" target="_blank">journalovi.org</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/journalovi/journalovi.github.io" target="_blank">journalovi.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jthomasmock" target="_blank">jthomasmock</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://themockup.blog/" target="_blank">TheMockup.blog</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/jthomasmock/themockup-blog" target="_blank">themockup-blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/kathoffman" target="_blank">kathoffman</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.khstats.com/" target="_blank">khstats.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/kathoffman/khstats-quarto" target="_blank">khstats-quarto</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/kelly-sovacool" target="_blank">kelly-sovacool</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://sovacool.dev/" target="_blank">sovacool.dev//</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/kelly-sovacool/kelly-sovacool.github.io" target="_blank">kelly-sovacool.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/kurianbenoy" target="_blank">kurianbenoy</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://kurianbenoy.com/" target="_blank">kurianbenoy.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/kurianbenoy/kurianbenoy-website" target="_blank">kurianbenoy-website</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/magsol" target="_blank">magsol</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://magsol.github.io/" target="_blank">magsol.github.io/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/magsol/magsol.github.io" target="_blank">magsol.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/marioangst" target="_blank">marioangst</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://marioangst.com/en/" target="_blank">marioangst.com/en/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">–</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/markusschanta" target="_blank">markusschanta</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blog.markus.schanta.at/" target="_blank">blog.markus.schanta.at/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/markusschanta/blog" target="_blank">blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/marvinschmitt" target="_blank">marvinschmitt</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.marvinschmitt.com/" target="_blank">marvinschmitt.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/marvinschmitt/marvinschmitt-dot-com" target="_blank">marvinschmitt-dot-com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/matherion" target="_blank">matherion</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://behaviorchange.eu/" target="_blank">behaviorchange.eu/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://gitlab.com/matherion/personal-website" target="_blank">personal-website</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/maxdrohde" target="_blank">maxdrohde</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://maximilianrohde.com/" target="_blank">maximilianrohde.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/maxdrohde/blog_quarto" target="_blank">blog_quarto</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/mcanouil" target="_blank">mcanouil</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://mickael.canouil.fr/" target="_blank">mickael.canouil.fr/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/mcanouil/mickael.canouil.fr" target="_blank">mickael.canouil.fr</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/mdsumner" target="_blank">mdsumner</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.hypertidy.org/" target="_blank">hypertidy.org</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/mdsumner/quarto-blog" target="_blank">quarto-blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/Meghansaha" target="_blank">Meghansaha</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://thetidytrekker.com/" target="_blank">thetidytrekker.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/Meghansaha/thetidytrekker-quarto" target="_blank">thetidytrekker-quarto</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/mine-cetinkaya-rundel" target="_blank">mine-cetinkaya-rundel</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://mine-cetinkaya-rundel.github.io/quarto-tip-a-day/" target="_blank">A Quarto tip a day</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/mine-cetinkaya-rundel/quarto-tip-a-day" target="_blank">quarto-tip-a-day</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/miriamheiss" target="_blank">miriamheiss</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.miriamheiss.com/" target="_blank">miriamheiss.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/miriamheiss/miriam-blog" target="_blank">miriam-blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/mmhamdy" target="_blank">mmhamdy</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://hypothesis-space.netlify.app/" target="_blank">hypothesis-space.netlify.app/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/mmhamdy/Hypothesis-Space" target="_blank">Hypothesis-Space</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/njlyon0" target="_blank">njlyon0</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://njlyon0.github.io/" target="_blank">njlyon0.github.io</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/njlyon0/njlyon0.github.io" target="_blank">njlyon0.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/nucleic-acid" target="_blank">nucleic-acid</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://jollydata.blog/" target="_blank">jollydata.blog</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/nucleic-acid/quarto-blog" target="_blank">quarto-blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/numbats" target="_blank">numbats</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://numbat.space/" target="_blank">numbat.space/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/numbats/numbats-quarto-website" target="_blank">numbats-quarto-website</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/Openscapes" target="_blank">Openscapes</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://openscapes.github.io/quarto-website-tutorial/" target="_blank">openscapes.github.io/quarto-website-tutorial/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/Openscapes/quarto-website-tutorial" target="_blank">quarto-website-tutorial</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/pat-alt" target="_blank">pat-alt</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.paltmeyer.com/" target="_blank">paltmeyer.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/pat-alt/pat-alt.github.io" target="_blank">pat-alt.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/paul-buerkner" target="_blank">paul-buerkner</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://paul-buerkner.github.io/" target="_blank">paul-buerkner.github.io/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/paul-buerkner/paul-buerkner.github.io" target="_blank">paul-buerkner.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/pkollenda" target="_blank">pkollenda</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.philippkollenda.com/" target="_blank">philippkollenda.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/pkollenda/Website" target="_blank">Website</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/Possible-Institute" target="_blank">Possible-Institute</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://possible.institute/" target="_blank">possible.institute</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/Possible-Institute/website" target="_blank">website</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/quarto-dev%20%20" target="_blank">quarto-dev</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://quarto.org/" target="_blank">quarto.org</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-web" target="_blank">quarto-web</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/rlbarter" target="_blank">rlbarter</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.rebeccabarter.com/" target="_blank">rebeccabarter.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/rlbarter/personal-website-quarto" target="_blank">personal-website-quarto</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/robertmitchellv" target="_blank">robertmitchellv</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://robertmitchellv.com/" target="_blank">robertmitchellv.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/robertmitchellv/robertmitchellv.github.io" target="_blank">robertmitchellv.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/robjhyndman" target="_blank">robjhyndman</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://robjhyndman.com/" target="_blank">robjhyndman.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/robjhyndman/robjhyndman.com" target="_blank">robjhyndman.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/rsangole" target="_blank">rsangole</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://rsangole.netlify.app/" target="_blank">rsangole.netlify.app/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/rsangole/blog" target="_blank">blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/samanthacsik" target="_blank">samanthacsik</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://samanthacsik.github.io/" target="_blank">samanthacsik.github.io/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/samanthacsik/samanthacsik.github.io" target="_blank">samanthacsik.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/seeM" target="_blank">seeM</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wasimlorgat.com/" target="_blank">wasimlorgat.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/seeM/blog" target="_blank">blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/shamindras" target="_blank">shamindras</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.shamindras.com/" target="_blank">shamindras.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/shamindras/ss_personal_distill_blog" target="_blank">ss_personal_distill_blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/srvanderplas" target="_blank">srvanderplas</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://srvanderplas.github.io/" target="_blank">srvanderplas.github.io/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/srvanderplas/srvanderplas.github.io" target="_blank">srvanderplas.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/StefanThoma" target="_blank">StefanThoma</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://stefanthoma.github.io/quarto-blog/" target="_blank">stefanthoma.github.io/quarto-blog/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/StefanThoma/quarto-blog" target="_blank">quarto-blog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/stesiam" target="_blank">stesiam</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.stesiam.com/" target="_blank">stesiam.com</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/stesiam/stesiam.github.io" target="_blank">stesiam.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/tidymodels" target="_blank">tidymodels</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.tidymodels.org/" target="_blank">tidymodels.org</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/tidymodels/tidymodels.org" target="_blank">tidymodels.org</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/laderast" target="_blank">laderast</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://laderast.github.io/" target="_blank">laderast.github.io/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/laderast/laderast.github.io" target="_blank">laderast.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/vbaliga" target="_blank">vbaliga</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://vbaliga.github.io/" target="_blank">vbaliga.github.io</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/vbaliga/vbaliga.github.io" target="_blank">vbaliga.github.io</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/willingc" target="_blank">willingc</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.willingconsulting.com/" target="_blank">willingconsulting.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/willingc/willing-consulting-2022" target="_blank">willing-consulting-2022</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/zekiakyol" target="_blank">zekiakyol</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://zekiakyol.com/" target="_blank">zekiakyol.com/</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://github.com/zekiakyol/personal-website" target="_blank">personal-website</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</section><section id="πολύγλωσσες-ιστοσελίδες" class="level2 page-columns page-full"><h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="πολύγλωσσες-ιστοσελίδες">Πολύγλωσσες ιστοσελίδες</h2>
<p>Δυστυχώς, το Quarto δεν υποστηρίζει από μόνο του τη δημιουργία ιστοσελίδων που να υποστηρίζουν διαφορετικές γλώσσες. Αυτό δημιουργεί ενδεχομένως πρόβλημα σε όσους επιθυμούν να προωθήσουν το περιεχόμενό τους και στη μητρική τους γλώσσα, η οποία μπορεί να διαφέρει από τη αγγλική. Προς το παρόν η λύση που προσφέρει επίσημα το Quarto είναι μέσω των <code>project profiles</code>, αλλά η εφαρμογή του μου φαίνεται αρκετά περίπλοκη και με μικρή αναφορά σε όποια <a href="https://quarto.org/docs/projects/profiles.html">τεκμηρίωση (documentation)</a> ως προς τη συγκεκριμένη χρήση. Αν σας ενδιαφέρουν οι εξελίξεις σχετικά με την υποστήριξη πολλών γλωσσών από το Quarto μπορείτε να δείτε τη <a href="https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/issues/275">συζήτηση για το συγκεκριμένο θέμα</a> στη σελίδα του project στο GitHub. Προς το παρόν, επίσημα, το Quarto δεν υποστηρίζει με έναν ξεκάθαρο τρόπο πολύγλωσσες ιστοσελίδες, ηλεκτρονικά βιβλία και ούτω καθεξής.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure"><p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/list-of-quarto-sites/ropensci.webp" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Λογότυπο του ROpenSci</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p>Η <a href="https://ropensci.org/">ROpenSci</a> είναι μία Μη Κερδοσκοπική Οργάνωση που ιδρύθηκε το 2011. Η συγκεκριμένη οργάνωση ενθαρρύνει μία κουλτούρα συνεργασίας στην έρευνα, όπου τα δεδομένα είναι διαθέσιμα σε όλους και το λογισμικό μπορεί να επαναχρησιμοποιηθεί, ώστε η όποια έρευνα και τα αποτελέσματα αυτής να είναι αξιόπιστα, διαφανή και εύκολα επαναλήψιμα. Η ROpenSci έχει δημιουργήσει πολλά σημαντικά πακέτα για τη γλώσσα R προκειμένου να προωθήσει το όραμά της, πολλά εκ των οποίων καθοριστικά για τη κοινότητα αναλυτών της R. Ενδεικτικά αναφέρονται τα πακέτα <code>{[babelquarto](https://docs.ropensci.org/babelquarto/)}</code> που έδωσε λύση για την ύπαρξη πολύγλωσσων ιστοσελίδων με το Quarto και το πακέτο <code>{[targets](https://docs.ropensci.org/targets/)}</code> που βοηθάει στην οργάνωση κατά την εκτέλεση του κώδικα. Για πλήρη λίστα πακέτων που έχει δημιουργήσει - συντηρεί το ROpenSci <a href="https://ropensci.org/packages/all/">μπορείτε να πατήσετε εδώ</a>.</p>
</div></div><p>Παρόλο που δεν υπάρχει επίσημη υποστήριξη του Quarto, δημιουργήθηκε το <a href="https://github.com/ropensci-review-tools/babelquarto">babelquarto</a>, ένα R πακέτο το οποίο προσπαθεί να λύσει το πρόβλημα και να κάνει τη δημιουργία πολύγλωσσων σελίδων δυνατή και εύκολη. Υπάρχουν κάποιες ιστοσελίδες που έχουν ήδη ενσωματώσει το <a href="https://docs.ropensci.org/babelquarto/">babelquarto</a> στην εργαλειοθήκη τους και πλέον έχουν ιστοσελίδες σε διαφορετικές γλώσσες. Μία από αυτές είναι και αυτή η ιστοσελίδα που διαβάζετε αυτή τη στιγμή! Μπορείτε να βρείτε τον κώδικά της εδώ. Ένα άλλο ωραίο παράδειγμα πολύγλωσσης ιστοσελίδας (ιαπωνικά / αγγλικά) αποτελεί η ιστοσελίδα του <a href="https://joelnitta.com/">Joel Nitta</a> και το αντίστοιχο <a href="https://github.com/joelnitta/joelnitta-home">αποθετήριό</a> του.</p>
<p>Ελπίζω όλα αυτά να σας φάνηκαν ενδιαφέροντα και γιατί όχι να σας έπεισα να φτιάξετε και εσείς τη δική σας ιστοσελίδα σε Quarto.</p>


</section><div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-citation"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Αναφορά</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Αναφορά BibTeX:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{2022,
  author = {, stesiam},
  title = {Συλλογή Quarto ιστοσελίδων},
  date = {2022-08-10},
  url = {https://stesiam.com/el/posts/list-of-quarto-sites/},
  langid = {el}
}
</code></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Για απόδοση ευγνωμοσύνης, παρακαλούμε αναφερθείτε σε αυτό το έργο ως:</div><div id="ref-2022" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas">
stesiam. 2022. <span>“Συλλογή Quarto ιστοσελίδων.”</span> August 10,
2022. <a href="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/list-of-quarto-sites/">https://stesiam.com/el/posts/list-of-quarto-sites/</a>.
</div></div></section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>Quarto</category>
  <guid>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/list-of-quarto-sites/</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 10 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/list-of-quarto-sites/quarto_websites.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Πρώτο άρθρο!</title>
  <dc:creator>stesiam </dc:creator>
  <link>https://stesiam.com/el/posts/first-article/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 






<section id="γεια-σας" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="γεια-σας">Γεια σας!</h2>
<p>Επιτέλους, έφτιαξα την ιστοσελίδα μου χρησιμοποιώντας το <a href="https://quarto.org/">Quarto</a>. Αυτή τη στιγμή η σελίδα φιλοξενείται μέσω του <a href="https://pages.github.com/">GitHub Pages</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="πώς-ξεκίνησαν-όλα" class="level2 page-columns page-full">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="πώς-ξεκίνησαν-όλα">Πώς ξεκίνησαν όλα</h2>
<p>Η συνάντησή μου με τη Στατιστική ήταν μάλλον τυχαία. Την πρώτη φορά που έδωσα Πανελλήνιες πέρασα στο τμήμα Οικονομικής Επιστήμης του Πανεπιστημίου Πελοποννήσου. Αν και μου άρεσε η ιδέα του να ασχοληθώ με την Οικονομική Επιστήμη, η προοπτική του να μετακομίσω σε μία άλλη πόλη (Τρίπολη) αποτελούσε ένα τεράστιο οικονομικό βάρος, συνοδευόμενο από μεγάλη αβεβαιότητα, κάτι που για εμένα ήταν δυσβάσταχτο. Έτσι, επέλεξα να ξαναδώσω Πανελλήνιες εξετάσεις την αμέσως επόμενη χρονιά. Από όσο θυμάμαι είχα δηλώσει πρώτα Οικονομικές σχολές και σχολές Πληροφορικής, ακολουθούμενες από σχολές Στατιστικής, πρώτα στην Αττική και ακολουθούμενες από αντίστοιχες σχολές στην υπόλοιπη Ελλάδα. Τελικά, όταν ανακοινώθηκαν οι βάσεις, έμαθα ότι πέρασα στο τμήμα Στατιστικής και Ασφαλιστικής Επιστήμης του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιά. Όντας, λοιπόν, ένας φοιτητής ενός τμήματος Στατιστικής, ξεκίνησα να αποκτώ τα πρώτα μου σχετικά ερεθίσματα μέσω της σχολής. Τα πρώτα χρόνια των σπουδών μου ασχοληθήκαμε με θεωρία όσον αφορά τα πεδία της Στατιστικής, των Πιθανοτήτων, των Ασφαλίσεων και του Αναλογισμού. Έτσι, απέκτησα τις πρώτες σημαντικές θεωρητικές βάσεις. Ωστόσο, μου έλειπε το πιο σημαντικό χαρακτηριστικό για έναν Στατιστικό, να μπορώ να δώσω υπόσταση στις γνώσεις μου και να εφαρμόζω στην πράξη τις αντίστοιχες στατιστικές τεχνικές. Η σχολή έδινε πολύ μικρή σημασία σε αυτό το κομμάτι. Χαρακτηριστικά στο πρόγραμμα σπουδών του έτους μου υπήρχαν μόνο δύο σχετικά μαθήματα εφαρμογής στατιστικής μεθοδολογίας με στατιστικό λογισμικό. Το Excel και τo SPSS. Το μάθημα του SPSS ήταν ικανοποιητικό, αλλά δεν ήταν σε καμία περίπτωση αντίστοιχο των γνώσεων που απέκτησα, ούτε ανταποκρινόταν στις σύγχρονες ανάγκες της αγοράς εργασίας. Εκτός από αυτό, το SPSS ως λογισμικό έχει σημαντικά μειονεκτήματα που το καθιστούν μία κακή επιλογή, μεταξύ των οποίων συγκαταλέγεται η μη δυνατότητα να προσαρμόσεις το μοντέλο σου, δεν βλέπεις τον τρόπο με τον οποίο προκύπτουν τα αποτελέσματα και βεβαίως δεν είναι δωρεάν. Την περίοδο 2018-2019, ξεκίνησα να ψάχνω για εναλλακτικές, καθώς απεχθανόμουν τελείως το συγκεκριμένο πρόγραμμα ή βασικά το ότι θα έπρεπε να πληρώσω. Μεταξύ άλλων βρήκα ίδιας λογικής λογισμικά με το SPSS αλλά δωρεάν, όπως το <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/pspp/">PSPP</a>, το <a href="https://jasp-stats.org/">JASP</a> και το <a href="https://www.jamovi.org/">jamovi</a>. Προσωπικά τα δύο τελευταία τα θεωρώ αξιοπρεπέστατα για απλές αναλύσεις. Μάλιστα το JASP και το jamovi θα τα συνιστούσα σε κάποιον ως μία αξιόλογη εναλλακτική αν δεν είχε γνώσεις προγραμματισμού και ταυτόχρονα έλλειψη πρόσβασης στο SPSS. Κάπου εκεί ανακάλυψα ότι υπάρχει μία γλώσσα προγραμματισμού που είναι επικεντρωμένη στην ανάλυση δεδομένων, η R, γνωστή και ως Rstats.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/first-article/images/stud_id_new.webp" class="img-fluid" alt="Το φοιτητικό μου πάσο"> Το φοιτητικό μου πάσο από τη σχολή μου στον Πειραιά. Μπορεί να μη μοιάζω πλέον με το παιδί στη φωτογραφία, αλλά αυτό είναι όντως το πάσο μου. Δεν το ξέρει ακόμα το παιδί εκείνης της φωτό αλλά τον περιμένουν μεγάλες φουρτούνες σε λίγα χρόνια, όμως τα πράγματα θα πάνε καλύτερα (ελπίζω).</p>
</div></div></section>
<section id="από-το-spss-στην-r" class="level2 page-columns page-full">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="από-το-spss-στην-r">Από το SPSS στην R</h2>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p>Το πανεπιστήμιο μας όπως και αρκετά πανεπιστήμια του κόσμου προσφέρουν στους φοιτητές τους δωρεάν άδεια για χρήση διάφορων λογισμικών. Το πρόβλημα με αυτό είναι ότι η συνδρομή λήγει μόλις αποφοιτήσεις.</p>
</div></div><p>Η μετάβαση από μία σουίτα Στατιστικής σε μία γλώσσα προγραμματισμού είναι ίσως μία σοκαριστική αλλαγή, ειδικά αν είναι η πρώτη σου γλώσσα προγραμματισμού. Το SPSS και οι δωρεάν εναλλακτικές του με συνόδευσαν για ένα σεβαστό διάστημα, ωστόσο το πλέον χαρακτηριστικό δυνατό σημείο των εφαρμογών αυτών άρχισε να μετατρέπεται σε αδυναμία. Τα προγράμματα αυτά έχουν σχεδιαστεί, ως επί το πλείστον, ώστε άτομα με βασικές γνώσεις και κατανόηση Στατιστικής να κάνουν τις δικές τους αναλύσεις. Καθώς σπούδαζα μάθαινα όλο και περισσότερες μεθοδολογίες και τεχνικές, ώσπου κάποια στιγμή θεώρησα ότι τα προγράμματα αυτά μπορούν να με εξελίξουν μέχρι ένα σημείο. Είναι αναμφίβολα χρήσιμα, αλλά θέτουν ένα όριο στο πόσο βαθιά χρειάζεται ή επιτρέπεται να προβληματιστεί ο χρήστης. Για οτιδήποτε ξεπερνά αυτό το όριο, είτε δεν ασχολούνται καθόλου επειδή θεωρείται υπερβολικά περίπλοκο για την πλειοψηφία, είτε υιοθετούν εύλογες υποθέσεις βάσει των δεδομένων, ώστε ο μέσος χρήστης να μην χρειαστεί να έρθει σε επαφή με θεωρία ή ελέγχους υποθέσεων. Το σημείο αυτό διαφέρει από εφαρμογή σε εφαρμογή: άλλες επιλέγουν να είναι υπερβολικά απλές και να κάνουν λίγα πράγματα καλά για τον καθημερινό χρήστη. Όλες, όμως, έχουν κάποιον περιορισμό. Όσο λοιπόν ασχολιόμουν με τέτοια λογισμικά αναρωτιόμουν αν ήθελα να θέσω άλλες παραμέτρους ή αν θέλω να χρησιμοποιήσω μία παραλλαγή ενός ελέγχου που διάβασα σε ένα πρόσφατα δημοσιευμένο άρθρο τι θα έπρεπε να κάνω; Κάπου εκεί κατάλαβα ότι, συνεχίζοντας έτσι, θα υπηρετούσα τα προγράμματα αυτά και όχι τον σκοπό μου. Στόχος μου ήταν ξεκάθαρα να γίνω γνώστης της Επιστήμης μου και όχι ενός προγράμματος ή μίας σουίτας στατιστικού λογισμικού. Έτσι, αποφάσισα για τη μεγάλη αλλαγή.</p>

<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div class="">
<p><img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/first-article/images/Rlogo.svg" class="img-fluid" alt="Λογότυπο γλώσσας προγραμματισμού R"> Η R είναι μία γλώσσα προγραμματισμού που εξειδικεύεται στην ανάλυση δεδομένων και στη στατιστική. Δημιουργήθηκε το 1993 από τους Ross Ihaka και Robert Gentleman.</p>
</div></div></section>
<section id="πρώτα-βήματα" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="πρώτα-βήματα">Πρώτα βήματα</h2>
<p>Η σχέση μου με την R ξεκινάει το 2019, με αρκετά σκαμπανεβάσματα. Μπορώ να πω ότι στην αρχή μου φάνηκε ιδιόμορφη και ως επί το πλείστον τη χρησιμοποιούσα σχεδόν διαδικαστικά. Με λίγα λόγια αντέγραφα κώδικα και απλώς προσπαθούσα να καταλάβω τι κάνω. Δηλαδή, για να εκθέσω τον εαυτό μου ακόμα περισσότερο, αν ήθελα να κάνω μία σύγκριση αν οι διαφορές είναι στατιστικά σημαντικές το έψαχνα στο Google. Λόγω της ιδιαιτερότητάς της ως γλώσσα τη χρησιμοποιούσα πιο πολύ σαν εργαλείο ανάλυσης παρά ως γλώσσα προγραμματισμού. Οι πρώτες χρήσεις που είχα κάνει στην R ήταν κάποιοι απλοί στατιστικοί έλεγχοι και ενθουσιάστηκα ότι μπορούσα πλέον να χρησιμοποιήσω ένα εργαλείο με θεωρητικά απεριόριστες δυνατότητες σε σχέση με τα “έτοιμα” προγράμματα. Η όλη διαδρομή, βέβαια, ήταν ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέρουσα και περιλάμβανε πολλά ξενύχτια. Παρ’ όλα αυτά, μετά από άπειρα μηνύματα σφάλματος, άρχισα να παρατηρώ τη σταδιακή μου βελτίωση. Και ακόμα δεν είχα αντιληφθεί το πόσο σωστή επιλογή είχα κάνει, καθώς αγνοούσα το εύρος των δυνατοτήτων της. Με το καιρό ανακάλυπτα ότι μπορείς να φτιάξεις δικά σου γραφήματα με το πακέτο <code>{ggplot2}</code> και ενθουσιάστηκα (ομολογώ λίγο παραπάνω από το κανονικό) όταν έμαθα ότι το BBC και οι Financial Times χρησιμοποιούν το <code>{ggplot2}</code> για να φτιάξουν τα εντυπωσιακά γραφήματά τους. Όταν έμαθα ότι μπορείς να φτιάχνεις και ηλεκτρονικές εφαρμογές (dashboards) με το πακέτο <code>{Shiny}</code> πραγματικά εντυπωσιάστηκα με το εύρος των δυνατοτήτων που δεν περιοριζόταν μόνο στη Στατιστική. Στη συνέχεια ανακάλυψα το Kaggle, μια ιστοσελίδα αφιερωμένη στην επιστήμη δεδομένων. Μου φάνηκε ιδιαίτερα χρήσιμη πλατφόρμα και εκεί άρχισα να δημοσιεύω κάποια άρθρα-notebook, γραφήματα και γενικά να πειραματίζομαι με τη R. Κοιτώντας τα σήμερα, μετά από αρκετά χρόνια, τα γραφήματά μου ήταν οικτρά, τότε όμως τα έβλεπα και χαιρόμουν. Τουλάχιστον, με τον καιρό βελτιώθηκα και πλέον έχω το γνώθι σ’ αυτόν ότι όντως τα έκανα χάλια 😀. Αν με παρακαλέσετε, βέβαια, μπορεί και να ανεβάσω ένα-δύο, για να δείτε πόσο αχάμπαρος ήμουν τότε. Το Kaggle ήταν εξαιρετικά χρήσιμο έμαθα πάρα πολλά πράγματα και υπήρχαν άνθρωποι που δούλευαν σε κολοσσούς και δημοσίευαν προσβάσιμες λύσεις για πραγματικά προβλήματα. Μέχρι και σήμερα αναρτώνται διαγωνισμοί, και πολλοί δημοσιεύουν τις λύσεις τους. Το μοναδικό πρόβλημα είναι ότι με τον καιρό επικράτησε η Python, με αποτέλεσμα περίπου το 80% του υλικού να αφορά άλλες γλώσσες. Αυτό είχε ως συνέπεια η κοινότητα των χρηστών της R να συρρικνωθεί και πλέον όλο και λιγότερα άρθρα για τη R να δημοσιεύονται ή να αντικαθίστανται από αντίστοιχα στην Python. Για αυτό έλαβα μία ενδιαφέρουσα απόφαση…</p>
</section>
<section id="εκτός-πλατφόρμας" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="εκτός-πλατφόρμας">Εκτός πλατφόρμας</h2>
<p>Πριν από κάποια χρόνια αποφάσισα να φτιάξω τη δική μου ιστοσελίδα, ώστε να φιλοξενώ μόνος μου τα άρθρα. Αρχικά, έπρεπε να αποφασίσω με ποιον τρόπο θα τη δημιουργήσω. Οι επιλογές ήταν πολλές και πειραματίστηκα με διάφορους τρόπους και εργαλεία. Μία λύση θα ήταν μία συμβατική ιστοσελίδα με το Wordpress κάτι που όμως θα ήταν κοστοβόρο μιας και θα έπρεπε να τη φιλοξενήσω σε server και να καλύψω τα ανάλογα έξοδα (περίπου 10$/μήνα) για ένα αξιοπρεπές και ασφαλές πλάνο VPS. Κάτι τέτοιο δεν άξιζε και σαν σωστός μπατίρης που είμαι έψαξα για έναν πιο φθηνό τρόπο και από ό,τι φαίνεται υπάρχει. Κάπου εκεί ανακάλυψα τις στατικές ιστοσελίδες και την μη ανάγκη ενός blog να έχει σέρβερ. Τέτοια παραδείγματα είναι το <a href="https://gohugo.io/">Hugo</a> με τη βοήθεια του πακέτου <a href="https://pkgs.rstudio.com/blogdown/">blogdown</a> και το <a href="https://rstudio.github.io/distill/">Distill</a>, τα οποία ήταν αξιόλογες λύσεις, αλλά υπήρχαν σημαντικά προβλήματα. Από τη μία, το Hugo βασίζεται σε μία γλώσσα που δεν γνωρίζω (Golang), άρα αν ήθελα να κάνω κάποια αλλαγή ή να προσθέσω μία λειτουργία θα μου ήταν αδύνατο. Επιπλέον, η προηγούμενη σελίδα μου, που ήταν φτιαγμένη με το Distill, δεν ήταν φιλική στις μικρές οθόνες (non-responsive), αφού έκρυβε το κουμπί του μενού. Το Quarto έλυσε πολλά προβλήματα που είχαν αυτοί οι δύο τρόποι και πλέον πάρα πολλοί το χρησιμοποιούν για τις ιστοσελίδες τους. Ναι, το Quarto έχει κάποιες ακόμα ελλείψεις αν το συγκρίνουμε με άλλα καθιερωμένα υποδείγματα κατασκευής ιστοσελίδας (π.χ. Astro), αλλά αυτή τη στιγμή αποτελεί ό,τι καλύτερο για όποιον δουλεύει σε γλώσσες ανάλυσης (R, Python, Julia) και θέλει να αναρτήσει άρθρα με βάση αυτά. Το κύριο πλεονέκτημα κατά τη γνώμη μου είναι η εκτέλεση του αρχείου ανάλυσης και εξαγωγή του ως άρθρου. Αν χρησιμοποιούσα ένα άλλο static site builder όπως το Astro θα έπρεπε κάθε φορά να τρέχω ξεχωριστά τον κώδικα και να αναρτώ τα αποτελέσματα ή τα γραφήματά μου σε αυτό και να το ξανατρέξω, κάτι που θα καθιστούσε όλη τη διαδικασία μη παραγωγική.</p>
<div id="fig-website-R-packages" class="quarto-layout-panel">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-website-R-packages-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="quarto-layout-row">
<div class="quarto-layout-cell-subref quarto-layout-cell" data-ref-parent="fig-website-R-packages" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: flex-start;">
<div id="fig-distill-logo" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-distill-logo-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/first-article/images/distill.png" data-ref-parent="fig-website-R-packages" height="200" class="figure-img">
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-fig" id="fig-distill-logo-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(a) Λογότυπο πακέτου Distill
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quarto-layout-cell-subref quarto-layout-cell" data-ref-parent="fig-website-R-packages" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: flex-start;">
<div id="fig-blogdown-logo" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-blogdown-logo-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<img src="https://stesiam.com/el/posts/first-article/images/blogdown.png" data-ref-parent="fig-website-R-packages" height="200" class="figure-img">
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-fig" id="fig-blogdown-logo-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(b) Λογότυπο πακέτου blogdown
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-website-R-packages-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Σχήμα&nbsp;1: Πακέτα της R για να φτιάξεις ιστοσελίδα (πριν το Quarto)
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</section>
<section id="στόχοι-ιστοσελίδας" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="στόχοι-ιστοσελίδας">Στόχοι ιστοσελίδας</h2>
<p>Δεδομένου ότι είναι το πρώτο μου άρθρο στην ιστοσελίδα θα ήθελα να θέσω τους στόχους μου για αυτή. Έτσι λοιπόν, σκοπεύω να :</p>
<ul>
<li>γράφω άρθρα ή να κάνω αναλύσεις μηχανικής μάθησης (χρησιμοποιώντας R και Python)</li>
<li>αναρτώ επεξηγηματικά άρθρα (π.χ., «Πώς να φτιάξετε τη δική σας ιστοσελίδα με το Quarto» κα.)</li>
<li>παρουσιάσω (κυρίως τις εφαρμογές μου με το Shiny, κα.)</li>
<li>αναρτώ υλικό και άρθρα στα ελληνικά, μιας και δεν υπάρχει μεγάλο κοινό στην Ελλάδα και θέλω αυτό να αλλάξει</li>
<li>λύνω θέματα εξετάσεων ή έστω να λύνω αντίστοιχα με την R</li>
<li>και πολλά άλλα …</li>
</ul>
</section>


<div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section id="σημειώσεις" class="level2 appendix"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Σημειώσεις</h2><div class="quarto-appendix-contents">

<p>Εικόνα άρθρου: <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/rebeck96-819254/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=760358">R. E. Beck</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=760358">Pixabay</a></p>



</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" id="quarto-bibliography"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Παραπομπή άρθρου</h2><div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" data-line-spacing="2">
<div id="ref-Allaire_Quarto_2022" class="csl-entry">
Allaire, J. J., Teague, C., Scheidegger, C., Xie, Y., &amp; Dervieux, C. (2022). <em><span>Quarto</span></em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5960048">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5960048</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-distill2022" class="csl-entry">
Dervieux, C., Allaire, J., Iannone, R., Presmanes Hill, A., &amp; Xie, Y. (2022). <em>distill: ’R Markdown’ Format for Scientific and Technical Writing</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=distill">https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=distill</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-blogdown2022" class="csl-entry">
Xie, Y., Dervieux, C., &amp; Hill, A. P. (2022). <em>blogdown: Create Blogs and Websites with R Markdown</em>. Ανακτήθηκε από <a href="https://github.com/rstudio/blogdown">https://github.com/rstudio/blogdown</a>
</div>
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